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Old Friday, January 27, 2023
hammadtahir hammadtahir is offline
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Post 2015 Precis

Make précis of the following text and suggest a suitable title.
In studding the breakdowns of civilizations, the writer has subscribed to the conclusion – no new discovery! – that war has proved to have been the proximate cause of the breakdown of every civilization which is known for certain to have broken down, in so far as it has been possible to analyze the nature of these breakdowns and to account for their occurrence. Like other evils war has no insidious way of appearing not intolerable until it has secured such a stranglehold upon the lives of its addicts that they no longer have the power to escape from its grip when its deadlines has become manifest. In the early stages of civilization’s growth, the cost of wars in suffering and destruction might seem to be exceeded by the benefits occurring from the wining of wealth and power and the cultivation of the “military virtues” ; and, in this phase of history, states have often found themselves able to indulge in war with one another with something like impunity even for the defeated party. War does not begin to reveal its malignity till the war making society has begun to increase its economic ability to exploit physical nature and its political ability to organize manpower; but, as soon as this happens, the god of war to which the growing society has long since been dedicated proves himself a Moloch by devouring an ever larger share of the increasing fruits of man’s industry and intelligence in the process of taking an ever larger toll of life and happiness; and, when the society’s growth in efficiency reaches a point at which it becomes capable of mobilizing a lethal quantum of its energies and resources for military use then war reveals itself as being a cancer which is bound to prove fatal to its victim unless he can cut it out and cast it from him, since its malignant tissues have now learnt to grow faster that the healthy tissues on which they feed.
In the past when this danger-point in the history of the relations between war and civilization has been reached and recognized, serious efforts have sometimes been made to get rid of war in time to save society, and these endeavours have been apt to take one or other of two alternative directions. Salvation cannot, of course, be sought anywhere except in the working of the consciences of individual human beings; but individuals have a choice between trying to achieve their aims through direct action as private citizens and trying to achieve then through indirect action as citizen of states. Personal refusal to lend himself in any way to any war waged by his state for any purpose and in any circumstances is a line of attack against the institution of war that is likely to appeal to an ardent and self-sacrificing nature; by comparison, the alternative peace strategy of seeking to persuade and accustom governments to combine in jointly resisting aggression when it comes and in trying to remove its stimuli beforehand may seem a circuitous and unheroic line of attack on the problem. Yet experience up to date indicates unmistakably, in the present writer’s opinion, that the second of these two hard roads are by far the more promising.
Total Words: 539
Precis:
Every civilization has been broken down by war. At first, war slowly makes its way into the lives and minds of people, making it difficult for them to resist the impulse to attack. At the beginning of civilization, the cost and consequences of waging war far outweighed its benefits; however, in today’s world, states are able to wage war against each other without any fear of consequences. Surprisingly, in the early stages of development, war takes a back seat and nature is allowed to take its course. When self-fulfillment is attained, war reasserts its control. The belligerent is a victim of war himself, and he is also the sole agent who can nip evil in the bud before it can take on a life of its own. Citizens of a state can play an effective role in this regard. Either they can excuse themselves from participating in any act of war or they can play their part in influencing policy-making by displaying joint aggression. In this regard, experience proves that the active participation of citizens can bring forth the desired peace.

Title: Ending War's Threat to Society
Words in Precis: 181
Required Words: 180
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