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Default Carl Jung And Analytical Psychology

Carl Gustav Jung

Carl Gustav Jung was born in Switzerland in 1870. Jung wanted to study archaeology at university, but his
family was too poor to send him further than Basel, where they did not teach this subject, so instead Jung
studied medicine at the University of Basel. Towards the end of studies here he decided to specialize in
psychiatric medicine. He later worked in a psychiatric hospital in Zurich.
Following World War I, Jung became a worldwide traveler. He visited Northern Africa shortly after, then
New Mexico and Kenya in the mid-1920s. In 1938, he delivered lectures on Psychology and Religion, at
Yale University. During this period of his life Jung visited India. His experience in India led him to become
fascinated and deeply involved in Eastern philosophies and religions, helping him to come up with key
concepts of his ideology, including integrating spirituality into everyday life and appreciation of the
unconscious.
Jung was impressed with Freud; he met Freud, worked and delivered lectures with him, but disagreed and
developed his own theoretical framework and method of treatment, called Analytical Psychology. Jung died
in 1961 in Zurich, Switzerland.
Like Freud, Jung also divided the mind into conscious and unconscious parts, but according to him
unconscious has different layers.
o The upper layer is the personal unconscious.
o And the deeper layer is the collective unconscious.
The personal unconscious has repressed materials, and the collective unconscious has experiences of
forefathers and generations in the form of archetypes. The collective unconscious could be thought of as
the DNA of the human psyche. Just as all humans share a common physical heritage and predisposition
towards specific physical forms (like having two legs, a heart, etc.) so do all humans have a common
psychological predisposition. However, unlike the quantifiable information that composes DNA, the
collective unconscious is composed of archetypes.
In contrast to the objective material world, the subjective realm of archetypes can not be fully understood
through quantitative modes of research. Instead it can be revealed more fully through an examination of the
symbolic communications of the human psyche in art, dreams, religion, myth, and the themes of human
relational/behavioral patterns. Devoting his life to the task of exploring and understanding the collective
unconscious, Jung theorized that certain symbolic themes exist in every individual. These themes, according
to Jung, are called archetypes.
Some archetypes given by Jung are:
o Anima (woman in man) and Animus (man in woman)
o Shadow
Jung identified the anima as being the unconscious feminine component of men and the animus as the
unconscious masculine component in women. However, this is rarely taken as a literal definition; in modern
era many Jungian practitioners believe that every person has both an anima and an animus. Jung stated that
the anima and animus act as guides to the unconscious unified self.
The shadow is an unconscious complex that is defined as the repressed and suppressed aspects of the
conscious self. There are constructive and destructive types of shadow. On the destructive side, it often
represents everything that the conscious person does not wish to acknowledge within themselves. For
instance, someone who identifies as being kind has a shadow that is harsh or unkind. Conversely, an
individual who is brutal has a kind shadow. The shadow of persons who are convinced that they are ugly
appears to be beautiful. On the constructive side, the shadow may represent hidden positive influences. So a
total personality is the result of personal unconscious and collective unconscious with the influence and
impact of all the archetypes.
Based upon his experiments, observations and clinical practice, he formulated his personality theory. He
stated that personality has two types:
o Introvert
o Extrovert
The extrovert orientation "finds meaning outside the self", in the surrounding world, whereas the introvert
is introspective and finds it within.
He also theorized that personality has four functions:
o Sensory function
o Thinking function
o Emoting function
o And intuiting function
The sensory function refers to the rational part of the personality, where logic plays the dominant part.
Emoting functions refers to the emotional part of the consciousness. The intuiting function refers to the
ability to foresee things.
Therefore, according to Jung, there are eight personality types, depending upon introversion or extroversion
and the four functions of each type namely:
1) Introverted Sensory
2) Introverted Thinking
3) Introverted Emoting
4) Introverted Intuiting
5) Extroverted Sensory
6) Extroverted Thinking
7) Extroverted Emoting
8) Extroverted Intuiting
These were some of the contributions of Carl Jung.

Carl Gustav Jung developed an elaborate theory of dreams and dream interpretation. Jung proposed that
the average dream is similar in structure to a drama; Jung maintained that however some dreams could be
too short or fragmented to fit into this structure. Unlike Freud, Jung believed that the manifest dream (the
dream as remembered) contains the actual meaning of the dream – the dream is therefore not distorted or
disguised in any way. It is a message or natural expression of the unconscious. Therefore, interpretation
should be based upon a series of dreams rather than a single dream. The usual practice was to interpret each
dream separately, irrespective of what was in the following dream. In Jung’s view, dreams show wishes,
desires, conflicts and even give warning about future. He said that a dream is difficult to interpret and
understand since it is expressed in its own unique language of symbols. In order to interpret a dream, Jung
used the process of amplification. In essence, amplification involves elaborating a dream image in order to
determine its significance through direct and indirect association. This is achieved by gaining an insight into
the dreamer's personal associations with the image (direct association), in order to discover the feelings
evoked by a particular dream image or symbol. The meaning and significance of a particular word or image
can vary greatly between individuals depending on the effect it has had on his/her life. The cultural
significance of the image, as well as drawing parallels from the symbolism contained in folklore, history,
fairytales, religion, mythology, rituals etc.
As mentioned earlier, Jung believed that a series of dreams is much easier to interpret than a single dream.
This is due to the fact that significant images will be repeated and the basic ideas and themes behind the
dreams can be recognized more easily. A series of dreams usually indicates a complex conflict. Jungian
dream interpretation also places a great deal of importance on the conscious situation of the dreamer. The
dream is not an isolated event and cannot be detached from the dreamer's everyday life.
Jung developed a system of psycho-therapy based upon his theory of analytical psychology. According to
Jung psychotherapy is not healing but helping to develop. He rejected free association and adopted
dialogue, discussion and full confession.
The steps involved in Jungian therapy are:
• Reading (for some)
• Collaboration with the therapist
• Focusing on the situation at present
• Making any insight concrete and finding a way to put it into practice.
He also used interpretations of dreams in his method. He further took into view the positive side neurosis.
Jung also stressed the importance of religion in life. He stated that to cure is to make a person symptom
free, but the aim of psychotherapy is individuatio
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