LESSON NO 4

grammar

nouns

noun is a name . in pashto for name the words num/nama are used.number of the noun is either plural or singular. for making plural the suffixes AN ,ONA/una ,EE/i, are most frequently used

vocabulary

person............. kas/tan, persons............ kasan/tanan

table.................mez, tables...............mezona

man..................sarhay men................sarhee

communication

meet these men.............. de sarho sara milaw sha/uwina/ogora(milaw sha is an urdu influence on pashto specially in pakistan)

general

in the above sentence we see the plural sarho not sarhee. yes in a sentence and in oobjective case this plural is used. but

these are men

da sarhee dee.
-----------------------


lesson no. 5

grammar

nouns

gender

masculine ......... nar, feminine...............khaza/shaza

in pushtu often the feminine ends with the suffix a or ai or ee

there are also totally separete words for feminine and masculine

there are masculine/ feminine difference in human beings, animals and things.

there is also neuter(no feminine/masculine) and common (both masculine/feminine)gender which is mostly found in words taken from other languages

different auxiliary verbs are used for masculine and feminine. remember that in grammar (language rules) there are always exceptions. i write mostly generalizations. if u come across some anomalies or exceptional cases please discuss it with me

vocabulary

this is a man.......................daa sarhay dey,this is a woman... daa khaza/shaza da

this is a girl........................ daa jinai da , this is a boy......... daa halak dey

meal/bread............ dodai/marhai/tikalay

meal is good...................dodai kha /sha da

dog ............spey, bitch .............spaiy

communication

eat/take meal.................. dodai ukhra/wakhla

bring one chair for me..............mala yawa kursai/chawkai rawrha

general

we see in the above examples that feminine words end with a, ai ,ee. for feminine is is da for masculine day . one chair is yawa kursai but one book is yaw kitab because kursai is feminine and kitab is masculine.
------------------

__________________
We can live without religion and meditation, but we cannot survive without human affection.....