TIME ALLOWED: 3 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS: 100

NOTE: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including Question No.8 which is Compulsory. All questions carry equal marks.

1. Explain the Law of Demand in simplest terms. Briefly describe some of its major non-price determinants. What happens when one or more of the determinants of demand should change?

2. What is Gross Domestic Product, at factor cost, and how is it measured? What are the main elements which differentiate it from Gross National Product, at market prices?

3. How effective can monetary policy be in bringing about economic stability? What are its shortcomings? Why have open market operations evolved as the primary means of controlling commercial bank reserves?

4. Explain graphically how the equilibrium output level in an economic system would be determined by the aggregate demand-aggregate supply approach. In this context, explain the difference between planned saving and investment and realized savings and investment, and why is this distinction significant?

5. Comment upon-the size and causes of public debt. How does domestic debt differ from foreign’ debt? What would be the likely impact of retiring domestic debt?

6. As a world-wide experience, high import tariff has been used liberally in support of infant industry argument ~to protect domestic industry. Discuss the practical implications of reducing import tariff to lowest levels especially in the developing countries like Pakistan under auspices of WTO agreements.

7. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Likely impact of on-going polices of economic and trade liberalisation in terms of growth, employment and poverty alleviation.

(b) Discuss "Regionalism and its compatibility with Globalisation of the world economies in the light of recent developments in the world at large.

(c) Does the IMF package of structural reforms which is more or less similar for all developing countries, benefit the recipient country more than hurts it? Discuss.

COMPULSORY QUESTION

3. Write only the correct answers in the Answer Book. Don’t reproduce the questions.

(1) A firm’s monopolistic position is strengthened by:

(a) Low elasticity of demand for its product.

(b) High elasticity of demand for its product.

(c) Constant elasticity of demand.

(d) None of the above.

(2) The overall Budget Deficit is financed from:

(a) External borrowing

(b) Non-Bank borrowing domestically

(c) Bank borrowing plus the above two at (a) and (b)

(d) None of the above.

(3) Devaluation leads to:

(a) Increase in imports (b) ‘ Increase in exports
(c) Decline in imports (d) Nona of the above.

(4) guild-up ‘of Foreign exchange reserves leads to:

(a) Decrease in money supply

(b) Increase in money supply

(c) Contraction in money supply

(d) None of the above.

(5) . monopolist would maximize profit at that level’ of production where:

(a) His/her average cost of production equals his/her marginal revenue

(b) marginal cost of production equal marginal ‘revenue

(c) Average cost equal average revenue

(d) None of the above.

(6) Cost push inflation results from: -

(a) Enhancement in wage bill

(b) Increase in the cost of inputs going into product ion

(c) Increase in the international prices of imports

(d) None of the above.

(7) Balance of trade deficit refers to:

(a) Difference between receipts from exports of goods and services and the, payments for imports of goods and services.

(b) Difference between commodity export earnings versus payment for commodity imports.

(8) Health of a country’s economy is indicated by:

(a) Number of doctors per 1.000 population

(b) Per capita income

(c) Literacy rate (d) None of the above.

(9) According to classical theory of employment Laissez Faire System of enterprise:

(a) Ensures continuous Full - Employment

(b) Leads to general over production

(c) Leads to investment higher than savings,

(d) None of the above.

(10) Saving means:

(a) Part of income for investment

(b) Income for boarding

(c) Non-consumption of income in the current period

(d) None of the above.

(11) Thee eziee of GDP in nominal terms refer to:

(a) Natioal, output iz~ ~a]. te~m~

(b) National output in prices prevaiLing in market

(c) Output at constant prices

(d) None of the above.

(12) Rs. 100 note has value because:

(a) It has intrinsic value

(b) State Bank guarantees it

(c) Its holder can exchange it for goods and services

(d) None of the above.

(13) In 25 years (1960-85) Pakistan’s Per Capita income:

(a) More than doubled (b) Less than doubled

(c) Did not show more than 70% increase (d) None of the above.

(14) All economic models’are based on:

(a) Realistic assumptions

(b) Assumptions which can never be perfectly realistic

(c) Unrealistic assumptions

(d) None of the above.

(15) Terms of Trade improvment if:

(a) Unit value of i#t~Orts goes d6wn

(b) Unit value of 6*~rts go up

(c) Relative value b~ exports ~O higher thäi’~ that of imports

(d) None of the abO~V6.

(16) An important policy instrument tO influence commercial banks is:

(a) Open market operations

(b) Changing reserve ratios of co~tnercial ba~riks

(c) Moral persuasion

(d) None of the above.

(17) Expansion in money supply stems f torn:

(a) Increasing the cost of bank credit

(b) Reducing availability of bank credit

(c) Reducing the financial cost of bank credit

(d) None of the above.

(18) During the 1980’s empirical evidence indicates that:

(a) Poverty re-emerged in Pakistan

(b) Good growth brought down poverty in Pakistan

(c) Poverty situation showed no change

(d) None of the above.

(19) Expansion in international trade is preferable over;

(a) Foreign aid (b) Project assistance

(c) Commodity assistance by foreign donors (d) None of the above.

(20) Supply factors in economic growth, are:

(a) Manpower (b) Stock of capital
(c) Technology and skills (d) None of the above