IN THE LATE NINETEENTH century,psychologhist
EDWARD THORNDIKE propsed the law of EFFECT.THE LAW OF effect states that any behaviour that has good conseqence will tend to be repeated, and any behaviour that has bad conseqence will tend to be avioded.
IN THE 1930 another psychologhist, B,F, SKINNER, extended his idea and began to study OPERANT CONDITIONING.operant conditioning is a type of
LEARNING in which response comes to be controlled by their conseqences.
OPERANT response are often new responses.
JUST AS PALVOV fame stem from his experiment with salvating dogs,
SKINNER fame stem from his experiments with
ANIMAL BOX.SKINNER used a devise called the skinner box to study operant conditioning.A SKINNER BOX is a cage set up so an animal can automatically get the food reward if it makkes a particular kind of response.THE BOX also contain an instrument that record the number of responses an animal makes.
PSYCHOLOGHIST used several key terms to dicuss operant conditioning prinsiples, including REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT.
REINFORCEMENT
REINFORCEMENT IS delievery of a consequance that increase the likelihood that a response will occurs.POSITIVE reinforcement is the presentation of a stimuls after the response so that the responce will occurs more often.NEGATIVE reinforcement is the removel of a stimul after the response so that the responce will occur more often.IN THIS TERMINALOGHY,positive or negative do`not mean good aor bad.INSTEAD, positive means adding the stimuls and negative means removing the stimuls.
PUNISHMENT
PUNISHMENT IS the delievery of a conseqence that decrease the likelhood that the response will occurs.POSITIVE and NEGATIVE punishment are analogous to positive and negative REINFORCEMENT.POSITIVE PUNISHMENT is the presentation of a stimuls after a response so that the response will occurs less often.NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT is the removel of stimuls after a response so that the response will occures less often.
REINFORCEMENT help to increase the behaviour,while
PUNISHMENT helps to decrease a behaviour.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REINFORCER AND PUNISHER
REINFORCER and punisher are different types of consequences.
PRIMARY REINFORCER such as food,water, and careess,are naturally satisfying.
PRIMARY PUNISHER, such as pain and freezing temparature, are naturally unpleasent.
SECONDARY REINFORCER such as money,fast cars,and good grades,are satisfying because they ahve becomes assoicated with primary reinforcers.
SECONDARY PUNISHER,such as failing grades and social disapproval, are unpleasent because they have becme assoicated with primary punisher.
IS IT PRIMARY OR SECONDARY
TO DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN PRIMARY OR SECONDARY reinforcer,peoples can ask themselves such questions ?WOULD newborn baby find this stimuls satsifying?if the answer is yes the reinforcer is primary or if the answer is no the reinforcer is secondary.
SHAPING
SHAPING IS ths procedure in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response.
EXAMPLE
LISA WANTS to teach her dog,to bring her the tv remote.so she places the remote in her dog mouth,and then sits down inher favrioute chair.dog does not know what to do with the remote so he just drop it on the floor.SO LISA teaches him by first praising him everytime he accidently walked toward her before dropping the remote.HE LIKES the praise so he walked toword her with the remote for often.THEN SHE praises him only when he brings the remote to close to the chair,when he starts doing this often,she praise him only when he manage to bring the remote right up to her.so she had succede in shaping a response.
REINFORCER SCHEUDALS
A REINFORCER SCHEDUAL is the pattern in which reinforcement is given over time.THIS SCHEDUAL can be continuous and intermittent.IN CONTINUOUS reinforcement,someone provides reinforcement every time a particular rresponse ocures.SUPPOSE LIZA DOG pushes the remote under her chair, if she finds this amusing and pats him everytime he does it,she is providing continuous reinforcement for his behaviour.IN INTERMITTENT, reinforcement someone provides reinforcement on only some of the occiassion on which the response occures.
EXTINCTION
AS IN CALSSICAL CONDITIONING,extinction in operant conditioning is the gruadual disappearence of the response when it stop being reinfoced.IN THE EARILER EXAMPLE LIZA DOG,started to put the remote under her chair regularly because she continuous ly reinforced the behaviour with pats on his head.IF SHE decides that game has gone so far and stop patting him when he does it, he will stop the behaviour,the response will be EXTINGUISHED.
STIMUL DISCRIMINATION,
IF LIZA ENJOY her dog antics with the tv remote only in the morning and not in night when she feels tired,dog will put the remote under her chair during the daytime only,because daylight become the signal that tells dog that his behaviour is reinforced.DAYLIGHT has become the discriminative stimuls.
STIMUL GENERALIZATION,
SUPPOSE HER DOG began to putthe remote under her chair not only during the day but also whenever a bright light was on at night,thinking ahe would probebly pat him.THIS is called the STIMUL
GENERALIZATION.
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