16th Century (1500-1599) C.E.
1500: In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.
1501: Isamil I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
1507: The Portuguese under d'Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.
1508: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safawids.
1511: D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca from the Muslims.
1517: The Ottoman Sultan Selim Yavuz ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks and conquers Egypt.
1520: The reign of Sulayman the Magnificent begins.
1526: Louis of Hungary dies at the Battle of Mohacs.
1526: The Battle of Panipat in India, and the Moghul conquest; Babur makes his capital at Delhi and Agra.
1528: The Ottomans take Buda in Hungary.
1529: Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna.
1550: The architect Sinan builds the Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul.
1550: The rise of the Muslim kingdom of Atjeh in Sumatra.
1550: Islam spreads to Java, the Moluccas, and Borneo.
1556: The death of Sulayman the Magnificent.
1568: Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.
1571: The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought to a close.
1578: The Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.
1588: Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I begins.
1591: Mustaili Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.


17th Century (1600-1699) C.E.
1600: Sind annexed by the Mughals. End of the Arghun rule in Sind.
1601: Khandesh annexed by the Mughals.
1603: Battle of Urmiyah. Turks suffer defeat. Persia occupies Tabriz, Mesopotamia. Mosul and Diyarbekr. Death of Muhammad III, Sultan of Turkey, accession of Ahmad I. In Morocco al Shaikh died.
1604: In Indonesia death of Alauddin Rayat Shah, Sultan of Acheh, accession of Ali Rayat Shah III.
1605: Death of the Mughal emperor Akbar; accession of Jahangir.
1607: Annexation of Ahmadnagar by the Mughals.
1609: Annexation of Bidar by the Mughals
1611: Kuch Behar subjugated by the Mughals.
1612: Kamrup annexed by the Mughals.
1617: Death of Ahmad I, Sultan of Turkey, accession of Mustafa; Deposition of Mustafa: accession of Othman II.
1618: Tipperah annexed by the Mughals.: '
1620: In Turkey deposition of Mustafa, accession of Othman II.
1623: In Turkey Mustafa recaptured power.
1625: In Turkey deposition of Mustafa, accession of Murad IV.
1627: Death of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, accession of Shah Jahan.
1628: Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I comes to an end.
1629: In Persia death of Shah Abbas; accession of grandson Safi.
1631: Death of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj Mahal, Agra.
1637: Death of Iskandar Muda in Indonesia; accession of Iskandar II.
1640: Death of Otthman Sultan Murad IV. accession of his brother Ibrahim.
1641: Turks capture Azov. In Indonesia death of Iskandar II; accession of the Queen Tajul Alam.
1642: In Persia death of Shah Safi, accession of Shah Abbas II.
1648: In Turkey Ibrahim deposed; accession of Muhammad IV.
1656: Muhammad Kuiprilli becomes the Grand Minister in Turkey.
1658: Deposition of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, accession of Aurangzeb.
1661: Death of Muhammad Kuiprilli, accession of his son Ahmad Kuiprilli.
1667: Death of Shah Abbas II; accession of Shah Sulaiman.
1675: Execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur. In Indonesia death of the queen Tajul Alam, accession of the queen Nur ul Alam.
1676: Death of the Grand Wazir of Turkey Ahmad Kuiprilli, succession by Kara Mustafa.
1678: In Indonesia death of the queen Nur ul Alam, accession of the queen Inayat Zakia.
1680: Death of Marhatta chieftain Shivaji.
1682: Assam annexed by the Mughals. Aurangzeb shifts the capital to Aurangabad in the Deccan.
1683: The Turks lift the siege of Vienna and retreat. Kara Mustafa the Grand Wazir executed for the failure of the expedition.
1686: Annexation of Bijapur by the Mughals.
1687: Golkunda annexed by the Mughals. Second battle of Mohads. Defeat of the Turks by Austria. Deposition of Muhammad IV. Accession of Sulaiman II.
1688: In Indonesia death of queen Inayat Zakia, accession of the queen Kamalah.
1690: Death of the Ottoman Sultan Sulaiman II, accession of Ahmad II.
1692: Death of the Turk Sultan Ahmad II, accession of Mustafa II.
1694: In Persia death of Shah Safi, accession of Shah Hussain.
1699: In Indonesia death of Queen Kamalah.


18th Century (1700-1799) C.E.


1700: Murshid Quli Khan declares the independence of Bengal and establishes his capital at Murshidabad.
1703: Ahmad 11I becomes the Ottoman Sultan. Birth of Shah Wali Ullah. Birth of the religious reformer Muhammad b Abdul Wahab.
1707: Death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, accession of his son Bahadur Shah.
1711: War between Turkey and Russia. Russia defeated at the battle of Pruth.
1712: Death of the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah, accession of Jahandar Shah.
1713: Jahandar Shah overthrown by his nephew Farrukh Siyar.
1718: In the war against Austria, Turkey suffers defeat. By the treaty of Passarowich Turkey loses Hungary.
1719: Deposition of the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar Muhammad Shah ascends the throne. In Sind the Kalhoras came to power under Nur Muhammad Kalhora.
1722: Saadat Khan found the independent state of Oudh. Battle of Gulnabad between the Afghans and the Persians. The Persians were defeated and the Afghans under Shah Mahmud became the masters of a greater part of Persia. Shah Hussain taken captive, accession of Shah Tahmasp II.
1730: Zanzibar freed from Portugese rule and occupied by Oreart.
1747: Ahmad Shah Durrani established Afghan rule in Afghanistan.
1752: Death of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, writer of Sassi Pannu, Sohni Mahinwal and Umer Marvo.
1752: Ahmed Shah Durrani captured Punjab, Kashmir and Sind.
1761: Death of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi.
1761: Battle of Panipat. Ahmad Shah Durrani came to India at the invitation of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi and smashed rising Maratha power in the battle of Panipat.
1764: Conversion to Islam of Areadi Gaya. ruler of Futa Bandu State in West Sudan.
1773: Death of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
1783: End of Kalhora rule in Sind.
1797: Death of Muhammad Khan Qachar, king of Persia.
1797: Russia occupied Daghestan.
1799: Ranjit Singh declared himself Maharajah of Punjab defeating Afghans.
1799: Khoqand declared independent Islamic State.

19th Century (1800-1899) C.E.

1803: Shah Abdul Aziz ibn Saud assassinated by a Shia fanatic. Shah Shuja proclaimed as King of Afghanistan.
1805: Ibn Saud captured Madinah defeating the Turk garrison.
1804: Othman Dan Fodio established Islamic State of Sokoto in Central Sudan.
1805: Faraizi movement launched in Bengal. Muhammad Ali appointed Pasha of Egypt by the Turks.
1806: Khanate of Khiva came into limelight under the rule of Muhammad Rahim Khan.
1807: Darqawi sect revolted against Turkish domination. Tunisia repudiated suzerainty of Algeria.
1811: Birth of Ali Muhammad Bab founder of Bab movement.
1811: British occupied Indonesia.
1812: Madina fell to Egyptians.
1813: Makkah and Taif captured by Egyptian forces and Saudis expelled from Hijaz.
1814: Iran executed treaty of alliance with the British known as Definitive Treaty.
1814: Death of Ibn Saud II.
1814: King Othman of Tunisia assassinated by his cousin Mahmud.
1816: British withdrew from Indonesia restoring it to the Dutch.
1822: Death of Maulay Ismail in Morocco.
1827: Malaya became a preserve of the British according to Anglo- Netherland treaty in 1824.
1828: Russia declared war against Turkey.
1829: Treaty of Adrianople.
1830: French forces landed near Algiers and occupied Algeria ending 313 years rule of Turks.
1831: Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail leaders of Jihad movement in India fell fighting the Sikhs in Balakot.
1832: Turks defeated in the battle of Konia by Egyptian forces.
1832: Sayyid Said, King of Oman, shifted his capital to Zanzibar.
1834: Abdul Qadir recognised as ruler of the area under his control by the French.
1839: Defeat of Turkey by the Egyptians in the battle of Nisibin.
1840: Quadruple Alliance by the European powers to force Egypt to relinquish Syria.
1840: British frees occupied Aden.
1841: State of Adamawa established by Adams adjacent to Nigeria.
1842: Amir Abdul Qadir, ousted from Algeria by the French. crossed over to Morocco.
1842: Shah Shuja assassinated ending the Durrani rule in Afghanistan.
1847: Amir Abdul Qadir surrendred to France under the condition of safe conduct to a Muslim country of his choice but France violated its pledge and sent him as a captive to France.
1849: Death of Muhammad Ali pasha.
1850: Ali Muhammad Bab arrested and executed by Iranian government. Qurratul Ain Tabira, a renowned poetess and staunch advocate of Babism also shot dead.
1852: Release of Amir Abdul Qadir by Napolean III. He settled in Turkey.
1855: Khiva annexed by Russia.
1857: British captured Delhi and eliminated Mughal rule in India after 332 years. Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon in Burma. This was also the end of 1000 years of Muslim rule over India.
1859: Imam Shamil laid down arms before Russian forces and the Islamic State of Daghestan became a Russian province.
1860: Maulay Muhammad defeated by Spain.
1861: Death of Sultan Abdul-Majid of Turkey.
1862: Faraizi movement fizzled out after the death of Dadu Miyan..
1865: Khoqand State liquidated by Russia.
1869: Jamaluddin Afghani exiled from Afghanistan. He proceeded to Egypt.
1871: Tunisia recognised suzerainty of Turkey through a Firman.
1876: Britain purchased shares of Khediv Ismail in the Suez canal and got involved in Egyptian affairs.
1878: Turkey handed over Cyprus to Britain.
1878: Adrianople fell to Russia.
1879: Jamaluddin Afghani exiled from Egypt.
1879: Treaty of Berlin. Turkey lost 4/5 th of its territory in Europe.
1881: France invaded Tunisia and the Bey acknowledged supremacy of France as a result of the treaty of Bardo.
1881: Muhammad Ahmad declared himself Mahdi in northern Sudan.
1882: Egypt came under British military occupation.
1883: Death of Amir Abdul Qadir in Damascus.
1885: Muhammad Ahmad declared free Government of Sudan under his rule.
1885: Death of Mahdi Sudani five months after the occupation of Khartum.
1890: End of Banbara State.
1895: Afghanistan got Wakhan corridor by an understanding with Russia and British India making Afghan border touch China.
1895: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed prophethood.
1897: State of Bagirimi occupied by the French.
1899: Fall of Mahdi State occupied by the British and the Egyptians jointly.

20th Century (1900-1992) C.E.

1901: Ibn Saud (Abd al-Aziz) captures Riyad.
1901: French forces occupy Morocco.
1904: Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Conference of Algeciras.
1904: The Presian constitution is promoted.
1905: The beginning of the Salafiyyah movement in Paris with it's main sphere of influence in Egypt.
1907: The beginning of the Young Turks movement in Turkey.
1912: The beginning of the Muhammadiyyah reform movement in Indonesia.
1914: Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab nationalist societies are formed.
1914: World War I.
1916: Arab revolt against Ottoman (Turkish) rule. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the Hijaz Railway.
1918: Armistice signed with Ottomans on October 30.
1918: World War I ends on November 11.
1918: Syria and Damascus become a French protectorate.
1921: Abd Allah bin Husayn in made King of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of Mecca.
1921: Faysal bin Husayn is made King of Iraq. His father was the Sharif of Mecca.
1921: Abd al-Karim leads a revolt against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and declares the "Republic of the Rif".
1922: Mustafa Kemal abolishes the Turkish Sultanate.
1924: The Turkish Caliphate is abolished.
1924: King Abd al-Aziz conquers Mecca and Medina, which leads to the unification of the Kingdoms of Najd and Hijaz.
1925: Reza Khan seizes the government in Persia and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty.
1926: Abd al-Aziz (Ibn Saud) assumes title of King of Najd and Hijaz.
1927: Death of Zaghlul, an Egyptian nationalist leader.
1928: Turkey is declared a secular state.
1928: Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood.
1932: Iraq granted independence by League of Nations.
1934: War between King Abd al-Aziz and Imam Yahya of the Yemen.
1934: Peace treaty of Ta'if.
1934: Asir becomes part of Saudi Arabia.
1935: Iran becomes the official name of Persia.
1936: Increased Jewish immigration provokes widespread Arab-Jewish fighting in Palestine.
1939: World War II.
1941: British and Russian forces invade Iran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Shah in Iran.
1943: Beginning of Zionist terrorist campaign in Palestine.
1945: End of World War II.
1946: Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria are granted independence from Britain and France.
1947: Creation of Pakistan from Muslim Majority area in India.
1948: Creation of state of Israel. Arab armies suffer defeat in war with Israel.
1949: Hasan al-Banna, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, is assassinated.
1951: Libya becomes independent.
1952: King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate.
1953: General Zahedi leads coup against Musaddeq, Shah returns to power.
1953: Death of King Abd al-Aziz (Ibn Saud) of Saudi Arabia.
1953: The foundation stone is laid to enlarge the Prophet's mosque in Medina.
1956: Morocco becomes independent.
1956: Tunisia becomes independent.
1957: The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and Bourguiba becomes becomes president.
1957: Enlargement of the Haram in Mecca begins.
1962: Algeria becomes independent.
1962: Death of Zaydi Imam of Yemen (Ahmad). Crown Prince Bahr succeds him and takes the title Imam Mansur Bi-Llah Muhammad.
1965: Malcom X is assassinated.
1968: The enlargement of the Haram in Mecca is completed.
1969: King Idris of Libya is ousted by a coup led by Colonel Qadhdhafi.
1973: King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is overthrown.
1975: Death of Elijah Mohammad, leader of Nation of Islam among African Americans in North America.
1975: Wallace Warith Deen Mohammad assumes leadership of Nation of Islam and shifts movement toward Islamic Orthodoxy renaming it American Muslim Mission.
1978: Imam Musa Sadr is apparently assassinated after he disappears on a trip to Libya. He was the religious leader of the Lebanese Twelve-Imam Shi'ites. He promoted the resurgence of Shi'ites in Lebanon and set the foundation of Amal.
1979: The Shah leaves Iran on January 15, thus bringing the Pahlavi dynasty to an end.
1979: On 1 Muharram AH 1400/21 November, the first day of the 15th Islamic century, fanatics led by students of the Theological University of Medina attempt to promote one of their group as Mahdi and thus fulfill a certain prophetic Hadith: "A man of the people of Medina will go forth, fleeing to Mecca, and certain of the people of Mecca will come to him and will lead him forth against his will and swear fealty to him between the rukn (Black Stone corner of the Kabah) and the Maqam Ibrahim." They hold the Haram of Mecca against the army for two weeks. Sixty-three of the 300 fanatics are captured alive, the mosque is recovered, and the conspirators are all put to death.
1980: Beginning of the Iran-Iraq war.
1989: Iran-Iraq comes to an end with much loss of life.
1990: Military annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, under Ba'athist leader Saddam Hussain, is reversed in 1991 by a coalition of United States-led forces.

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"If I am right why should I bend, let the other side bend" Quaid e Azam