20. GEOLOGY
Total Marks – 200
Paper I
Marks – 100
1. General Geology: Earth as a planet, its origin and age, internal structure of the earth and lithospheric plates, internal and external geological processes such as earthquakes, volcanism, weathering, erosion and deposition, geomorphic cycles
2. Structural geology: Primary sedimentary structures, mechanical properties of rocks, description and classification of secondary structures. Structures in metamorphic rocks. Orogeny and geosynclines in plate tectonic framework. Major tectonic features of the earth. Geodynamics of Pakistan
3. Paleontology: Fossils and their preservation. Morphology, evolution and geologic distribution of major invertebrate phyla. Micropaleontology of foraminifers, vertebrate and plant fossil
4. Stratigraphy: Stratigraphic nomenclature and stratigraphic codes. Principles of correlation. Sedimentary basins in Pakistan and detailed stratigraphy of type sections
5. Mineralogy: Chemical composition of the earth crust. Minerals – their physical and chemical properties. Space lattice, symmetry classes and crystal systems. Crystal optics. Atomic structure of crystals and X-Ray diffraction. Detailed study of important rock forming minerals.
6. Petrology: Origin and evolution of magma, binary and ternary silicate systems. Description of important plutonic and volcanic associations. Sedimentary environments and processes. Petrography of major types of sedimentary rocks. Metamorphism, metamorphic zones and facies. Description of principle types of metamorphic rocks, metamorphism and magnetism in relation to plate tectonics.
Paper II
Marks – 100
1. Economic Geology: Processes of formation of mineral deposits. Detailed study of metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits of Pakistan. Mineral based industries. Metallogeny in Pakistan.
2. Energy resources: Constitution and kinds of coal. Geology of Pakistan coal fields. Origin, migration and accumulation of natural hydro-carbons. Oil well drilling and drilling muds. Oil and gas fields in Pakistan. Origin and occurrence of radioactive minerals. Pakistan resource of atomic energy, minerals. Geothermal energy, recovery and uses.
3. Engineering geology: Geological factors in the construction of civil engineering projects. Geology of dam sites of Pakistan. Landslides and stability of slopes. Open and subsurface evacuations. Construction materials and building stones. Site investigation and foundation analysis
4. Hydrogeology: Groundwater occurrence and types of aquifers. Movement of groundwater. Salinity and water logging. Water resources of Pakistan.
5. Exploration Geology: Geological mapping and traditional prospecting methods. Photo geology and remote sensing mineral exploration. Dispersion of trace elements and geo-chemical surveys. Geophysical techniques for prospecting of solid minerals, oil and water