KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Background:
The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class, English-educated Muslims and Hindus to arrive at an amicable settlement on Hindu-Muslim constitutional and political problems. This unity reached its climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements.
Introduction:
• Religio-political movement
• Extra territorial attachments based on Islam
• First movement which involved common man
• Showed Islam is mobilization force
Goals:
1. Ottuman empire should be kept intact
2. Territorial solidarity
3. Control of holy places
Muslim Media:
1. Zamindar – Zafar Ali Khan
2. Comrade & Hamdard – Maulana M Ali Johar
3. Al-Hilal – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Urging Force
1. Concept of Muslim Ummah
2. Emotional attachments with institution of Khilafat
Why Cooperation
1. To be one force against British
2. Rowlett Act 1919
3. Jawalianwala Garden Tragedy Apr 1919
Triggering factors
1. Rowlett Act April 1919
a. Report by Sydney Rowlatt to counter terrorists
b. Features
i. Accused have to prove himself not guilty
ii. No legal assistance to accused
iii. No right to appeal
iv. Prosecution can produce witness of a dead person
c. Quaid resigned from Central Legislative Assembly
2. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
a. Gandhi entrance in Punjab banned
b. Protest on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar
c. Gen. Dyre ordered fire killed 379, injured 1200 in 10 minutes
d. Britian imposed Martial Law in Amritsar, Lahore, Gujrat
e. Hunter committee recommended forcibly retirement of Gen. Dyr
Events:
1. Khilafat Day Oct 27, 1919
2. Khilafat Committee formed by Hakim Ajmal Khan & Dr. M A Ansari July 1919
a. I. Khilafat Conference Delhi – Gandi & Nehru participated Nov 1919
i. No participation in victory celebrations
ii. Boycott of British goods
iii. Non cooperation (on later stage)
b. II. Khilafat Conference Amritsar Dec 1919
i. Ali brothers came directly after being released.
ii. M A Ansari delegation to Viceroy Jan 1920
iii. Maulana M Ali Johar delegation to Lord George
1. Non-Cooperation Movement May 1920 (Dec 1920 by Congress) by Mahatama Gandi
a. 3 Hindu groups
i. Cooperation on condition of “No Cow Slaughter”
ii. Muslims would seek help from Afghanistan
iii. Unconditional help to Muslims
b. Program of Movement announced – 4 stages
i. Titles awarded given up & Educational institutes boycotted
ii. Resignations of civil government’s servants
iii. Police and military to be quitted (later on )
iv. Refusal to pay taxes & Civil disobedience
2. Treaty of Sevres Aug 1920
3. III. Khilafat Conference Karachi July 1920
a. Loyality to Turksih Sultan emphasized
b. Welcomed Attaturk’s efforts for expulsion of foreign forces
4. Nagpur Session of Congress Dec 1920
a. Working Committee approved Non-Cooperation movement
b. Jinnah opposed and left the congress
5. Hijrat Movement 1920 – 1921
a. Abul Kalam Azad and other Ulema declared India “Darul Herb”
b. 18,000 Muslims migrated
c. Initially Afghan welcomed but later on closed the borders
d. Huge casualties of migrants occurred, some went to Russia
6. End of Movement
a. Moplah revolt Aug 1921
i. Muslim tribe revolted against Hindu landlords
b. Chora Chori (UP) Feb 1922
i. 21 constables and 1 sub inspector were set on fire
ii. Gandhi called of the movement on Feb 05, 1922
c. Developments in Turkey
i. Mustafa Kamal appointed as Chief of the state by Grand National Assembly
ii. Kamal Pasha won back Symarna from Greeks
iii. Goarge gov’t collapsed
iv. Treaty of Laussane singed
v. Khilafat Abolished Mar 1924