HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL
• Good results due to classical school however 1929 Depression came
• Scholars to find causes of depression
• Human Relations Movement in 1930s
1. Hawthorne Studies by Elton Mayo
a. Two groups – control and test; both were given same physical conditions; physical conditions of test groups were changed; to the amusement of the experimenters, the results were same; so they concluded that some extraneous factors also are important.
b. Extraneous factors – employees were treated as special; group competition and attention of management
c. The result:
i. Treat as special – encouragement
ii. Group cohesiveness
iii. Interpersonal relations of the supervisor
2. Chester I Bernard “The Functions of Executive”
a. Human behavior is important
b. The ultimate source of authority is subordinate
c. There are three zone of employee cooperation
i. Zone of Acceptance
ii. Zone of indifference
iii. Zone of Rejection
d. A manger should always work to increase zone of acceptation, though cooperation, interdepartmental instructions and cross trainings
3. Herbert A Simon
a. Emphasize on Human behavior with special reference to Decision Making – he was a Nobel laureate
b. He said, the decisions are not always made on rational (step by step) grounds, rather manger use cognitive (judgment) skills. So all decisions (Actions) are backed by conscious or unconscious experience.
c. So the org are not mechanical, rather employee conscious effects
d. Informal, interpersonal relations and group dynamics are important
BEHAVIOURAL SCHOOL
• Commonality with Human Relations School
o Motivation of employee
o Individual and group behavior
o Communication
• However HRS emphasized on group whereas BS emphasized on individual behavior
• Managers need to understand the behavior.
1. Ibrahim Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
a. Basic Needs
b. Safety Needs
c. Sense of Belongingness – tribes, association
d. Ego-Status Needs
e. Self Actualization
2. Doglous McGreggor
a. Two assumptions
b. Theory X – negative – dislike work; avoid responsibility; need supervision
c. Theory Y – positive
SYSTEM SCHOOL
• Organization is a unified system of interrelated parts to achieve certain goals and objective
• This concept is borrowed from biological sciences by social sciences
• Subsystems; Synergy; open or close org; feedback’
POWER AND POLITICS SCHOOL
Power: Ability to influence
Politics: it is about controlling and distributing the resources
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