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Old Monday, April 02, 2007
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Default Nuclear Technology of Pakistan

NATIONAL DEFENCE COMPLEX
National Development Complex (NDC) is complex located in Fateh Jang, Punjab, Pakistan. National Development Complex is a missile factory that builds nuclear-armed long-range and medium-range missiles for Pakistan Army. The Prime Minister of Pakistan laid the foundation of the National Development Complex (NDC) during 1993, and the Shaheen missile program was initiated in 1995 and assigned to the NDC. The Shaheen project used the resources that were available within the various other institutions in Pakistan, supplemented with infrastructure created at the National Development Complex for capabilities which were not available elsewhere in Pakistan. The facilities of SUPARCO were utilized in the Shaheen project, along with the facilities of industry in Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat and other cities. Missile components from these various facilities were brought to the NDC for final integration. Dr Samar Mubarakmand is the Chairmain of NESCOM. National Defence Complex (NDC) like PMO, MTC, AWC is Under NESCOM.

PAKISTAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for nuclear applications development in Pakistan.

History
The history of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission goes back to 1956, when the Atomic Energy Research Council was established. In 1964, 1965 and 1973 reorganization took place and the Atomic Energy Commission was incorporated as a statutory body under an Act, with considerable autonomy. In 1972 the commission was transferred from the Science and Technology Research Division to the President's Secretariat.

PAEC is now the largest S & T organization of the country, both in terms of scientific/technical manpower and the scope of its activities. Starting with a nuclear power reactor at Karachi (KANUPP) and an experimental research reactor at Nilore, Islamabad (PARR-I), the emphasis in the early years remained focused on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Consequently research centres in agriculture, medicine, biotechnology and other scientific disciplines were set up all over the country. As the emphasis shifted towards concerns for national security, important projects were also initiated in this area.

PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) is research and education intititute of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. PINSTECH promotes applications of radiation and isotope technology in various scientific and technological disciplines to support national programs. It is also working on important non-nuclear fields, which are crucial for the development of science and technology in the country. It operated two small research reactors:
  • PARR-1
  • PARR-2
It has following divisions:
  • Computer Division, CD
  • Electronics Division, ED
  • General Services Division, GSD
  • Health Physics Division, HPD
  • Nuclear Chemistry Division, NCD
  • Nuclear Engineering Division, NED
  • Nuclear Materials Division, NMD
  • Nuclear Physics Division, NPD
  • Radiation Isotope Application Division, RIAD
  • Radiation Physics Division, RPD
  • Scientific Information Division, SID

PAKISTAN NUCLEAR REGULATOY AUTHORITY

Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) is based in Islamabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority was established to to ensure safe operation of nuclear facilities and to protect radiation workers, general public and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation by formulating and implementing effective regulations and building a relationship of trust with the licensees and maintain transparency in its actions and decisions.

NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY
National Command Authority (NCA) of Pakistan. In April 1999 the Chief of Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf, said the central command system to use nuclear and missile technology would be ready within one month. He said four broad components of the system are:

• The creation of a national command authority
• Developmental control by a governing body
• Strategic force command and
• Secretariat for all these three commands.

However, in point of fact this new military command and control structure was not implemented at that time. The unwillingness of the civilian leadership to take the military leadership into confidence on nuclear weapons control matters is said to have figured in the October 1999 military coup by General Musharraf.

Following the overthrow of the civilian government, on 02 February 2000 the National Security Council approved the establishment of the National Command Authority (NCA) to control policy on nuclear weapons.

The National Command Authority is responsible for policy formulation and will exercise employment and development control over all strategic nuclear forces and strategic organizations. It consists of an Employment Control Committee and a Development Control Committee, as well as the Strategic Plans Division which acts as its Secretariat.

The Employment Control Committee is chaired by the head of the Government and includes

• Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Deputy Chaiman), Defence, Interior.
• Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC)
• Services Chiefs
• Director-General of Strategic Plans Division (Secretary)
• Technical advisers

The Development Control Committee is also chaired by the head of Government and includes:

• CJCSC (Deputy Chairman);
• Services Chiefs;
• Director-General of Strategic Plans Division;
• Representatives of the strategic organizations;
• Scientific community.

This Committee controls the development of strategic assets.

The Strategic Plans Division, headed by a senior army officer, was established in the Joint Services Headquarters under the CJCSC to act as the Secretariat for the NCA and perform functions relating to planning, coordination, and establishment of a reliable command, control, communication, computers and intelligence network.

PAKISTAN AND WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
Pakistan began to develop nuclear weapons in January 1972 under the leadership of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who was given the title Quaid-e-Awam (Leader of the People) as a result. The nuclear program was in response to the loss of East Pakistan in the 1971 war with India. Following India's nuclear test of Smiling Buddha in 1974, Bhutto responded that:

We will defend our country using any means necessary and build a nuclear capability second to none. We will eat grass for 1000 years, if we have to, but we will get there.

Consequently, Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgist working in a Dutch firm acquired URENCO blueprints for uranium centrifuges to initiate Pakistan's nuclear programme. A few weeks following India's second nuclear test, on 28 May 1998 Pakistan detonated 5 separate nuclear devices in Chagai, Balochistan. Weapons development takes place at Kahuta and Joharabad, where weapons grade plutonium is made; the latter allegedly with the assistance of Chinese technology. Estimates usually put Pakistan's nuclear stockpile at around 40 Highly Enriched Uranium warheads.

Nuclear policy
Pakistan acceded to the Geneva Protocol on April 15, 1960, the Biological Weapons Convention in 1974 and the Chemical Weapons Convention on October 28, 1997.In 1999 Pakistan signed the Lahore Accords, with India, agreeing a bilateral moratorium on nuclear testing. However, Pakistan, like India and Israel is not a signatory of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and, consequently, not bound by any of its provisions. Whereas the other declared and undeclared nuclear enabled states have maintained restraint by not proliferating WMDs. Some Pakistani particulars have been said to be involved in some sharings but Islamabad has strictly taken actions against such individuals. Its chief nuclear founder, A.Q. Khan admitted his role in nuclear proliferation leading to fears in the international community about nuclear terrorism. Pakistani nuclear weapons are now in safe hands and here is no need of any worries about these powers.

Nuclear Infrastructure
Pakistan's nuclear program is based primarily on highly enriched uranium (HEU), which is produced at the A. Q. Khan Research Laboratory at Kahuta, a gas centrifuge uranium enrichment facility. The Kahuta facility has been in use since the early 1980s. By the early 1990s, Kahuta had an estimated 3,000 centrifuges in operation, and Pakistan continued its pursuit of expanded uranium enrichment capabilities.

In the 1990s Pakistan began to pursue plutonium production capabilities. With Chinese assistance, Pakistan built the 40 MWt (megawatt thermal) Khusab Research Reactor at Joharabad, and in April 1998, Pakistan announced that the reactor was operational. According to public statements made by US officials, this unsafeguarded heavy water reactor can produce up to 8 to 10 kilograms of plutonium per year. According to the Wikipedia's plutonium article this is sufficient for one nuclear weapon. The reactor could also produce tritium if it were loaded with lithium-6 although this is unnecessary for weapons purposes because modern nuclear weapon designs use Li6 directly. According to J. Cirincione of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Khusab's plutonium production capacity could allow Pakistan to develop lighter nuclear warheads that would be easier to deliver with a ballistic missile.

Plutonium separation reportedly takes place at the New Labs Reprocessing Plant next to Pakistan's Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (Pinstech) in Rawalpindi and at the larger Chasma Nuclear Power Plant, neither of which are subject to IAEA inspection.

Nuclear Arsenal
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) estimates that Pakistan has built 24-48 HEU-based nuclear warheads with HEU reserves for 30-52 additional warheads. The US Navy Center for Contemporary Conflict estimates that Pakistan possesses between a low of 35 and a high of 95 nuclear warheads, with a median of 60.

The NRDC's and the Carnegie Foundation's estimates of approx 50 weapons are from 2002-3 estimations.

Pakistan's nuclear warheads are based on an implosion design that uses a solid core of highly enriched uranium and requires an estimated 15-20 kg of material per warhead. The NRDC also thinks that Pakistan has also produced a small but unknown quantity of weapons grade plutonium, which is sufficient for an estimated 3-5 nuclear weapons per annum based on the estimation of 5kg of Plutonium per warhead. Pakistan also claims that the fissile cores are stored separately from the other non-nuclear explosive packages, which Islamabad says can be put together rather quickly.

Foreign Assistance
In the past, the China played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in western countries made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire materials and technology elsewhere. According to a 2001 Department of Defense report, China has supplied Pakistan with nuclear materials and has provided critical assistance in the construction of Pakistan's nuclear facilities. This assistance was illegal, per the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, of which China is a signatory.

Pakistan's Nuclear Doctrine
Pakistan's motive for pursuing a nuclear weapons program is to counter the threat posed by its principal rival, India.

Pakistan has not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). According to the Defense Department report,

"Pakistan remains steadfast in its refusal to sign the NPT, stating that it would do so only after India joined the Treaty. Consequently, not all of Pakistan's nuclear facilities are under IAEA safeguards. Pakistani officials have stated that signature of the CTBT is in Pakistan's best interest, but that Pakistan will do so only after developing a domestic consensus on the issue, and have disavowed any connection with India's decision."

Pakistan does not abide by a no-first-use doctrine; also Pakistan has not issued an official nuclear doctrine. There has also been criticism of Pakistan's nuclear doctrine which gives rise to ambiguity and that they were too eager to use the nuclear option in the Kargil War when the Pakistan Army was facing a stern challenge due to loss of posts and personnel, however this is simply a rumour.

The organization authorized to make decisions about Pakistan's nuclear posturing is the NCA. It was established in February 2000. The NCA is composed of two committees that advise President Musharraf on the development and employment of nuclear weapons; it is also responsible for wartime command and control. In 2001, Pakistan further consolidated its nuclear infrastructure by placing the Khan Research Laboratories and the Pakistan Atomic Research Corporation under the control of one Nuclear Defense Complex.

Pakistan Special Weapons Agencies
National Security Council
  • National Command Authority
  • Ministry of Defense
    • Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC)
    • Defense Science & Technology Organization (DESTO)
    • Daud Khel Chemical Plant, Lahore
    • Karachi CBW & BW Warfare R&D Laboratory
    • Strategic Planning Directorate (SPD - ex CDD)
Ministry of Defence Production
  • Pakistan Ordnance Factories
  • Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC)
  • Air Weapon Complex, Wah (AWC)
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
  • Directorate of Technical Development
  • Directorate of Technical Equipment
  • Directorate of Technical Procurement
  • Science and Engineering Services Directorate
  • Institute of Nuclear Power, Islamabad
Pakistan Institute of Science & Technology (PINSTECH)
  • New Laboratories, Rawalpindi
  • Pilot Reprocessing Plant
  • Parr-1 and Parr-2 Research Reactors
  • Center for Nuclear Studies, Islamabad
  • Computer Training Center, Islamabad
  • Nuclear Track Detection Center (a.k.a. Solid State Nuclear Track Detection Center)
Khushab Reactor, Khushab, Punjab National Development Complex/Centre
  • Atomic Energy Minerals Centre, Lahore
  • Hard Rock Division, Peshawar
  • Mineral Sands Program, Karachi
  • Baghalchur Uranium Mine, Baghalchur
  • Dera Ghazi Khan Uranium Mine, Dera Ghazi Khan
  • Issa Khel/Kubul Kel Uranium Mines and Mills, Mianwali District
Multan Heavy Water Production Facility, Multan Division, Punjab
  • Uranium Conversion Facility, Islamabad
  • Golra Ultracentrifuge Plant, Golra
  • Sihala Ultracentrifuge Plant, Sihala
Chasma Nuclear Power Plant I (CHASNUPP-1), Chasma
  • Chasma Fuel Fabrication Plant, Kundian
  • National Engineering Service of Pakistan, Kundian
Chasma Nuclear Power Plant II (CHASNUPP-2), Chasma
  • Chasma Fuel Fabrication Plant, Kundian
  • National Engineering Service of Pakistan, Kundian
Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP), Karachi
  • KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering, Karachi
    • Computer and Development Division
  • Heavy Water Production Plant
  • Paradise Point, Karachi
Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission (SUPARCO)
  • Aerospace Institute, Islamabad
  • Computer Center, Karachi
  • Control System Laboratories
  • Flight Test Range, Sonmiani Beach
  • Instrumentation Laboratories, Karachi
  • Material Research Division
  • Quality Control and Assurance Unit
  • Rocket Bodies Manufacturing Unit
  • Solid Composite Propellant Unit
  • Space and Atmospheric Research Center, Karachi
  • Static Test Unit, Karachi
Ministry of Industries & Production
  • State Engineering Corporation (SEC)
  • Heavy Mechanical Complex Ltd. (HMC) Peoples Steel Mills Ltd, Karachi.
Aircraft delivery
There are two units operating the Chinese-built A-5 (No. 16 Sqn and No. 26 Sqn), an aircraft believed to be a leading candidate for the aerial delivery of nuclear weapons. The others are the Mirage IIIOs, Mirage IIIODs and Mirage IIIEs. The Pakistani Air Force currently operates some 156 Mirage aircraft. The allocation of 90 of these aircraft is not currently known. Pakistan also has 34 F16 aircraft all block 15s as of now it recently received 2 block 15OCUs from peace gate 3/4 as a good will gesture from the US in November 2006. All of these F16s are capable of delivering nuclear warheads, they are split in to 2 squadrons both stationed at PAF Sargodha. It is rumoured that the 34 current PAF F16s have been modified for nuclear delivery by PAC Kamra. Also in the 1990s PAF F16s have practiced toss bombing which is a method to deliver nuclear weapons. Pakistan prefers to use ballistic missiles and cruise missiles to deliver nuclear warheads because they have a much longer range than aircraft and don't need the airspace to be cleared of aircraft and SAMS.

In an attempt to modernise its air force Pakistan has recently signed a deal for a purchase of 26 F16 block 15OCUs that were under peace gate 3/4 and 60 MLU kits for block 15s, AMRAAMs, LGBs, and various other missiles and bombs and other items, the purchase of 18 F16 block 50/52+ with an option of 18 more. if all options are exercised this deal will cost $5 billion. All of these F16s will be capable of nuclear delivery.

Also by early 2007 the first 8 JF-17 Thunder aircrafts (FC-1s) will enter service these are pre-production aircraft and more JF-17 Thunder aircrafts will follow these will be capable too of nuclear delivery. Pakistan has also ordered 36 Chinese J-10s for its airforce for cost of $1.4 billion. The Pakistan Air Force is in the midst of a great change in terms of capability. Pakistan has also recently tested its Babur cruise missile having a range of 500km. It seems to be influenced by the Tomahawk cruise missile of the US in terms of appearance, however it is an indigenous weapon. It is a ground launched version and according to Pakistan Military sources the submarine and air delivered versions are soon to follow.

Naval Delivery: PNS Hamza has just been commisoned last year in August, This submarine is a Augosta 90B submarine and with a number of modifications will be able to fire ballistic missiles these modifications may be soon, it can also fire Babur Cruise Missiles and thats if the submarine uses larger tubes to fire this missile. Soon other ships and sumarines maybe retrofitted to fire ballistic and cruise missiles.

CHASHMA NUCLEAR POWER COMPLEX
Chashma Nuclear Power Complex is located at Chashma, Punjab, Pakistan. It consists of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant I (CHASNUPP-1) and Chashma Nuclear Power Plant II (CHASNUPP-2).

KAHUTA RESEARCH LABORATORIES
Kahuta Research Laboratories is located at Kahuta, Punjab, Pakistan. Kahuta is the site of the Khan Research Laboratories [KRL], Pakistan's main nuclear weapons laboratory as well as an emerging center for long-range missile development. The primary Pakistani fissile-material production facility is located at Kahuta, employing gas centrifuge enrichment technology to produce Highly Enriched Uranium [HEU].

History
Chinese assistance in the development of gas centrifuges at Kahuta was indicated by the presence of Chinese technicians at the facility in the early 1980s but it is not confirmed. The uranium enrichment facility began operating in 1984, but suffered serious start up problems. Kahuta began producing HEU in 1986, and Pakistan's fabrication of weapons may have begun soon thereafter, with the HEU hexafluoride being made into uranium metal which was machined into weapon pits. By the late 1980s Pakistan began advertising its nuclear potential by publishing technical articles on centrifuge design, including a 1987 article co-authored by A. Q. Khan on balancing sophisticated ultracentrifuge rotors.

Operations
Operating at full capacity, Kahuta is estimated to have the potential to produce enough weapon-grade uranium for as many as 3 to 6 weapons each year. But the gas centrifuge plant has been plagued by chronic delays. As of 1984 there were reportedly approximately 1,000 centrifuges operating at the facility. About 1991, Pakistan installed additional centrifuges, raising its HEU production capacity roughly threefold. By 1991 about 3000 machines were thought to be operating with a production capacity of 30-50 kg U-235/year, enough for 2-3 implosion weapons a year.

In 1988 the US and Pakistan reached an informal understanding, which according to US officials went into effect in 1993, under which Pakistan agreed to freeze production of bomb-grade HEU indefinitely, and to refrain from enriching uranium to a level above 20% U-235. Prior to the 1998 nuclear tests, the US had reportedly obtained intelligence indicating that Pakistan had stopped production of bomb-grade uranium. However, following the tests A.Q. Khan claimed that Pakistan had never stopped making bomb-grade HEU during the 1980s and 1990s, and reportedly US officials said "we don't have enough information" to conclude that Pakistan was not making weapons-grade HEU. As of mid-1998 estimates of Pakistan's HEU inventory ranged between 100 and 500 kilograms. Assuming that Pakistan would need about 20 kilograms for a single weapon, Pakistan's stockpile might be estimated at between 5 and 25 weapons.

In early 1996 it was reported that the A.Q. Khan Research Laboratory received 5,000 ring magnets, which can be used in gas centrifuges, from the China National Nuclear Corporation, a subsidiary of the China National Nuclear Corporation, a state-owned corporation. The US intelligence community believed the magnets were for special suspension bearings at the top of the centrifuge rotating cylinders. The shipment was made between late 1994 and mid-1995 and was reportedly worth $70,000. Some reports suggested that the ring magnets would allow Pakistan to effectively double its capacity to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons production. Pakistan had operated the plant only intermittently, and little information is publicly available concerning annual or total production of weapon-grade uranium at Kahuta.

Ballistic Missile Development
The Kahuta facility has also been a participant in Pakistan's missile development program. Pakistan operates a ballistic missile research center at Kahuta along with its uranium enrichment operation. KRL has successfully developed and tested Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles based on liquid fuel technology and its associated sub systems.

Other Projects
KRL has also undertaken many other defense projects of national importance to enable Pakistan to become self-reliant in various sophisticated weapon systems and to save valuable foreign exchange. These projects include:
  • Surface-to-Air-Anti-Aircraft Guided Missiles - Anza Mk 1, and Anza Mk-II.
  • 'Baktar-Shikan' Anti-Tank Guided Missile Weapon System.
  • Anti-personnel Mine Sweeping Line Charges.
  • Anti-Tank Mine Clearing Line Charge-Plofadder-195 AT.
  • Laser Range Finder.
  • Laser Threat Sensor
  • Laser Actuated Target
  • Laser Aiming Device
  • Add-On Reactive Armour Kit
  • Anti-Tank Ammunition-Armour Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discordin Sabot (APFSDS)
  • Remote Control Mine Exploder (RCME)
  • Digital Goniometer
  • Power Conditioners for Weapon Systems for TOW ATGM Weapon System, "Baktar Shikan" Weapon System, "ANZA" Training Missile System
  • Switched Mode Power Supplies for LAADS Radar, Skyguard Radar, Air Defense Automation *System.
  • Tow Missile Modules
KARACHI NUCLEAR POWER COMPLEX
Karachi Nuclear Power Complex is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It consists of Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP).

KHAN LABS
Khan Labs was founded and is run by Dr. A. Q. Khan. He is known as the "father" of the Pakistani atomic bomb. In November 2001, George W. Bush claimed that Khan Labs was fictional, that it didn't exist. Then on February 11, 2004, at an emergency press conference, Bush claimed that Khan Labs does exists, and the Bush administration was shocked at having learned that Dr. Khan of Pakistan was running a "flea market" in fissionable material. This, of course, is contradictory to the intelligence gathered during the Clinton administation, which had been closing in on Dr. Khan. However, during the Bush administration, the agents on the case were told to "back off" because Dr. Khan's main source of funding was the Saudi Arabian elite, the royal family, and the bin Ladens (who are business partners of most of the senior Republicans. (Source: Michael Moore, Dude, Where's My Country?)

The story was confirmed by Muammar Gaddafi who, in exchange for the USA and Britain agreeing to end their trade embargo against Libya, would shut down Libya's atomic bomb program and give BP an exclusive oil-drilling agreement.

Dr. Khan was also the one who gave Kim Jong Il of North Korea the fissionable materials and blueprints required to build first-stage, Hiroshima-sized bombs. As of 2006, Kim Jong Il is believed to have at least 6 atomic bombs and missiles capable of reaching every point of Japan and South Korea. (North Korea is currently working on the Taepodong-2, a missile which could reach Alaska and possibly even the West Coast of North America.)

The current plans of Khan Labs are unknown as are the locations of its senior scientists and executive officers.

KHUSHAB REACTOR
Khushab Reactor is located at Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan. The 50 MWt, heavy water and natural uranium research reactor at Khushab is a central element of Pakistan's program for production of plutonium and tritium for advanced compact warheads. The Khushab facility, like that at Kahuta, is not subject to IAEA inspections, but the security of the site is professed by the Pakistani government. Khushab, with a capacity variously reported at between 40 MWT to 50 MWT [and as high as 70 MWT], was "commissioned" in March 1996, and had been under construction with Chinese assistance since the mid-1980s. According to a Pakistani press report ["Pakistan's Indigenous Nuclear Reactor Starts Up," Islamabad The Nation, April 13, 1998], the Khushab plutonium production reactor had gone critical and began operating in early 1998.

MULTAN HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION FACILITY
Multan Heavy Water Production Facility is located in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. It is heavy water production facility, with an annual capacity of 13 metric tons, obtained from Belgium in 1980.
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Last edited by Last Island; Monday, April 02, 2007 at 01:47 AM.
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