Note: Attempt FIVE questions in all, including question No. 8 which is COMPULSORY. All questions carry EQUAL marks.

1. Define Logic and explain the difference between formal and informal arguments.

2. What is a fallacy? Discuss the different kinds of fallacies and its importance in Logic.

3. Aristotelian Logic was refuted by Ibn-i-Taimya in his book ‘Rad-ul-Mantaqeen’. Discuss the main points of his criticism.

4. Discuss Al-Farabi’s contributions to logic and compare his position to the Modern view of Logic.

5. Discuss the value of Symbols in Logic? How are the Variable, Constants, Brackets and Axioms used as Symbols?

6. What are the different kinds of definitions? Explain with examples.

7. Write short notes on the following:
(i) Probability
(ii) Analogy
(iii) Hypothesis, truth and validity.

COMPULSORY QUESTION

8. (A) Are the following Propositions or not say yes or no:
(1) Open the door.
(2) I am so happy today.
(3) All men are Mortal.
(4) Aslam is taller than Azam
(5) All diplomats are tactful
(6) Are you going to Karachi tomorrow?
(7) The earth revolves around the sun.
(8) Some men are students.
(9) What a beautiful house!
(10) All Pakistanis are Asians.

(B) Write True or False only. Do not reproduce the statements.
(11) The conclusions of Induction are certain.
(12) Analogy is based on mutual similarities.
(13) Aristotle started the use of symbols in logic.
(14) “o” is a symbol of negation.
(15) There are three kinds of Mixed Syllogisms.
(16) There are only three terms in syllogisms.
(17) Inference is a mental process.
(18) Proposition ‘O’ has no converse.
(19) Dilemma is not a form of syllogism.
(20) If a term is not distributed in the premises it can not be distributed in the conclusion.