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Old Saturday, November 12, 2005
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Default I & K

I

IDEAL TYPE. Weber's construct of a 'pure type', constructed by emphasizing logical or consistent traits of a given social item. The traits are defining ones, not necessarily desirable ones. Ideal types do not exist anywhere in reality, rather they are "measures" that we can use in comparing social phenomena. One example is Weber's ideal type of bureaucratic organization (which are anything but desirable). More widely used examples would include "ideal democracy" and "ideal capitalism."

IDEOLOGY. Shared ideas or beliefs which serve to justify and support the interests of a particular group or organizations.

IMMIGRATION The settlement of people into a country in which they were not born.

IMPERIALISM. The establishing of colonial empires in which domination is both political and economic.

INCOME. Payment of wages usually earned from work or investments.

INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY. Democratic participation in the workplace.

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION. Economic production carried on through the use of machinery driven by inanimate sources of power.

INDUSTRIALIZATION The continual expanding application of sophisticated technology designed to efficiently draw energy and raw materials out of the environment and fashion them for human use.

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF WAR. The application of industrial production and bureaucratic organization to warfare.

INFANT MORTALITY RATE. The number of infants who die during the first year of life, per thousand live births. Infant mortality rates have declined dramatically in industrial societies.

INFORMAL RELATIONS. Relations in organizations developed on the basis of personal connections. These ties are often used to pursue organizational goals instead of the formally recognized procedures.

INFRASTRUCTURAL DETERMINISM. The major principle of socio-cultural materialism (borrowed and modified from Harris' cultural materialism). "The mode of production and reproduction determines primary and secondary group structure, which in turn determines the cultural and mental superstructure"

INFRASTRUCTURE. The interface between a socio-cultural system and its environment. In socio-cultural materialism it contains the principle mechanism by which society regulates the amount and type of energy from the environment .

IN-GROUP. A social group an individual belongs to and identifies with.

INNER CITY. The areas composing the central neighborhoods of industrial cities which are subject to dilapidation and decay, the more affluent residents having moved to outlying areas.

INSTINCT. A genetically fixed pattern of complex behavior (that is, beyond reflex) which appears in all normal animals within a given species. The behavior of humans is not instinctual.

INSTITUTIONAL CAPITALISM. A condition that exists when large institutions such as pension plans, banks, and insurance companies hold large shares of capitalistic enterprises.

INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION. Accepted social arrangements that place minority groups at a disadvantage.

INSTITUTIONAL RACISM. Accepted social arrangements that exclude on the basis of race.

INSURRECTION An organized revolt against civil authority in an attempt to replace that authority with another.

INTENSIFICATION. The application of ever greater amounts of technology and labor techniques to increase productivity. Refers to the growth in the complexity of the mode of production (greater energy expenditures as well as energy produced/consumed), and population over the course of social evolution.

INTELLIGENCE. Level of intellectual ability in an individual. Also refers to the gathering of information about one nation by another.

INTERNAL COLONIALISM. The economic exploitation of a group within a society whereby their labor is sold cheap and they are made to pay dear for products and services.

INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE. The use of force between individuals to kill, injure, or abuse.

INTEREST GROUPS. Groups organized to pursue specific interests in the political arena. The interests of these groups is often economic, but many are organized around moral concerns. The major activity of interest groups is lobbying the members of legislative bodies, contributing vast sums to political campaigns, and increasingly running their own propaganda campaigns to affect the legislative process.

INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR. The interdependence of countries which trade on global markets.

INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY. Movement up or down the social hierarchy from one generation to another.

IQ (INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT). A score attained on tests of symbolic or reasoning abilities. Most social scientists (excluding psychologists) do not put much stock in the validity of IQ tests.

K

KINSHIP. The network of social relationships which link individuals through common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
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The kingdom of the heavens and the earth belongs to Allah. He indeed is able to do all things. -Quran, Al-Imran, Surah 3:189

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