2,YAZEED BIN MUAWIYYA,THE SECOND UMAYYD RULLER:

Yazīd ibn Mu'awiyya ibn abi sufiyan(23 July 647 – 14 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the third Caliph(honestly speaking a king or the first crown prince in Islam) of the Umayyad Caliphate (and the first one through inheritance). Yazid was the Caliph as appointed by his father Muawiyah I(r.a) and ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE.Oath of Allegiance of Yazid

Upon succession, Yazid asked Governors of all provinces to take an oath of allegiance to him. The necessary oath was secured from all parts of the country. Husayn ibn Ali(R.A) (grandson of the Holy Prophet Muhammad(SALLA' ALLAH ALA'IH WA AALIHI WASALM)) and Abdullah ibn Zubayr refused to declare allegiance. Yazid sent Marwan, a soldier in his army, to assist in this task.

Husayn ibn Ali(R.A) and Ibn az-Zubair(R.A):




Husayn ibn Ali(R.A), along with many other prominent Muslims, not only disapproved of Yazid's nomination for caliph but declared it against the spirit of Islam. While the nomination issue was deliberated upon in Medina, Abdullah ibn Zubair (R.A)went with Husayn(R.A) to Mecca because some prominent Muslims thought that Mecca would be the best base for launching a campaign to build up public opinion against Yazid's nomination. However, before any significant work could be done in this regard, Muawiyah died and Yazid took over the reins of government.[citation needed]

Kufa, a garrison town in what is now Iraq, had been Caliph Alī's capital and many of his supporters lived there. Husayn ibn Ali received letters from Kufa expressing its offer of support if he claimed the caliphate. As he prepared for the journey to Kufa, Abdullah ibn Umar and Abdullah ibn Abbas(R.A) argued against his plan and, if he was determined to proceed to Kufa, asked him to leave women and children in Mecca, but Husayn ignored their suggestions. On the way to Kufa, Husayn received the report of Muslim ibn Aqeel's(R.A) death at the hands of Yazid's men and that the Kufans had changed their loyalties to Yazid, pledging support to him against Husain(R.A) and his followers.

Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, governor of Basrah, executed one of Husayn's(R.A) messengers and warned the citizens to avoid the insurgency. He sent a message to Husayn, at instruction of Yazid, stating "You can neither go to Kufa nor return to Mecca, but you can go anywhere else you want." Despite this warning, Husayn continued towards Kufa and during the trip, he and many members of his family were killed or captured at the Battle of Karbala.

Many Sahaba, the most prominent being Abdullah ibn Zubayr(R.A), refused to give their oath of allegiance to Yazid as they saw it as usurpation of power and not the proper way of choosing a Caliph by the Shura.

Abdullah launched an insurgency in the Hejaz. Yazid sent armies against him in 683. After the Battle of al-Harrah, Medina was recaptured and Mecca was besieged. During the siege, the Ka‘bah was damaged. The siege ended when Yazid died suddenly in 683 CE.

Setbacks

During the caliphate of Yazid, Muslims suffered several military setbacks. In 682 AD Yazid restored Uqba ibn Nafi as the governor of North Africa and Uqba won battles against the Berbers and Byzantines.Uqba then marched westward towards Tangier and then marched eastwards the Atlas Mountains.With cavalry numbering about 300, he proceeded towards Biskra where he was ambushed by a Berber force . Uqba and all his men died fighting and the Berbers launched a counter-attack and drove Muslims from North Africa.This was a major setback for the Muslims as lost supremacy at sea and had to abandon the islands of Rhodes and Crete.

Death

Yazid was killed by his own horse after it lost control, his remains were never confirmed to have been found. Yazid died at the age of 38 after ruling for three years and was succeeded by his son Muawiyah II. Yazid was buried in Damascus. Although it is thought that his grave no longer exists, few believe that it is located in a small street near Umayyad Mosque without any mark or distinction, as is customary in Islamic tradition.


Yazid and Mohammed's(SALLA' ALLAH ALA'IH WA AALIHI WASALM) prophesy

In the chapter, Qital e Rome of Sahih Muslim, the Holy Prophet(SALLA' ALLAH ALA'IH WA AALIHI WASALM) said that the first army who will attack Constantinople will enter in Paradise. The saying was known to muslim. Under the rule of his father Amir Muawiya(R.A). Army was made ready to attack Constantinople under the command of Amir Yazid bin Muawiya. A numbers of companions presented their services for the army. Abu Ayub Ansari(R.A) at his old age also participated despite his illness and age factor. He among many other notables such as Abdullah bin Omer, Hussain bin Numayr fought under the command of Amir Yazid.

Other Islamic scholars point out that in the original literary source of Prophet Muhammad's tradition which was from Sahih Bukhari (Sahih Muslim author Muslim bin Al-Hajjaj's teacher), Prophet Muhammad(SALLA' ALLAH ALA'IH WA AALIHI WASALM) made two consecutive statements:
"The army from my people who will first perform jihad through water has made Paradise obligatory for itself."

Alluding to the above sahih hadith, the very first jihad ("endeavour") of a Muslim army via the sea was in 647 CE, in an amphibious landing of additional troops in sea vessels that assisted the main ground army in the second Muslim military invasion of Tripoli, Libya. This conquest of Tripoli and the subsequent expansion into Libya was personally organized and led by Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh, launched from the coastal city of Barca, Cyrenaica; notable sahabah Abdullah ibn Zubayr and Uqbah bin Nafi participated in this military campaign. In quick succesion, Abdullah ibn Zubayr then went on to defeat Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Exarch Gregory the Patrician in the Battle of Sufetula to capture the city of Sbeitla, Tunisia. Chronologically, the very first Muslim navy was the Egyptian Muslim naval fleet, founded in Egypt by Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh in 645 CE; in December 644 CE, Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh had been appointed Governor of Egypt by his foster-brother, the new caliph Uthman bin al-Affan al-Umawwi. The second Muslim naval fleet was the Syrian Muslim naval fleet, founded in 647 CE by Syria's governor Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan (later Caliph Muawiyah I(r.a)), whose first launch resulted in the capture of Cyprus in 649 CE; although, Muawiyah did not personally lead this naval campaign.

And the following:
"The first army amongst my followers who will invade Caesar's City will be forgiven their sins."

Technically, the location of the subject of this sahih hadith of Prophet Muhammad is the city of Homs (Emesa), Syria. Before its capture in Muharram 15 AH (March 636 CE) by the Muslim forces sent by Caliph Umar bin al-Khattab, Homs (Emesa), Syria was the headquarters of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emperor Heraclius (i.e. Caesar or Qaisar). The Muslim army that captured in quick succession the Eastern Roman Empire’s cities (Tiberias, Baalbek, and Homs), was led by Abu Ubaydah bin al-Jarrah al-Thaqafi (father of the Karbala & Madinah avenger Mukhtar al-Thaqafi); some notable sahabah who participated in these military campaigns were Miqdad bin al-Aswad al-Kindi, Bilal bin Rabah, and most prominently, Khalid bin al-Waleed. Consequently, the first army to invade “Caesar’s City” was led by Abu Ubaydah bin al-Jarrah al-Thaqafi; if "Caesar's City" meant a city named after a Caesar, then Constantinople or Qustuntunia (named after its founder, Roman Emperor Constantine the Great) still would not qualify, as the very first city (not town or village) which was invaded by a Muslim army that was named after a Roman emperor was Tiberias (in honour of Tiberius Caesar). Tiberias surrendered to Abu Ubaydah's army in Zulhijjah 13 AH (January 635 CE)

Furthermore, Abbasid historiographers of standard Islamic history unanimously recorded the following summary about the armed expeditions to Christian Byzantium during Muawiyah I's Caliphate:
First invasion of Muawiyah I's Caliphate on "Caesar's City" was in 42 AH led by Abdullah bin Artaat. The second invasion was in 43 AH led by Busr bin Artaat.
Third invasion was in 44 AH led by Abdul Rahman bin Khalid bin Waleed. The fourth invasion was in 46 AH led by Malik bin Abdul Rahman and Abdul Rahman bin Khalid bin Waleed.
Fifth invasion was in 47 AH led by Malik bin Hubaira and Abdul Rahman bin Qaiymi. The sixth and seventh invasion were in 49 AH, both led by Sufyan bin Awf. The eighth invasion was in 50 AH led by Yazid bin Muawiyah.