Q3. bring out the role of aligarh movement in the intellectual and political awakening of the Muslims of sub continent.

Q4. " the period between 1912-1916 was notable as a time of growing unity between the main Indian political parties." discuss

- Partition of Bengal
- Split in Congress: Moderates under Gokhale, Extremists under Tilak
- Split in Muslim Leadership: Conservatives under Sir Agha Khan III and Mohsin-ul-Mulk and more Modernists under Nawab Saleem ullah and Viqar ul mulk
-Conservates lead Simla Deputation (concerned with Separate Electorates), Modernists: Form Muslim League
-ML a pro british party to secure Partition of Bengal
-Partition of Bengal called a settled issue by the British
-1911 Darbar: Annulment of Darbar
- Muslim slogan: "No bombs no boons"
-1911: Nationalist Muslims avoided ML including Jinnah
-1912: ML strive for self-government under separate electorates
-1916: Lucknow Pact and role of Jinnah
-Win-Win situation for both Congress and ML: Congress = ML not as rival but a help in self-government; ML = Congress' support for separate electorate crucial; British can detract any time
-Conclusion



Q5. trade the course of the khilafat Movement and assess its significance for the development of Indian nationalism.

-World War 1
-Treaty of Sevres
-Planned Dismemberment of Ottomon Caliphate
-Muslim's attachment as the last relic of Muslim power
-Khilafat Committee and Khilafat Conference
-Gandhi joins the wagon
-Jinnah opposed to Khilafat Movement; Warns Gandhi don't mix religion and politics; price payed in full with the partition of India
-Muslims sideline ML and Jinnah
-20th Nagpur session: Non-Cooperation Movement adopted by Congress: Jinnah opposes; Indians have no substitution for Schools, Colleges, Courts etc. gets shouted and quits Congress 1920; Annie Besant quits Home Rule League for the same reason
-Events: Moplah Uprising, Chaura Chauri Incident; Gandhi quits the movement
-Hijrat Movement: misery to the Muslims
-Abolition of Khilafat: Azad says Turkey should be left on its own; What Jinnah said in the beginning, Azad admitted in the end
-Effects on Nationalism: Initially strengthened Indian Nationalism later on proved a killing blow to Indian Nationalism; Religious sentiments were aroused for political benefits; Lead to Partition; ML's defeat in 1937 and Congress' domineering role; Further Pakistan Movement;
-Blow to Separate Electorates; riding the wave of unity, many Muslim leaders spoke against Separate Electorates; Separate Electorates dropped by Delhi Muslim Proposals for this very reason
-Gandhi missed an opportunity to secure early chance of self-government; Viceroy to secure cooperation for Prince of Wales visit offers a RTC; Gandhi delays and Viceroy retracts the offer;

Q6. " the policies of Indian national congress between 1937 to 1947 were such as to make the partition of India inevitable" discuss,

-1st Election in History of India; under 1935 Government of India Act
-Nehru sets the tone: "There are two powers in India. The British and the Congress. All Others line up". Jinnah responds, "There is a 3rd force. That is the Muslims of India. and we are not going to be dictacted"
-Poor Performance of ML in the elections; Khilafat Movement; Provincial nature of elections
-Congress refuses to form coalition ministries; violates the tacit agreement in UP; Nehru sets the condition that all ministers of ML would join congress
-Jinnah pleads Gandhi to find a solution; he waits for divine light to guide him;
-Congress Rule and mismanagement and misconduct
-Congress Resign; Jinnah offers again; Congress ignore it; Day of Deliverence
-Lahore Resolution;
-Cripps Mission; Congress demands immediate transfer of power and recognition of the Viceroy Executive Council as Dominion Cabinet; Rejected by both ML and Congress
-Desai-Liaquat Pact and Sapru Report
-Wavell's Plan; Thwarted by Congress by not recognizing ML's exclusive right to nominate Muslim Minsiters to Viceroy's executive council; failure;
-1946 elections: Landslide Victory
-Cabinet Mission; ML Accepts; Congress accepts with reservations; pushes ML to renounce its acceptance; formation of Cabinet and problems;
- Liaquat Ali as finance minister; Patel says, "If ML does not accept Cabinet Mission Plan, we want division of India".
- Congress' failure to recognize the genuine needs of Muslims of India: Even the Nationalist Muslims of Congress recognized it; told Cabinet Mission; Congress mocked ML when it accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan "Finally Jinnah has come to his senses".
-Pushed ML to ask for partition; perhaps Congress thought that a moth eaten Pakistan will be soon forced to seek reunion with India

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Umar Abbas Babar
I Know I am Bad But When Bad is the Best, Bad is the Only Choice