2013 The civilization of China, as everyone knows, is based upon the teaching of Confucius, who flourished five hundred years before Christ. Like the Greeks and Romans, he did not think of human society as naturally progressive; on the contrary, he believed that in remote antiquity rulers had been wise, and the people had been happy to a degree which the degenerate present could admire but hardly achieve. This, of course, was a delusion. But the practical result was that Confucius, like other teachers of antiquity, aimed at creating a stable society, maintaining a certain level of excellence, but not always striving after new successes. In this he was more successful than any other men who ever lived. His personality has been stamped on Chinese civilization from his day to our own. During his lifetime the Chinese occupied only a small part of present-day China, and were divided into a number of warring states. During the next three hundred years they established themselves throughout what is now China proper, and founded an empire exceeding in territory and population any other that existed until the last fifty years. In spite of barbarian invasions, Mongol and Manchu dynasties, and occasional longer or shorter periods of chaos and civil war, the Confucian system survived, bringing with it art and literature and a civilized way of life. A system which has had this extra ordinary power of survival must have great merits, and certainly deserves our respect and consideration. It is not a religion, as we understand the word,because it is not associated with the supernatural or with mystical beliefs. It is a purely ethical system, but its ethics, unlike those of Christianity, are not too exalted for ordinary men to practice. In essence, what Confucius teaches is something very like the old-fashioned ideal of a ‘gentleman’ as it existed in the eighteenth century. One of his sayings will illustrate this: 'The true gentleman is never contentious ... he courteously salutes his opponents before taking up his position ... so that even when competing he remains a true gentleman'.

Questions:

1;Why do you think the author calls Confucius' belief about the progress of human society as a delusion?
ANSWER:The author calls confusious` belief about the progress of human society as a delusion because he thought that in the remote antiquity rulers were wise and people were happy to a degree which was admired by the deteriorated people but hardly achieved.

How did Confucius' though affect China to develop into a stable and 'Proper' China?
answer Confucius' though affect China to develop into a stable and 'Proper' China because he did not desire of successes ,but maintained a certain amount of excellence.


Why does the author think that Confucian system deserves respect and admiration?
answer:the author thinks a confusian system deserve respect and admiration because It had extraordinary power of survival.

Why does the author call Confucian system a purely ethical system and not a religion?
answerthe author calls a confusian system a purely ethical system not a religion beacause it was not associated with the supernatural or with mystical beliefs.

Briefly argue whether you agree or disagree to Confucius' ideal of a gentleman?
answer:I agree to confusious ideal of a gentleman because this is the same description as that in islam and as a muslim I could never disagree to an Islamic teaching.