Everyday Science Paper 2007
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FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMISSION
COMPETATIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUMENT TO POSTS IN BPS – 17, UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2007
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, PAPER – I
PAPER - II (This was MCQ based paper which I was unable to find anywhere)
(EVERY DAY SCIENCE
PART – I (SUBJECTIVE)
Q.2. Write briefly (not more than three to four sentences) about any five of the following ( 2 each)
(a) Asteroids: found between mars and Jupiter in asteroid belt. Revolves around sun. The Orbit is full of rocks as if remains of a planet.
(b) Black Hole: Once the stars die, they collapse into their own body, such that their weight is immense and so is their gravity which results in the attraction of light too. As it is pitch black and even light cannot escape from it, its called black hole.
(c) Aurora: A natural light display in the sky caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere (thermosphere). The charged particles originate in the magnetosphere and solar wind and, on Earth, are directed by the Earth's magnetic field Into the atmosphere. Most aurora occur in a band known as the auroral zone.
(d) Sedimentary Rock: Sedimentation means ‘to settle’, Sedimentary rocks are metamorphic or igneous rocks that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. It covers most of the earth’s surface i.e. upper crust. Sedimentary rocks are also important sources of natural resources like coal, fossil fuels, drinking water or ores.
(e) Epiphytes: An epiphyte is a plant that grows upon another plant (such as a tree) non-parasitically, and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it instead of the structure it is fastened to. An epiphytic organism that is not a plant is not called an epiphyte.[1] Epiphytes are usually found in the temperate zone (e.g., many mosses, liverworts, lichens, and algae) or in the tropics (e.g., many ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads).[2] Epiphytes provide a rich and diverse habitat for other organisms including animals, fungi and bacteria.
(f) Ionosphere: The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km (53 mi) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.
Q.3 Differenitate between the following pairs: (2 each)
(a) BIT and BYTE: BIT stands for a binary digit, either 0 or 1. In a circuit it is used to store data where 0 denotes off while 1 denotes ON. Collection of 8 Bits is known as 1 byte.
(b) RAM and ROM: Random Access Memory, often used to process data. ROM is Read only memory and stores very important data such BIOS.
(c) Epidemic and endemic: Endemic and epidemic are both words that diseases love, but somethingendemic is found in a certain place and is ongoing, and epidemic describes a disease that's widespread.
(d) Photosynthesis and respiration: PS uses sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O into O2 and Glucose. Respiration is opposite where sugar or other organic compound reacts with oxygen to release CO2 and heat energy.
(e) Herbivores and carnivores: Herbivorous are plants eating, while carnivorous is flesh eating living things.
Q.4 (i) What are the endocrine glands? Name any Two. (2+2)
Group of organs and tissues of the body that release hormones. The endocrine glands and their hormones regulate the growth, development, and function of various tissues and coordinate many of the processes of metabolism.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland has three lobes: anterior, intermediate, and posterior. It is situated at the base of the brain and has been called the “master gland”. The pituitary secretes various hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; growth hormone; and endorphins, peptides that reduce sensitivity to pain. The pituitary also stores vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands, located on top of each kidney, consist of a medulla (inner part) and a cortex (outer part). The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline, which affect a number of functions that help the body deal with acute emergencies. The adrenal cortex secretes a group of steroid hormones, including cortisone and hydrocortisone, that are essential to the maintenance of life and adaptation to stress.
a. Insulin : Pancreas
b. Thyroxin : Thyroid
c. Adrenaline ; Adrenal medulla
d. Estrogen : Ovaries
e. Cortisol; Adrenal cortex
f. Testosterone : Testes
Q.5 (a) Briefly discuss the classification of plants giving suitable examples: (6)
Flowering
Gymnosperms (naked seeds) (e.g. Pinetrees)
Angiosperms (Highly developed, seeds inside ovaries)
Monocotyledon (Parrallel veins)
Dicotyledon (Network of veins)
Non Flowering
Moses
Ferns
(b) define the following: (4)
(1) Vaccine: Dead or accentuated virus, injected into human in order to activate his immune system.
(2) Antibiotic: also called antibacterial intended to kill bacteria.
(3) Solar eclipse: When Moon comes in between earth and sun.
(4) Exothermic: A chemical reaction which gives off heat.
Q.6 Give scientific reasons of the following: (2 each)
(a) Why climbers get their food by climbing on other trees ? By climbing on other trees, they get close to the light source.
(b) Mars is called red planet: It is red in color if we look from space
(c) Vitamin D is the essential component of the body: processes calcium into bones
(d) The weight of the oblect is less at the equator than at the poles: earth is flatter at poles, not exactly spherical, so we have lesser gravity at equator than poles and thus slight less weight. However, it shall be noted that the difference is too small and thus can be classified as negligible.
(e) Why do some people snore? It is due to the relaxation of the upper airway muscles during sleep which may decrease the size of the airway space and cause airflow limitation and turbulence. It is the combination of turbulent airflow through the hypotonic airway structures that results in the harsh vibratory noise known as snoring
Q.7 Give description of satellites with its functions. (10)
Main Points
Any object that revolves around any other object is a satellite. Broadly speaking, once can classify into Natural and Artificial Satellites. In the context of the term, one refers to artificial satellites only when using such term. Artificial satellites are man-made bodies that are released then in order serve various purposes such as communication, forecasting, spying etc. Functions Include. Weather Forecasting, GPS, Communication (Internet, Mobile, Radio), spying, Imaging, Object detection, Military uses etc.
Q.8 (a) What is balance diet? (5)
Quote:
Originally Posted by tranquil
What is a balance diet ?
The human food to provide energy for all life processes and for growth, repair and maintance of cell and tissue. The dietteticneeds vary according to age,sex and occupation. Every ingredient that we partake of has a specific role to play in our health. Eating a well-balanced diet on regular basis and staying at an ideal weight are critical factors in maintaning emotional and physical well-being. The word ‘diet’ is often used to describe an eating plan intended to aid weight loss. However, diet really refers to the foods a person eat in the cource of a day, or a week. The more balanced and nutrous diet, the helathier the person can expect to be. A balance means eating the right amount of food from all the groups. Choose the types of foods that improve your health and avoid the types that raise your risk for illness such as heart diseases and diabeties. Expand your range of health choices to include a variety of delicious foods.
The benefits of a diet are numerous. No single food contains everything the body needs so it is important to eat a variety of them. The right amount of the essential nutrients can increase life expectaancy by keeping the heart and body and preventing many long-term illness.
The concept of healthy eating:-
Healthy eating is based on three simple aspects – Balance, Moderation and variety. When these three parameters are mastered, one feels great, has more energy and remains healthy! These are no strictnutrition philsosphies, or rule that one has to stay unrealistically thin. Healthy eating also does not means that one is deprived of favourite foods. Learning some nutrition basic and incorporaing them in a way that works for you can achieve all this. Believe it or not, healthy eating can be tasty, exciting and exotic tool.
Basics are essential:-
Every ingrident from the basic five food groups has a specific role in your health. That’s why we should aim for a balance diet. Eating to much of one or not enough of another is not good for anyone and may result in deficiences.
A balance diet contains different types of foods in those quantities and proportional such that the need of calorie,protein,minerals,vitamins and other nutrients is adequately met a small provision is made for extra nutrients for when one’s health comes under stress
The different groups that should be included in the diet so as to get necessary nutrients are cereals and millets, pulses,fruits and vegetables,milk and milk products,meat and meat products,sugar and fats.In addition,a balance diet should provide non-nutrients like fibres, which provide positive health benefits. Fluid intake in the form of water and water-based drinks is also essential for good health. Water is essential for the correct functioning of the kidneys and bowels. At least 6-8 glasses of plain water should be consumed everyday for a healthy life.
Balance diet vs. healthy diet.
That balance diet is better for health is an accepted fact but some beleive a healthy diet also means a balance diet. In fact they are both different. The difference is a healthy diet plan provides us withsome nutrients but a balance diet plan provide us with all the essential nutrients. a balance diet enables us to obtain all the essential nutrients present in a wide range of foods. If the balance diet plan is consistent it will also provide a regular supply of vitamins,minerals and other essential nutrients ensuring optium health and vitality. Optimum health means fewer illness and health complications but more importantaly increased energy levels for physical activity. It also helps in weight-loss.
It’s important to be aware that a balance diet can also provide too many fats, refined sugar and salt. If any diet provides excessive saturated fats, cholesterol and refined sugar it may be classed as unhealthy. This is where Healthy Diet comes in. A Healthy Diet Plan is mainly the consumption of natural, fresh and wholesome foods for each meal of the day; foods chosen are usually low in fats, sodium and refined sugars.
The idea of combining both the healthy and balanced diet plans is to provide a variety in the diet, to consume more whole grains, pulses, sprouts, fresh fruitsand vegetables which help in boosting the energy level. This combination focuses on a low fat intake especially saturated fats and minimizes refined sugar and salt intake.The underlying principle is to provide optium health and vitality, to have more energy to be more active and to build up stamina.
Choosing the right foods.
Nutrients in food peform various essential functions. They helped in body-building, growth, giving energy and provide protection. The various foods categorized as nutrients peform specific functions in our body, so to maintain a balance is of utmost importance. The classification of foods as per their function helps one decide on the right kind of foods.
Energy-giving foods:-
Simple carbohydrates: sugar, honey, jaggery & Fats and Oils
Body-building foods:-
Proteins & Complex carbohydrates
Protective foods:-
Vitamins & Minerals.
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(b) How are characters transmitted from parents to offspring? (5)
A child is a combination of a set of chromosomes that he receives from each parent. A human has 46 chromosomes i.e. 23 pairs. Out of these, half will belong to the father while other belongs to Mother. Each chromosome has set of genes attached to it which DNA which has information which we call as traits.