4-Mill’s Method
-5 methods in his book “a system of logic 1843” of inductions are as under:

The circumstances & phenomenon of the methods are as under:
1. Direct method of agreement: Sidha A=W, thus, A=W
 Same circumstances:
Example:
A B C D occur together with w x y z
A E F G occur together with w t u v
Therefore, A is the cause, or the effect of W.

2. Method of difference Sidha lekin hik akhar chhade B=X, thus A=W
 Difference incorporation
Example:
A B C D occur together with w x y z
B C D occur together with x y z
Therefore, A is the cause, or the effect of W.

3. Joint method of agreement & difference akhari change lekin A=X
 Different circumstances yields different systematic result
Example:
A B C occur together with x y z,
A D E occur together with x v w also B C occur with y z
Therefore, A is the cause or effect of X.

4. Method of Residue =sidha sidha A=X, B=Y, C=Z, thus A=X
 Residing method
Example:
A B C occur together with x y z
B is known to be the cause of Y
C is known to be the cause of Z
Therefore, A is the cause or effect of X

5. Method of Concomitant variations =Same continuation of +/-A (happening at the same time as something else, especially because one thing is related to or causes the other)
6. Changing in the magnitude of 1st factor would yield the change in the other too.
Example:
A B C D occur together with w x y z
A +/- B C occur together with w +/- x y
Therefore, A is & X are causally connected.

Direction~This topic contains "Sindhi Language" in some of the headings, I just wrote the key words in roman Sindhi, so you can use your language i.e. Urdu, Paunjabi or Balouchi etc. Because this chapter's methods are a bit complicated, you just need to understand and once you are done, you will love to read it again and again. I have noticed, more then five mcqs always repeats from this chapter, though this year we will have a new experience, yet it is productive to do so.