17th century

• 1600s [mathematics] The Arabic mathematician Muhammad Baqir Yazdi jointly discovered the pair of amicable numbers 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 along with Descartes (1636)..

• 1600 - 1640 [philosophy] Persian philosopher Mulla Sadra founded the school of Transcendent Theosophy and developed the concept of "existence precedes essence". His work bought "a new philosophical insight in dealing with the nature of reality" and created "a major transition from essentialism to existentialism" in Islamic philosophy, several centuries before this occurred in Western philosophy.

• 1630 - 1632 [aviation, flight] The Turk Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi is said to have flown from the Galata Tower and crossed the Bosphorus, landing 3.38 kilometers away in Üsküdar's Doğancılar square.

• 1633 [aviation, flight, rocketry] Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi's brother, Lagari Hasan Çelebi, launched himself in the first artificially-powered manned rocket, using 150 okka (about 300 pounds) of gunpowder as the firing fuel, and he landed successfully. This is more than two hundred years before similar attempts in modern Europe and the United States.

• 1659 - 1660 Another seamless celestial globe is produced in the Mughal Empire in 1070 AH (1659-60 CE) by Muhammad Salih Tahtawi with Arabic and Sanskrit inscriptions.