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Organized crime
Introduction: The object of organized criminals is to wrest exorbitant profits from society by any possible means and the objectives is sought to be achieved by making available illegal goods and services to the consumers, who may need such goods and services, and in a number of other ways. Organized crime is thus the product of a self-perpetuating criminal conspiracy involving the ruthless exploitation of the social, political and economic institutions of the society.
DEFINITION OF ORGANISED CRIME: Defining the concept of organized crime and its methods of committing crimes has been a source of controversy in legal and criminological debate throughout the 20th century. The term “organized crime” is that it denotes a process or method of committing crimes, not a distinct type of crime, nor a distinct type of criminal.
The most global definition of organized crime is the UN definition that is broad enough to cover the different forms of organized crime around the world. Organized criminal In Article 2(a):
• a group of three or more persons that was not randomly formed;
• existing for a period of time;
• acting in concert with the aim of committing at least one crime punishable by at least four years' incarceration;
• In order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.
TYPES OF ORGANISED CRIME:
1. Gang criminality
2. Racketeering
3. Syndicate crime
CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANISED CRIME:
• Size which engages itself in continuous crime over a long usually indefinite period of time.
• It has a tendency to dominate, through political clout or corruption, the law enforcement agencies.
• The organization is generally highly centralized; the authority is vested in one or just a few members of the group.
• Criminal organizations adopt measures to protect the group and to guard against the preservation of their activities. To this end, arrangements are made with doctors, lawyers, policemen, judges, politicians and government officials.

CORPORATE CRIMES

In criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation (i.e., a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manages its activities), or by individual acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity. Some negative behaviors by corporation may not actually be criminal; laws vary between jurisdictions.
DEFINITION: corporate crime is a crime committed by a corporation or business entity or by individual who are acting on behalf of a corporation or business entity. The law reform commission of New South Wales corporate crime as “Corporate crime poses a significant threat to the welfare of the community. Given the pervasive presence of corporation in a wide range of activities in our society, and the impact of their actions on a much wider group of people than are affected by individual action, the potential for both economic and physical harm caused by a corporation is great.”
TYPES OF CORPORATE CRIME:
1. Bribery
2. False claims

CLASSICAL SCHOOL
THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY: The field of criminology began with the classical school of criminology. The classical school views human behaviour as rational and assumes that people have the ability to choose right from wrong.
The classical school of criminology was developed by Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham in response to the primitive and cruel European justice system that existed prior to the French revolution of 1789. Basically, the 18th century was classical school.
1. Viewed human behaviour as essentially rational in nature;
2. Felt that people had the ability to choose right from wrong;
3. Believed that the major element governing a person’s choice of action was the basic human desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.
Classical theory is based on following three assumptions:
1. All of us have free will to make a choice between getting what we want legally or illegally.
2. The fear of punishment can deter a person from committing a criminal act.
3. The community or society can control criminal and noncriminal behavior by making the pain of punishment and penalties more severe than the pleasure from criminal activities and their gain.
Cesare Beccaria
Cesare Beccaria and other members of the Classical school of criminology believed that criminal behavior could be minimized using the basics of human nature. The school was based on the idea that human beings act in their own self-interests. They believed that rational people enter into a social contract in which they realize that having a peaceful society would be in their most beneficial to themselves. The school sought to reduce crime through reform to the criminal punishment system, which they felt tended to be cruel and excessive without reason as well as an ineffective deterrent.
BECCARIA:
 A more rational approach to punishment.
 Utilitarianism: behavior is purposeful and not motivated by supernatural forces.
 Deterrence
 Punishment and sentences: proportional to the seriousness of the crime
The idea behind the Classical school's fight for swift trials and clearly defined punishments was that criminals were more likely to be deterred if they knew what type of punishment they would receive and how quickly. Members of the school believed that preventing crime was actually more important than punishing it, but by having a clear punishment system in place, criminals would use reasoning to deduce that crime would not be in their best self-interests. The classical school of criminology was accepted by European rulers in the late eighteenth century and is considered to have influenced the Western justice system.
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