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Old Thursday, December 12, 2013
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Originally Posted by SADIA SHAFIQ View Post
Economy of Pakistan.



Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Pakistan economic conditions are in bad conditions due to growing terrorism, political instability, infrastructure problems and lack of stable foreign policy .It is being feed by foreign organization like IMF and various banks. Pakistan policy makers have to work according to their conditions which have hampered its own economic interest. The most immediate vulnerability lies in the country’s external position. Foreign exchange reserves have plunged to a critical low in the past two months. This has resulted from a sharp rise in the current account deficit, with the import bill surging, capital flows at a virtual standstill and continuing external debt repayments, including to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).


There are three major sectors of economy which includes; agriculture, industries and commodity producing sector. Agriculture includes crops, livestock, forestry and fishing .whereas leading industries of Pakistan are mining and Quarrying , manufacturing , electricity distribution ,production as well as gas distribution and construction . Commodity sector includes wholesale trade, communication, transportation, finance, insurance, storage and housing industry. How these three sectors are contributing to our economy is being discussed below.

a) commodity sector
b) Agriculture Sector
c) Industry In Pakistan


Energy sector in Pakistan


Electricity is considered to be life line of any economy and most vital instrument of socioeconomic development of a country. Electricity is pivotal in running machinery in factories and industrial units, for lighting our cities and powering our vehicles. The challenge of ensuring electricity access for industries and providing increased access to the poor parts of the population is the key issue for any government.There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged.

Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy crisis. Despite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a common phenomenon through power shutdown.

After the independence, Pakistan inherited 60MW of power generation capability for a population of 31.5 million, yielding 4.5 units per capita consumption. Twelve years later, when WAPDA was created in 1959, the generation capacity had increased to 119 MW.

In 1964-65, the electricity generation capability rose to 636 MW from 119 MW in 1959, and power generation to about 2,500 MKW from 781 MKW. The rapid progress witnessed a new life to the social, technical and economic structures of the country, mechanized agriculture started, industrialization picked up and general living standards improved.

The task of accelerating the pace of power development picked up speed and by 1970, in another five years the generating capability rose from 636 MW to 1331 MW with installation of a number of thermal and hydel power units. In the year 1980 the system capacity touched 3000 MW which rapidly rose to over 7000 MW in 1990-91.In 2006, the Asian Development Bank has estimated that 45 percent of Pakistan’s population lacked access to electricity.

Electricity crisis worsens in Pakistan in 2008 as shortage of Electricity has increased up to 4000MV. Pakistan's industrial consumers were facing an electric power deficit due to low water levels at hydroelectric dams.

Summers were worst period for Pakistan people where in some areas load shedding of even 16 to 18 hours were witnessed but the winters were also worst of all with up 8 hours of load shedding. Prices of electricity were also kept increasing. Electricity shortages caused losses to industry, in turn causing many closures and loss of jobs for people of Pakistan.

The story of Pakistan's energy sector is symptomatic of virtually all sectors of the economy. Pakistan policy-makers have been remarkably adept in the articulating the overall objectives of energy policy within a national development context. the problem is not what the objective are but how they can be achieved .Overwhelming evidence from energy analyst points to be absence of coordinated policy formulation as a fundamental issue, While energy remains a corner stone of five years plan.

Shahid Javed Burkri have discussed in his article;

"there cannot be any doubt that Pakistan is currently faced with a serious economic crisis, one of the most serious in its history, the most glaring failure of the policy makers was in the area of energy where shortages of electricity and gas have seriously begun to hurt the peoples and damage the economy".

Pakistan is in the throes of an energy crisis, with Pakistanis now enduring about 12 hours of power cuts a day, a grueling schedule that is melting ice, stopping fans and enraging an already exhausted populace just as the blast furnace of summer gets started. In the Era between 2008 and 2009, power outages went up by 30 percent since then situation is even worse now. after the catastrophic floods of 2010, there are areas where daily power outages exceed 18 hours.

A key element in integrated energy planning, is strong political will, is the restructuring of policy institutions to reverse the unchecked fragmentation that has occurred over the years, In other words to consolidate policy institutions into a single ministry of energy The Consequence Of Energy shortage our GDP faced 2.5 percentage of decline.

Short Term Measures


Wind Energy
:-

With power needed immediately, wind turbines look suitable because they are relatively fast to install whereas dams and nuclear plants take five to six years to complete and thermal power plants need two years at least. Wind power can play a big part of solving Pakistan’s energy shortages, and now that comprehensive wind maps already been researched in the country.

Private Power Plant:
-

The private sector should be allowed to set up power plants with their own equity and loans based on project feasibility with the government’s role limited to determining a fair price of power through an independent commission of representatives of the government, citizens, industry, power producers and experts by consensus.

Long Term Measures

Natural Resources:-Pakistan has estimated as the world's third-largest known coal reserves(Thar Coal) of 33.0 trillion tons in the south-eastern part of the country The answer to long term solution of power crisis in Pakistan lies in using local coal for power generation. The electricity production from coal is also cheaper than thermal generation as 2 percent usage of Thar coal could produce 20,000 Megawatts electricity.


Kalabagh Dam:- The Kalabagh Dam has become an absolute necessity for the country and delaying or abandoning its construction would be an invitation to a disaster. The water situation has become precarious and the provinces are going to each other throat over the issue of water supply. Pakistan is one of the unfortunate country which has not built a major dam in the last three decades. No wonder, today the country is facing a serious water crisis. Millions and millions of rupees have been spent on the feasibility report of the Dam, alterations have been made in the plan to remove the apprehensions of those who have opposed it for one reason or the other, but all these have proved futile exercises and the project has not moved an inch forward. The unnecessary politicization of the issue has been the major hurdle.

Telecommunication Industry In Pakistan

Pakistan is the world’s third fastest growing telecommunications market, adding on an average two million cellular subscribers per month, following India which is the world’s fastest growing mobile services market, adding on an average more than 8 million subscribers per month. The telecom infrastructure in Pakistan is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments in the fixed-line and mobile networks.

In the mobile cellular sector, a significant change took place in May 2001 When it is followed by award to licenses to Telenor and Warid in 2005. Mobile cellular subscriber-base grew rapidly since the entry of Telenor in March 2005 and Warid Telecom in May 2005. In a short span of three years,the mobile SIMs/ 100 people increased seven times from 7.9% in June 2005 to 54.7% as of June 2008. Telenor’s subscriber-base rose to 18.12 million to become the second cellular operator following Mobilink GSM, and overtaking Ufone. Warid’s subscriber-base also grew beyond million. This is a remarkable growth. The competition offered by the new entrants brought the
tariffs down, making it more affordable for the people to subscribe to mobile telephony.


Today network coverage is available to almost 90% of the total population. Tariffs have been driven down to one of the lowest levels in the world. Driven by lowest tariffs, maximum coverage, and relatively better quality the Pakistan mobile market has maintained rapid growth. The mobile market is now working on sustaining the boom that hit Pakistan 2 years back and is now working on adding Value Added Services to increase customer satisfaction. The telecom sector as a whole grew by 80% during the year 2007 compared to the average growth rate of 100% in the previous four years.

In line with other emerging markets, mergers and acquisitions have been taking place in Pakistan which also attracted foreign direct investment and made Pakistan one of fastest growing telecom market. There are no restrictions on foreign investment regarding movement of capital or remittance of profits and dividends.

During 2007 about US$1.5 billion worth of acquisitions were made in the telecom sector. In May 2007, China Mobile Ltd., a subsidiary of state-owned China Mobile Communications Corporation (CMCC), acquired 100% of Paktel for US$460 million and renamed it CMPak Ltd.CMCC plans to invest US$ 400 million in Pakistan to expand the CMPak networks.19 Orascom from Egypt has purchased the remaining 11.31% shares in Mobilink GSM from the local
partners for US$290 million, and now owns 100% of the firm. SingTel purchased 30% share ofnWarid Telecom for US$ 758 million. Oman Tel purchased 60% of World Call for US$ 193
million.

Warid Telecom in May 2005. Telenor’s subscriber base rose to 18.12 million to become the second cellular operator following Mobilink GSM, and overtaking Ufone. Warid also crossed the 15 million benchmark. This is a remarkable growth. PTCL won contracts to provide telecom services in the rural districts of Pishin, Dadu, and Mansehra and bags a majority of subsidy (48.76 %) granted

In October 2007, the USFCo signed a Pilot project Contract with Telenor to provide telecom related services in Malakand Division. In short span of three months, the USFCo signed another contract innJanuary 2008 with Mobilink GSM to provide services to the un-served villages of Sukkur division.And then in February 2008, it entered into contract with Warid Telecom to provide telephony and data services to the mass population in un-served areas of Dera Ghazi Khan division. Telenor won another contract to provide services in the district of Bahawalpur




Role Of Pakistan Telecommunication Authority:-

The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority is composed of three members appointed by the Federal Government for a term of four years. One of the members is nominated as the Chairman of the Authority, and is entrusted with the administrative powers. The functions of the Authority, among others, are to promote the availability of wide range of high quality, efficient, cost effective and competitive telecommunication services throughout Pakistan. The Authority is also responsible for safeguarding the interest of consumers, and for encouraging fair competition in the telecommunications sector.

PTA started rebalancing PTCL’s tariff. Prior to the privatization of the PTCL, it has an uneven tariff structure. It had higher tariffs for International Direct Dialing and Nation Wide Dialing, which could not be justified by the cost. With the impending opening up, in early 2004, of the fixed-line telephony to competition, the PTA rebalanced the tariffs for IDD and NWD, as it was feared that the new entrants would focus on more profitable segments (i.e., IDD and NWD) and will not invest in local loop services. In that case, PTCL would be burdened with the provision of local services at a loss. Thus in the year, 2001-02, the installation charges for fixed line were reduced from Rs 3690/- to Rs 1850/-, long distance call charges were reduced to 12 percent for international call, and 10.5 percent for NWD calls. The reduction in fixed line tariff was further linked to the adjustment in international settlement rates, and termination rates.

Agricultural Sector in Pakistan


Agriculture is central to economic growth and development in Pakistan. Being the dominant sector, it contributes 21.4 percent to GDP, employs 45percent of the country’s labor force and contributes in the growth of other sectors of the economy. In order to improve efficiency of this sector, it has been devolved to provinces to boast market oriented results. The previous federal ministry has been renamed as “National food security and research”. To improve efficiency

Pakistan has a rich and vast natural resource base, covering various ecological and climatic zones; hence the country has great potential for producing all types of food commodities. Agriculture has an important direct and indirect role in generating economic growth. The importance of agriculture to the economy is seen in three ways: first, it provides food to consumers and fibers for domestic industry; second, it is a source of scarce foreign exchange earnings; and third, it provides a market for industrial goods.
The total geographical area of Pakistan is 79.6 million hectares. About 27 percent of the area is currently under cultivation. Of this area, 80 percent is irrigated. In this regard, Pakistan has one of the highest proportions of irrigated cropped area in the world. The cultivable waste lands offering good possibilities of crop production amount to 8.9 million hectares. Growth in cropped area is very impressive: from 11.6 million hectares in 1947 to 22.6 million hectares in 1997.

Agriculture contributes about 24 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employs 47 percent of the national employed labor force Agriculture still remains the major sector of the GDP composition. A major part of the economy depends on farming through production, processing and distribution of major agricultural commodities.While on the one hand, the sector is a primary supplier of raw materials to downstream industry, contributing substantially to Pakistan’s exports, on the other, it is a large market for industrial products such as fertilizer, pesticides, tractors and agricultural implements.

Despite its critical importance to growth, exports, incomes, and food security, the Agriculture sector has been suffering from secular decline Growth in the sector, particularly in the crop sub‐sector, has been falling for the past three decades. Productivity remains low, with yield gaps rising
Growth in the sector, particularly in the crop sub‐sector, has been falling for the past three decades. Productivity remains low, with yield gaps rising

There are two principal crop seasons in Pakistan, namely the "Kharif", the sowing season of which begins in April‐June and harvesting during October‐December; and the "Rabi", which begins in October‐December and ends in April‐May. Rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, mong, mash, bajra and jowar are “Kharif" crops while wheat, gram, lentil (masoor), tobacco, rapeseed, barley and mustard are "Rabi" crops. Major crops, such as, wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane account for 82.0 percent of the value added in the major crops. The value added in major crops accounts for 32.8 percent of the value added in overall agriculture. Thus, the four major crops (wheat, rice, cotton,
and sugarcane), on average, contribute 33.1 percent to the value added in overall agriculture and 7.1 percent to GDP. The minor crops account for 11.1 percent of the value added in overall agriculture. Livestock contributes 53.2 percent to agricultural


Measures Taken Increase to Productivity.


Mechanization:-

A demographic change towards urbanization reduces the size of rural workforce, agriculture will also need to adopt new forms of mechanization and shift to land use intensification, with all of its connotations. High agricultural production assures food security and agriculture surpluses for export at competitive prices require efficient development and utilization of agricultural resources. Cost effectiveness in the production of various crops brings built‐in competitive edge to low productivity attributed farmers. Farm operations being time specific, demand precision to optimize the efficiencies of agricultural input for higher productivity. The future changes of free market economy and faster globalization have further necessitated modernization of agricultural machinery through transfer of latest, efficient and cost effective technologies to the farming community. Efficient use of scarce agriculture resources and accelerated agricultural mechanization are, therefore, vital to meet the challenges of future scenario that need a comprehensive strategic loaning for future. Plant

Protection :-

Plant protection is an important agriculture input as it effectively contributes in achieving higher production by saving it from ravages of insect and disease pests, Crop protection technologies allow producers to increase crop yields and efficiency of food production processes. Up to 40 percent of the world's potential crop production is already lost annually because of the effects of weeds, pests and diseases. These crop losses would be doubled if existing pesticide uses were abandoned. Because the use of pesticides improves crop yields, crop protection technologies
also impact the cost of food. Without crop protection chemicals, food production would decline, many fruits and vegetables would be in short supply and prices would rise. Helping to keep food prices in check for the consumer is another large benefit of pesticides.

Forestry :-


Forests are crucial for the well being of humanity. They provide foundations of life on earth through ecological functions, by regulating the climate and water resources and by serving as habitats for plants and animals. Forests also furnish a wide range of essential goods such as wood, food fodder and medicines in addition to opportunities for recreation, and other services. Forests are under pressure for expanding human and livestock populations with frequently leads to conversion or degradations of forests into unsustainable forms of land use.When forests are lost or severely degraded, their capacity to function as regulators of the environment is also lost, increasing floods and erosion hazards, reducing soil fertility and
contributing to the loss of plant and animal life.

Agricultural Credit:-



In order to cope with the increasing demand for agricultural credit, institutional credit to farmers is being provided through Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited, Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank Limited, five big Commercial Banks, and Domestic Private Banks. Adequate availability and access to
institutional credit is essential for accelerating the pace of agricultural development and ensuring Food Security in the country. In order to excel new loans and packages should be introduced for farmers.


Livestock :-

The overall thrust of Government livestock policy is to foster private sector‐led development with public sector providing enabling environment through policy interventions and play capacity building role for improved livestock husbandry practices. Livestock plays an important role in the economy of the country. Livestock sector contributed approximately 53.2 percent of the agriculture value added and 11.4 percent to national GDP in Pakistan in some past years.The population growth, increase in per capita income and export revenue is fueling the demand of livestock and livestock products. In order to speed up the pace of development in livestock sector, The Ministry of Livestock & Dairy Development was created as a part of Reform Agenda and political commitment of present Government to improve service delivery, reduce poverty, achieve sustainable economic growth and expand opportunities to address the needs of livestock rural
farmers and to protect the livelihood concerns of rural community. The major products of livestock are milk and meat production.


Poultry:-Poultry sector is one of the organized and vibrant segments of agriculture industry of Pakistan. This sector generates employment and income for about 1.5 million people. Poultry meat contributes 23.8 percent of the total meat production in the country .Poultry Development Policy visions sustainable supply of wholesome poultry meat; eggs and value added products to the local and international markets at competitive prices and aimed at facilitating and support private sector‐led development for sustainable poultry production. The strategy revolves around Improving regulatory framework; disease control and genetic improvement in rural
poultry; hi‐tech poultry production under environmentally controlled housing; processing and value addition; Improving bio‐security; need based research and development and farmers training & education. It envisages poultry sectors growth of 15‐20 percent per annum.


Mega Development Projects: The Government has substantially increased public sector investment and has initiated mega development project for strengthening Livestock services for improved disease diagnosis and control, milk and meat production, breed improvement, animal husbandry and management procedures in the country. The Ministry of Livestock & Dairy
Development is presently executing seven projects in Livestock sector at an estimated cost of Rs. 8.8 billion.


Fishers:-


Fishery plays an important role in Pakistan’s economy and is considered to be a source of livelihood for the coastal inhabitants. A part from marine fisheries, inland fisheries (based in river, lakes, ponds, dams etc.) is also very important activity through out the country. Fisheries share in GDP although very little but it adds substantially to the national income through export earnings. During the year 2008‐09, a total of 134,000 m. tons of fish and fishery products were exported earning US$ 236 million. Government of
Pakistan is taking a number of fruitful steps to improve fisheries sector which include strengthening of extension services, introduction of new fishing methodologies, increased production through aquaculture, development of value added products, enhancement of per capita consumption of fish, up‐gradation of socio‐economic conditions of the fishermen’s community. Marine Fisheries Department is executing two development projects i.e. the project “Stock assessment survey programmed in Pakistan through chartering Research vessel and capacity building of Marine Fisheries Department”, is aimed to charter a suitable vessel of conducting stock assessment resource surveys in the coastal and offshore waters of

Pakistan, including Exclusive Economic Zone. The project is also aimed to strengthen Marine Fisheries Department by capacity building to conduct resource survey and stock assessment on regular basis and to develop management strategy for the fish exploitation and utilization.

Industry in Pakistan


Manufacturing accounts for 13.2 % of gross domestic production and 13.8% of employed labor force. It is one of the most vibrant sectors of economy which is divided in to large scale manufacturing and small scale manufacturing. It has received a severe setback due to energy shortages and electricity shortfall. In rubber products group, motor tires and cycles tubes were the main contributors which managed to grow by 18.12 percent and 12.62 percent, respectively. The growth in iron & steel products was on account of growth recorded in H/CR sheets/strips/coils/plates 45.53 percent. Three steel plants were commissioned in Karachi
during 2012(One in H2-FY12 and two in H1-FY13) are joint ventures with Saudi Arabia, Japan and International Finance Corporation which also improved steel production in the country.

In petroleum refining, higher margins improved the cash flows of local refineries and in addition partial resolution of the circular debt situation also enabled the firms to import more crude oil and increase capacity utilization. Petroleum products growth mainly arrived from the production of LPG 25.72 percent, motor sprits 21.90 percent and furnace oil 19.83percent during the period under review. In non metallic mineral product, cement managed to grow by 6.08 percent because of timely release of public sector development funds during the period amounting to Rs. 183.2 billion, which stimulated the construction activities.

The food, beverages & tobacco and textile group which accounts about half of the Large Scale Manufacturing (LSM) remained modest during the Period under review. The items showed positive growth in food, beverages & tobacco includes soft Drinks 15.58 percent, juices, syrups & squashes 14.05 percent, cooking oil 14.75 percent and tea Blended 18.99 percent. Restaurant and fast food chains are flourishing in the country. The demand for dairy products, processed food and beverages has increased manifold thus brought a positive impact in food group. In textile groups, items registered positive growth includes cotton yarn 1.27 percent, cotton cloth 0.22 percent, knitting wool 14.89 percent and woolen & worsted cloth 2.20 percent.

The reason behind the negative growth of electronics is smuggling on large scale.TV , air conditioners , electric bulbs and automobiles like jeep busses , cars showed a negative growth
with respect to previous year. Agro based industries boasted the GDP because of heavy production which spurred to an incremental increase in industrial goods. Iron import has improved the manufacturing industry further. Except textile industry, all industries spurred manufacturing growth. Textile industry severe setback due to minimum production of cotton affected badly GDP. In order to increase its production, it needs specialized labor, large investment in machinery and developed technology. Apart from above mentioned facts energy short fall need to be reduced. The export ration of ready-made garments has increased also by 12%.Same is the case with towel ,canvas ,jute , woolen fabrics and art silk and synthetic weaving industry which tantamount sharp increase in prices of garment products.

Fertilizer is second consumer of gas after energy sector .On June 2012 gas pipelines had been closed of sui-Northern due to shortage of gas. This policy of gas supply is deteriorating the fertilizer industry of country which is resulting into low production, undue price hike, increase in imports and subsidy, depletion of foreign exchange reserves and erosion of investment. In 2012-13, the cement industry witnessed the continuation of high retention prices that helped cement companies to improve their margin. Pakistan is among top 20 leading producers and top 5 leading exporters of cement in the world. Pakistan cement is being exported to Afghanistan, South Africa, Iraq, India, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Djibouti, Mozambique, Sudan and Kenya.
Pakistan’s textile industry is a major contributor to the national economy in terms of exports and employment. Pakistan holds the distinction of being the world’s 4th largest producer of cotton as well as the 3rd largest consumer in the world.

According to Pakistan Textile Journal, Pakistan is among top 10 textile exporters of the world. Textile export of world over is about $400 billion out of which China tops the list with present export of $55 billion, followed by Hong Kong $38 billion, Korea $35 billion, Taiwan $16 billion and Indonesia, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan $11billion each.Textile sector is considered as the backbone of the economy. On the other hand, it is facing tough competition in the international market due to increase in cost of production, which is making it less competitive than the neighboring countries India, Bangladesh & China.


The Textile industry in Pakistan is the largest manufacturing industry in Pakistan. It has traditionally, after agriculture, been the only industry that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labor. The textile industry continues to be the second largest employment generating sector in Pakistan. Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of textile products in Asia. This sector contributes 9.5% to the GDP and provides employment to about 15 million people or roughly 30% of the 49 million workforce of the country. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, and contributes 5% to the global spinning capacity


The Textile Industry is dominated by Punjab. 3% of United States imports regarding clothing and other form of textiles is covered by Pakistan
Textile exports in 1999 were $5.2 billion and rose to become $10.5 billion by 2007. Textile exports managed to increase at a very decent growth of 16% in 2006. In the period July 2007 – June 2008, textile exports were US$10.62 billion. Textile exports share in total export of Pakistan has declined from 67% in 1997 to 55% in 2008, as exports of other textile sectors grew.
The global recession which has hit the global textile really hard is not the only cause for concern. Serious internal issues also affected Pakistan's textile industry very badly. The high cost of production resulting from an instant rise in the energy costs has been the primary cause of concern for the industry. Depreciation of Pakistani rupee during last year has significantly raised the cost of imported inputs. Furthermore, double digit inflation and energy crises have affected theoverall textile sector.

Benazir Bhutto’s assassination followed by unstable law and order situations. Moving ahead in 2008 the textile sector showed record negative growth due to financial church in global economy resulting in slow down in economy growth chased by soaring oil, food and other commodity prices, softening of external demand and turmoil in the international financial market. The economy is also going through the most terrible energy crisis affecting the performance of the textile industry

RESAONS FOR DECLINE IN GROWTH



Main reasons of crisis in textile industry in Pakistan are as follows:

Lack of Research & development (R&D):-

The lack of research & development (R&D) in the cotton sector of Pakistan has resulted in low quality of cotton in comparison to rest of Asia. Because of the subsequent low profitability in cotton crops, farmers are shifting to other cash crops, such as sugar cane.

Lack of modernize equipment:-

The textile industry has obsolete equipment and machinery except few major producers. The inability to timely modernize the equipment and machinery has led to the decline of Pakistani textile competitiveness. Due to obsolete technology the cost of production is higher in Pakistan as compared to other countries like India, Bangladesh & China.

Energy crisis:-

As a consequence of load shedding the textile production capacity of various subsections been reduced. The representatives of the all textile associations presented their serious concerns on the huge losses being incurred due to electricity & gas load
My dear sister kindly provide economic crises and its consequences,
Please also write down energy crises consequenses.Any how your notes are very good but why an examiner had to give less marks to you.
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@ Sadia Shafique

Had you attempted your CA and PA papers with outlines or without outlines, and please share your scores in both of these?

Thanks in anticipation....
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My all notes are in hard copy and what I wrote was in my mind except my first post . You know correct writing take time and I am unfortunate having splendid notes and handwork., I can not perform well in this very paper .That is because ,I have over-stuffed with CA ,so could not manage my paper . well , I can write about all .I have`nt prepared economy related issues ,so It would be posted after study .I am busy in my schedule and will format all requested notes in soft form as soon as it might be .. Thanks for appreciation .
sister what is realism?
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Realism comes from the word "Real". Let's say the things you see in "everyday life". You don't need a proof to believe a bee stings or a dog barks. Realism is, in the broadest sense, simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature... In order to give it more precise definition, however, one needs to limit it to the movement which arose in the nineteenth century, at least partially in reaction against Romanticism, which was centered in the novel, and which was dominant in France, England, and America from roughly mid-century to the closing decade, when it was replaced by Naturalism. In this latter scene, realism defines a literary method, a philosophical and political attitude, and a particular kind of subject matter. Realist authors especially write about history, politics or biografies.

Employing the term "metafiction" to refer to modern works that are radically self-reflexive as well as to works that contain only a few lines of self-consciousness creates ambiguitity. In her review of Patricia Waugh's METAFICTION: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SELF-CONSCIOUS FICTION (1984), Ann Jefferson argues that "the trouble is that Waugh cannot have it both ways, and present metafiction both as an inherent characteristic of narrative fiction and as a response to the contemporary social and cultural vision" (574). Other theorists often employ the same double definition of metafiction, which makes it difficult to know whether his or her definition refers to contemporary metafiction or to all works containing self-reflexivity. John Barth contributes a short blanket definition of metafiction as being a "novel that imitates a novel rather than the real world" Metafiction attempts to blur the line between fiction and reality. In metafiction authors often break out of the narrative to address the nature of what they are doing in the novel.

Fabulation is the opposite of realism, the act of inventing or relating false or fantastic tales, any story related to human's imagination. This term "fabulation" was popularized by Robert Scholes and William Gass, Thomas Pynchon, Donald Barthelme are some well known fabulators.

"Speculative fiction is not fantasy fiction, as it rules out the use of anything as material which violates established scientific fact, laws of nature, call it what you will, i.e., it must [be] possible to the universe as we know it. "- Robert A. Heinlein. Speculative fiction is a term, attributed to Robert Heinlein in 1941, that has come to be used to collectively describe works in the genres of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror. But if we already have science fiction, fantasy, and horror, then why do we need to muddy the water with yet another genre description? Because speculative fiction addresses fiction that includes Weird Tales, Amazing Stories, and Fantastic Fiction. It also may include other genres, such as Mysteries, Alternate Histories, and Historical Fiction. Speculative fiction can be a collective term to describe works of science fiction, fantasy, and horror and also addresses works that are not science fiction, fantasy, or horror, yet don't rightly belong to the other genres.
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Looking back into the past for diplomatic dealings with regional countries as well as with Super powers ,Pakistan has been remained weak in tackling it . Dwindling resources and inflationary trends are the two main fact which have been sprawled due to military ,civil and political tussle. Same manner , each country serve for its own strategic interests . Pakistan `s failure gave upper hand to USA because these are rental based relation or very much similar to parasitic . The main issues between two countries which has soured the relations are ;

  • Nuclear proliferation .
  • Aiding Tali-ban.
  • China and Pakistan nexus .
  • Drone Attacks .
  • Air bases
  • Gawadar port
  • Baluchistan issue
  • Kashmir problem International terrorist of Pakistan`s origin
These are the main issues which have put down the trade between two countries and aid is sanctioned . Pakistan is not a basket case who is dependent solely over aid . Pakistan`s budget is nearly of 60 billion .And US aid is merely 6-7% of Pakistan`s budget . The aid given to Pakistan is amounted 700-800 million . But , it is very tragic that Pakistan has lose its friends in USA like Henry Kissinger or John kery , congress has passed unanimous resolution regarding aid that should not be given to Pakistan . This is diplomatic failure . That failure has lowered the graph of foreign reserves that come in the form of trade .


Though ,OBL fiasco has been given a big hand and but dr.shakeel Afrid case has sour the relations ,it is because that person is passing classified information to CIA and abused human rights . Actually , he spied for Osama and injected first dose of vaccine to people without completion of vaccination .He fled after providing DNA samples to CIA .

Salala incidents, and burning of Holy Quran (norani Qaida) had soured the relation and after such scenario the case has passed to Pakistan`s parliament .NATO supply routes have been seized . Shamsi Airbase was evacuated .USA officials have been scrutinized to remain in Islamabad only . Parliament has delayed recommendations regarding USA relations ; the delay in foreign policy is not a foreign policy ,there should be
no pauses in foreign policy .

The recommendation has been passed and routes have been opened after appreciating the transit tax fee . But drone attacks were not put down .USA could not invade Pakistan being nuclear armed country ,so according to them it is high policy to continue such attacks .The case of saleem shehzad and Ghulam nabi fai ; earlier is involved in Time square bombing where as later is aiding Kasmiriz (Assassinate of USA in Kashmir ) was given two year prison .

Pakistan has given Gawadar port ; rival of USA which dysfunction US design in the region . Pakistan ,India and USA are working for Afghanistan .UN 1929 resolution has soured that triangular relations because Iran has constructed pipeline whereas it is in agreement who failed in construction will have to pay 200 million usd per day as charge . Where as Pakistan has to pay no transit fee as in case of TAPI .

Chnia OGDCL bank has denied to give any aid to Pakistan for IP .Whereas ,no filed for gas has been established in south pars . Pakistan has now started construction of IP and signed an agreement on TAPI .This matter is very sensitive for USA ,that`s why it has given charge to India ; to train (ANF) Afghanistan national force ,this would be a major check for Pakistan .It is like a Baluchistan when Congress has accepted the resolution for Baluchistan as a state . But when Pakistan took stern action which infected USA interests in the region . It drew back resolution.


Haqani network was appreciated by USA , now it has announced terrorist organization . Pakistan due to international pressure has accepted these terms but aiding it for the cause of Kashmir . Kashmir is the sole cause of conflicts between regions .If it would be solved ,then there would be less checks for Pakistan . US and Pakistan relations are time based but these are important for Pakistan .Therefore ,we should not loose it but not sacrifice our interests as well

*]Aiding Tali-ban. [*]China and Pakistan nexus .[*]Drone Attacks .


I am reading your notes, please add some new developments for the above topics....

Thanks..
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Shaid javed Burki and Pakistan :


http://www.2shared.com/file/5-QtjuGb..._Pakistan.html



Nuclear weapons and treaties: It has files of treaties , Pakistan`s nuclear proliferation , Syrian chemical weapons .



1http://www.2shared.com/file/caEJ6q0n..._treaties.html


Climate change and different measureless


http://www.2shared.com/file/5zEz_Wbp..._policies.html

IMF


http://www.2shared.com/file/-FGaGLBx/IMF.html


I believe in headings rather outlines .Make a major heading which should be highlighted .For sub headings , if u are good in speed write also headings for them , but speed is not well then must point (
  • )like this for each

Now I have shared sources of each file .. By studying reports , there is no need to read Dawn but for essay paper and vocabulary it is indispensable.

I will upload required material which would be up-to-date , and will link all the required material. when you will click on the link , then a page appears.Download option will above the link which(link) would be given on the page
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Further links will suffice your demands . If any one required any extra material .. I will upload it .


1.economy


http://www.2shared.com/file/rGMT-22U/economy.html

2.Egypt , Bahrain ,UAE and Iran


http://www.2shared.com/file/cSmzHSHh..._and_Iran.html

3.Energy Issues :


http://www.2shared.com/file/2WKxHwHN...ellaneous.html

4.Family and miscellaneous



http://www.2shared.com/file/2WKxHwHN...ellaneous.html

5.Global energy crisis :A critique


http://www.2shared.com/file/_FXrS5FA...a_critiqu.html

6.Global Internet freedom

http://www.2shared.com/file/QTAIaau_...t_freedom.html

7.Oil policy.



http://www.2shared.com/file/-Flgm8Cc/Oil_poicy.html

8.Us and China

http://www.2shared.com/file/E81k0kES/Us_and_China.html

9.Terrorism

http://www.2shared.com/file/UobyNDbz/Terrorism.html

10.Trade Issues




http://www.2shared.com/file/HoHjN1nz/Trade_issues.html

11.USA relations with other powers


http://www.2shared.com/file/vVtxpsbJ...nd_others.html
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bundle of thanks dear
kindly provide material on GPs plus status to Pakistan in the european union , effects in the economy of pakistan
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Default urgent need of research Report MBA Finance

Assalam o Alaikum!

members can anyone provide me,with MBA Finance research report/project
in soft form?

needed urgently!
Kindly


waiting for reply
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Quote:
Originally Posted by greenboy View Post
bundle of thanks dear
kindly provide material on GPs plus status to Pakistan in the european union , effects in the economy of pakistan
also include iran pakistan gas pipeline , future of asia and middle east after us withdraw and resolve of iran nuclear issue

options for pakistan after us withdraw
please dear share some information regarding these topics . thanks
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