CA Nots for CSS-2015--- Helpful for AD-Mod!
 

[B][COLOR="RoyalBlue"][B]I am going to post some notes for CA Paper, please don't post any thing here; I want to post every topic one by one smoothly & clearly...:) [/B][/COLOR][/B]

[COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][B][SIZE="5"]Drone Attacks![/SIZE][/B][/B][/COLOR]


[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Introduction[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
The United States under the pretext of ‘preemptive strikes’ has launched several hundred drone attacks inside Pakistan’s sovereign territory. These drone strikes are a breach of international law as they carry out extra judicial assassinations inside a sovereign territory without the consent of either the UN Security Council or the UN General Assembly. The blowback out of these strikes has been immense on Pakistan as it has resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians and has had a serious impact on the morale and the stability of the nation. Despite numerous requests from the akistani Government and several other International Organizations, the US has continued topersist with these strikes without any regard for the consequences.


[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Extent to issue[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
These strikes are an outright violation of the norms of international law. The US has not acquired the consent of the United Nations to conduct these strikes. An attack against a sovereign nation without the consent of the UN is equivalent to declaration of war against that sovereign nation. This is why the United Nations Human Rights Council has severely criticized the US for its actions and have urged to the US to become more transparent about this program.
[COLOR="DarkRed"]

[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Effects of Drone Attacks[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
These drone attacks have had a very negative impact on Pakistan especially among the people of Waziristan. The people of Waziristan have to perpetually live in a state of constant fear. Recent patterns of US drone strikes would reveal that they have lindly targeted civilian areas without any regard to civilian casualties. This has decreased the morale of the Pakistani public and has spread a state of helplessness. The attacks have had a very negative impact on the local economy, as investors are unwilling to invest inside Pakistan especially the tribal areas. This has resulted in decline in the economy which is creating a social malaise in the country.


[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Suggestions[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
Pakistan needs to implement a multi-layered solution to end this problem. Pakistan needs to take this matter in front of the United Nations General Assembly and put this issue up for a vote. This action will make it clear to the United States that drones are starting to cross the red lines for Pakistan. Pakistani Foreign Ministry needs to start a public relations campaign abroad in all major capitals of the world where the Pakistani point of view should be explained to foreign citizens. Interviews should be given in the media to explain the Pakistani point of view and point out the horrific results of these drone strikes. An organization needs to be established which tracks all the drone victims and their names should be published publicly to make the world aware of this problem.


[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Conclusion[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
In conclusion, drone strikes continue to be a shame for the morality of the international community. They are an outright violation of the norms of International Law and have created massive civilian casualties. They continue to be a hindrance for the smooth functioning of the Pakistani society. Pakistan needs to become proactive and take this matter in front of the United Nations and the International Community through media.

[COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][B][SIZE="5"]US Aid & Political Game--A blessing or Curse![/SIZE][/B][/B][/COLOR]

[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Introduction[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
American aid and demands proved to be a curse for Pakistan. Pakistan joined the so called American led ‘War on Terror’ after the attacks on the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. As a reward, the US Government offered billions of dollars in aid to Pakistan for their contribution in the war. But slowly this aid turned into a curse as the American Government started making unrealistic demands from the Pakistani Government and started blaming Pakistan for their own incompetence in this war. The availability of these funds hampered efforts to initiate reforms for the generation of revenue internally.


Due to the flawed policies of the American war strategy inside Afghanistan, they are looking for a scapegoat for their failures. Pakistan fits the perfect description for their scapegoat and that is why they have launched this mantra of “Do More”. By pressuring Pakistan to do more, the Americans are relieving the pressure off themselves. They are pressuring Pakistan to launch an operation inside North Waziristan while on the other hand 60% of Afghanistan is under the control of Taliban or local warlords. Kunar and Nuristan, which neighbor Waziristan, have minimal presence of International Security Assistance Force led by the US. Thus, the US wants to successfully pin the blame for their own failures on Pakistan by launching this mantra of “Do More”.

[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Repercussions for Pakistan[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
American aid and demands have had a very negative impact on Pakistan. Pakistan has received $20 billion in the form of aid from the US since 2001, but has ended up suffering losses of almost $70 billion due to terrorist attacks. Since Pakistan is seen as an ally of the US, it has become a legitimate target for the militants fighting against the US in Afghanistan. This is why Pakistan has suffered thousands of suicide bombing attacks by the terrorists. Also the availability of
American funds has blocked efforts to initiate unpopular tax reforms, which would generate revenue domestically. America aid has resulted in greater American control on Pakistan’s foreign policy resulting in instability for the federation.

[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Suggestions [/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
Pakistan needs to reject American aid and initiate structural reforms across the board to generate revenue domestically. Tax reforms need to be introduced in the country to increase revenues. Non-discretionary expenditure needs to be curbed to bring the fiscal deficit down. Pro economic policies need to be introduced to jump-start the economy. A strong economy would ensure political independence from the Americans, as they would loose their leverage against Pakistan. Pakistan needs to make it clear to the US Government that Pakistan will launch operation in North Waziristan according to her time table and threat perception.

[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Conclusion[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
In conclusion, American aid has presented to be a curse for Pakistan. It has resulted in a stranglehold of the US on Pakistan’s internal and external policies. Reforms need to be implemented inside Pakistan to make the economy strong and self-sufficient. A strong self-sufficient economy would ensure that Pakistan would
not need American assistance for the survival of the nation.

[B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]US Exit Strategy from Afghanistan[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]

The United States after conducting a disastrous war is expected to withdraw its forces from Afghanistan in 2014 and will leave behind a residual force composed of 25 to 30 thousand soldiers. This war conducted by the United States on a false pretext has had disastrous consequences not only on the US in terms of blood and treasure; it has been successful in destabilizing Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan has been impacted immensely by this war as it has destabilized the nation due to the spill over from Afghanistan. Afghanistan has been reduced into ruins as hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians have died as collateral damage and the infrastructure of the nation has been destroyed. Pragmatic solutions are needed to end this war as the US withdraws from Afghanistan in 2014 or else the consequences can be horrible for Pakistan and the world.

[B][SIZE="2"][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Introduction[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]
The United States after fighting for almost 11 years has been unsuccessful in pacifying Afghanistan. Insurgency is still rampant and the Taliban and local warlords control 60% of the country. The authority of the Afghan Government largely extends to urban areas while the Taliban and local warlords control most of the countryside. 80% of Afghanistan is made up of villages while 20% of it is made up of cities. More than 2000 American soldiers have lost their lives and the US has spent almost $578 billion in war expenditure for Afghanistan. Even after the sacrifice of these soldiers and this staggering amount, the US has not much to show for its efforts except Kabul. After these failures and a consensus among American strategists that Afghanistan cannot be pacified, the US will withdraw her forces from Afghanistan by 2014 and will leave a residual force of 25 to 30 thousand soldiers.

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][SIZE="2"]Implications of US-War[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B]
This war has had a negative impact on all the stakeholders concerned. It has destabilized both Afghanistan and Pakistan. The US is currently going through a recession at present. Instead of spending money domestically, the US was forced to spend money in Afghanistan. 2000 soldiers also lost their lives. Most of Afghanistan’s infrastructure was destroyed during American bombing. More than a 100 000 civilians have been killed in Afghanistan. Due to the spill over of the Afghan war inside Pakistan, almost 40 000 civilians have died and almost 3000 soldiers have lost their lives. The economic cost has been around $70 billion. Thus, it is safe to conclude that the Afghan War has had a negative impact on all stakeholders concerned while the Taliban war machinery is still intact

Due to American bullying, Pakistan was also forced to join the Afghan War as an ally of the United States. Due to Pakistan’s close geographic proximity with Afghanistan, this war was naturally going to be spilt over to Pakistan. Pakistan was forced to mobilize and wage war in its tribal areas. This made Pakistan a target for the Taliban as Pakistan sided with the US. The result has been that almost 4000 Pakistani soldiers have been killed, almost 40 000 civilians have died and the cost to the economy has been around $70 billion. Although Pakistan Army was victorious in the field, the militants have proved to be very adaptive by waging an effective guerilla warfare. Also, the militants have found effective sanctuaries inside Afghan provinces of Kunar and Nuristan. As Afghan Government or ISAF do not occupy these provinces, they are the perfect sanctuaries for militants whom after attacking Pakistani Army check posts retreat back into this territory. Thus, it is safe to say that Pakistan has been badly affected by this Afghan War.

[B][SIZE="2"][COLOR="DarkGreen"]What should Pakistan do?[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]
Pakistan should welcome the American withdrawal from Afghanistan, as it would bring stability back inside the nation. The Afghan are historically proud people and they will refuse to be subordinate to any foreign power. Once the Americans withdraw, the different ethnic groups in Afghanistan would have no reason to fight each other. Pakistan should facilitate the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan and should insist that no residual forces are left in Afghanistan. Afghanistan’s destiny should be left to the will of its own people and there should be no presence of foreign troops. Pakistan should insist that developed nations invest in both Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan so the socio economic status can be improved which will stabilize this region

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][B][SIZE="2"]Conclusion [/SIZE][/B][/COLOR][/B]
In conclusion, it is a good step that the Americans will withdraw their forces from Afghanistan. After 11 years of a disastrous war, they have nothing tangible to show for their success. This war has caused immense damages in terms of both blood and treasure to all the stakeholders involved in this war. The war has had a very negative impact on Pakistan as it has destabilized the nation. Increase in the socio economic status of Afghanistan and tribal areas of Pakistan will stabilize the region and not war. Thus, Pakistan should help the Americans in every way possible
for their withdrawal.

[B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]Indo US Relations: Nuclear Deal and its Implications on Pakistan[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]

[B][SIZE="2"][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Introduction [/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]
American and Indian relations have considerably improved over the last decade. American strategy to woo India and bring it under their sphere of influence is part of their strategy of pivot towards Asia. This is why the US has granted India several concessions to please the political leaders of India. The most important concession extended to India is the 123 Agreement. It allows India to engage in commercial transactions with companies to acquire nuclear fuel for civilian purpose. This is outright discrimination as India has not signed the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and members of NPT are strictly forbidden to trade nuclear fuel with non-members of NPT. This exception was only made for India and has not been made for other members whom have not signed the NPT. This deal will have serious implications for Pakistan as it allows India to transfer all the fuels coming out of its nuclear reactors to military purpose and they can import nuclear fuel from abroad for their civilian needs.

Due to Asia’s booming economy and abundance of rich natural resources, the new American strategic policy is its pivot back towards Asia. For the last decade, US was involved in two wars in Middle East. But now as those wars wind up, the US wants to shift priorities back towards Asia to try and tame its future rival China. As the Chinese make massive improvements in their economy and the military, the US is afraid that China in 20 years will pose a very serious threat to US dominance in Asia. To counter the Chinese threat, the US is supporting India to serve as a counterweight to tame China. This is why the US has extended this deal to India which will allow India to increase her nuclear arsenal and improve her energy production capabilities benefitting her economy.

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][SIZE="2"]Implications[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B]
• Sets a bad precedent as it discriminates against non-members of NPT

• Policy of preferential treatment

• Allows India to stockpile more uranium for military purpose

• Affects the stability of South Asia

• Changes the strategic deterrence equilibrium between India and Pakistan

[B][SIZE="2"][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Recommendations[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]
Pakistan needs to become more vocal about this issue on an international level. Friendly nations should be contacted and urged to either oppose this deal or grant Pakistan and other Non-Members of NPT the same privilege granted to India. Pakistan’s point of view should be explained to the media so public awareness could be created about this issue. Pakistan needs to make it clear to the US that discrimination against other non-members of NPT would not be tolerated by Pakistan and Pakistan would take alternative steps if a similar deal is not offered to Pakistan.

[COLOR="DarkGreen"][B][SIZE="2"][B]Conclusion[/B][/SIZE][/B]:[/COLOR]
In conclusion, the 123 Agreement is a discriminatory agreement that the US has provided to India in hopes of using her as a counterweight against China. This deal will destabilize the equilibrium of the subcontinent, as it will allow India to build a bigger nuclear arsenal. Pakistan needs to oppose this deal and needs to raise its voice in the international community condemning this deal.

[B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B]Pakistan Iran Relations – US involvement IPI[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][SIZE="3"]Introduction [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B]
Pakistan is currently in negotiations with Iran to build a pipeline that would carry gas rom Iran to Pakistan. Pakistan historically shares a very close relationship with Iran. There was a brief hiccup in relations during the 90’s when Iran supported the Northern lliance in Afghanistan and Pakistan supported the Taliban. But overall, relations improved during the Musharraf era after the fall of Taliban and several MOU’s were signed between both these nations to improve relations. Due to Pakistan’s acute energy hortages, it has been looking to import gas from Iran. The plan was envisioned in the 1990’s where Iran would supply gas to both Pakistan and India through a pipeline. But due to the pressure from severe pressure from the US, the project has been stalled as the US looks to squeeze Iran economically. It is in Pakistan’s interest that this project is completed in time as it will help Pakistan to solve this major energy crisis.Pakistan at present is in desperate need of gas. As Pakistan’s domestic gas reserves are being dried up and are likely to only last till 2030, it is imperative for Pakistan to import energy from an external sources at the cheapest rate possible. This is why this pipeline gained traction as it has the potential to ease Pakistan’s energy crisis. Agreements were signed and Iran has completed the construction of the pipeline on its side of the border. It is from Pakistan’s side of the border where the project has stalled and the pipeline has not been built. The reason why this project has run into trouble is because of American pressure. As the US is bent on squeezing Iran economically due to Iran’s nuclear program, it is pressuring both India and Pakistan to back out of this project. India has already backed out of the project as the US has offered a carrot to India in the form of a civilian nuclear fuel deal, while it has not offered Pakistan the same privilege. Pakistan continues to suffer from an energy crunch and has a deficit of 5000 megawatts. The delay of this project will only make Pakistan’s economic problems worse, thus it is essential for Pakistan to finish this project as early as possible.

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][SIZE="3"]Implications for Pakistan[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B]
• It will help ease Pakistan’s energy crunch in the short term and it will allow Pakistan to have a stable energy supplier for the long term

• US will likely implement financial sanctions on Pakistan as Iran has been excluded from international banking system

• Relations between Iran and Pakistan will further improve which can turn into a strategic partnership in the future

• Pakistan’s economic problems will ease as the power companies would be able to generate more electricity through gas

• There will be political stability inside Pakistan as load shedding has invited riots and mob attacks

• Pakistan will have diversified her energy sources to improve energy security

[B][SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Recommendations[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]
Pakistan needs to follow a pragmatic approach and needs to bring international support for this project. Pakistan cannot ignore the fact that the US is a superpower and American sanctions can have a devastating effect on Pakistan’s economy. Thus Pakistan should implement the following steps to safeguard its interests

• Initiate a system of barter trade with Iran. Instead of wasting precious foreign currency to purchase Iranian gas, Pakistan can trade gas with medical equipment, medicine, food, fertilizer and other consumer goods. Pakistan would be able to convince the international community that these goods are not aiding Iran’s nuclear program and only consumer goods are being traded with Iran.

• Pakistan needs to bring the Russian State Owned Energy Giant Gazprom on board. Russian involvement In the project would shield Pakistan from international scrutiny as Russia is a Great Power and is a member of the Security Council in UN.

• China has shown interest in joining the project. Pakistan needs to convince China that this project will be in the interest of China as it will provide China with energy security. Feasibility studies should immediately be initiated to see if this project would be feasible for China or not.

[B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Conclusion[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]:
In conclusion, work on this project should be immediately initialized. Pakistan is going through a severe energy crisis right now and the delaying of this project would make the energy crisis even worse. Introduction of China and Russia in this pipeline would make this project even stronger as both these nations are members of the Security Council and also bring a lot of resources to the table. US has pressured Pakistan to back off this project but has failed to offer Pakistan with any viable lternative. Energy is a prerequisite for economic growth, this pipeline is essential for Pakistan to turn its lackluster economic performance into massive growth. Pakistan should make it clear to the international community that Pakistan only wants to engage in civil commercial transaction with Iran and has no interest in Iran’s nuclear program.

[B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B]Issue of Nuclear Proliferation[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][SIZE="3"][B]Extent of the Issue[/B][/SIZE][/COLOR][/B]
The world at present faces a huge challenge of nuclear proliferation. Nuclear proliferation is the act of spreading nuclear weapons or fissile material to non-recognized nuclear countries or independent organizations. The US, which is the sole superpower of the world, has actively engaged in ending nuclear proliferation. Although the Western World has engaged in double standards as it kept a blind eye and provided clandestine support to Israel’s nuclear program, overall it has done a good job in curbing the proliferation of nuclear material. Pakistan has found itself in the news when in 2004 it was uncovered that an independent network led by former Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan was found guilty of supplying obsolete and faulty nuclear parts to Libya, North Korea and Iran. In the past; India, Pakistan and Israel acquired parts to build nuclear components through a clandestine network. Terrorist organization such as Al Qaeda has made it publicly known that it wants to acquire nuclear weapons. Thus, it is essential for the world to cooperate together and put a cap to the proliferation of nuclear weapons or components.

The world has joined hands and 189 countries signed the Nuclear Non proliferation Treaty. This treaty effectively recognized the 5 major powers UK, US, France, Russia and China as nuclear weapons state. India, Pakistan and Israel have not singed this treaty, as they believe it is discriminatory, as it does not legally allow other states to possess nuclear weapons. But these three nations have agreed to abide by principles, which discourage proliferation of nuclear weapons. The
International Atomic Energy Agency, which was formed in 1957, helps nations nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. It also helps in establishing protocols and safeguards, which ensure that nuclear weapons or components don’t fall into the wrong hands. Terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda or other independent organizations have actively tried to acquire nuclear weapons but have failed
because of strict safeguards applied by all nuclear powered nations. Thus, the world faces a danger of nuclear material falling into the wrong hands but the safeguards taken by nuclear powered nations and IAEA has ensured that chances of nuclear components falling into the wrong hands are minimal.

Pakistan’s nuclear program has been under the scope of the international ommunity for a very long time. International overblown concerns that Pakistani nuclear weapons or components might fall into the wrong hands. It is true that Pakistan acquired a lot of its nuclear capabilities through a clandestine program by importing crucial technologies from the Western World, but it is equally true that the all the other nuclear powers have acquired their capabilities through their own clandestine programs. Pakistan has effectively dismantled the Abdul Qadeer Khan Network and has enhanced security mechanisms inside their nuclear facility. Islamabad has taken a number of steps to improve its nuclear security and to prevent further proliferation of nuclear- related technologies and materials. A number of important initiatives, such as strengthened export control laws, improved personnel security, and international nuclear security cooperation programs have improved Pakistan’s security situation in recent years. Thus, it is safe to conclude that international concerns regarding Pakistan’s nuclear program are overblown and Pakistan’s nuclear program is very safe.

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][B][SIZE="3"]Steps to be taken by international community to eliminate nuclear proliferation:[/SIZE][/B][/COLOR][/B]

• Punitive international sanctions against hostile nations looking to acquire nuclear weapons capability

• An agreement regarding safeguards and protocols signed by both NPT and Non NPT Members

• Pro active steps should be taken by the international community which includes diplomatic, economic and military sanctions if it emerges that a state or a non state entity is looking to acquire nuclear capability

• Security assurances should be provided to states that are looking to acquire nuclear weapons for their safety

• Redouble efforts to resolve conflicts and confrontations

• Reasserting the image of a nuclear free world and taking tangible steps to make this goal real

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][SIZE="3"]Conclusion [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B]
In conclusion, nuclear proliferation is a very serious issue and the international community needs to take tangible steps to end this problem. Concerns about the safety of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons are overblown as every independent research study testifies to the fact that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons are very safe. Enhanced security protocols and provisions would reduce the chances of any leak of nuclear material. But the end vision for the world should be world free of nuclear weapons. Practical tangible steps need to be taken to ensure that this vision is achieved.

[B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][SIZE="5"][B]Pak China Relations – US perspective[/B][/SIZE][/B][/COLOR][/B]

The geopolitical scenario in Asia is fast shifting as China emerges as a potential superpower and Pakistan finds itself right in the middle as the US tries to maintain the status quo. The last 3 decades has witnessed the rise of China as it has turned itself from a underdeveloped economy into an economic powerhouse. Pakistan has good relations with both these countries but as it appears that interests of China and US at one point are going to diverge, Pakistan might have to choose sides. Pakistan shares a longstanding friendly relationship with China as China has always been considered an ‘all weather friend’ of Pakistan. The US has always been considered a ‘fair weather friend’ of Pakistan, relations have always reached a peak when the US requires assistance of Pakistan and the US has always bandoned Pakistan once its interests have been met. Pakistan is considered a gateway to the rich oil and gas fields of the Caucasus in Central Asia. As the global race to acquire these rich fossil fuels heat up between US and China, they are trying to pull Pakistan to their side. Overall, Pakistan will have to make a decision as to what country it will want to enter into an alliance with.

Fossil fuels around the world are fast depleting, Caucasus are the only vast untapped energy fields left. A fast growing power such as China needs these fossil fuels to power up her economy. China is now the world’s second largest user of energy and that is why China has invested heavily to acquire fossil fuels from Africa. The US has been blocked in Africa from acquiring any natural resources due to China’s massive investment and increased diplomatic clout; this is why it does not want the last untapped energy fields to go to China. Thus; to slow down China’s growth and gain access to the rich fields of Caucasus, it is slowly trying to encircle China by building military fortifications around China’s territory and increasing diplomatic clout in Central Asia. Pakistan’s important geostrategic location which is a gateway to Central Asia has become important for both China and the US. Pakistan’s geostrategic location will allow China to import fossil fuels through land quickly, cheaply and most importantly securely. To deny China this privilege, the US is trying hard to woo Pakistan to pull it outside the Chinese camp.

There are going to be serious implications for Pakistan as it is going to be in the middle of the future US-China rivalry. Both countries will use both carrot and stick policy to try and woo Pakistan on their side. China has already started this policy of attracting Pakistan to their side of the camp by increasing trade and defense links with Pakistan. China is investing massively in the infrastructure of Pakistan and has started to fulfill the high end defense requirements of Pakistan Armed Forces. The US on the other hand is withdrawing most of its forces from Afghanistan and focusing on taming China’s rise. It is starting to put pressure on Pakistan to move away from China by offering attractive aid packages. The US has expressed concern of Chinese engineers working on several infrastructure projects in Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. Thus, Pakistan will have to wisely take steps to protect its interests.

Pakistan needs to take pragmatic steps to ensure its interests. It will have to wisely navigate through this precarious time. Pakistan needs to follow a policy where it keeps her interests supreme over everyone else’s. Pakistan needs to follow a Non Aligned Approach where it does not align itself with any power. Pakistan should trade with both China and US. It should welcome investments from both countries and should promote the image of Pakistan as a regional hub for trading. Pakistan must maintain its current relationship with China and should upgrade the development of Gwadar Port. Chinese reliance on the Gwadar Port would make China a very important stakeholder for Pakistan’s stability as Chinese economic interests would be at stake. Pakistan needs to move away from its dependence on American aid and start a new relationship based upon partnership between equals. Pakistan should welcome any investment and trade with the US but needs to draw a redline that violation of Pakistani sovereignty and American interference in Pakistan’s internal affairs would be a breach of partnership. Thus, Pakistan needs to ensure that it does not became a pawn in the ‘New Great Game’ and should continue to maintain good and equitable relationship with both the US and China.

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][B]In conclusion,[/B][/COLOR][/B] Pakistan’s relations with both China and US are extremely important. Pakistan cannot ignore the fact that the US is a superpower and China is an upcoming superpower. It needs to maintain a balance between both of them and should actively trade with both these countries. Pakistan’s interests should be supreme and it should not sacrifice its own interests to please another country. Pakistan needs to maintain a pragmatic foreign policy that balances its interests with both US and China while contributing to prosperity domestically.

Great work dear...

kindly india pak relation b describe ker dein....

I am wiating for pak Russia relations and Water crisis if you can upload please

Dear please if you have an essay on "dialogue or military operation for counter the militants"
its very important topic for MOD...

Dear aspirints just read current affairs monthly digest by safdar mehmood.

[QUOTE=comp Engr;702629]Dear aspirints just read current affairs monthly digest by safdar mehmood.[/QUOTE]

Where can i get it?? In karachi?? And do u think dawn and this digest is enough??

@all

dears I have a lot of concrete stuff for CA/IR papers which I have collected from different sources. Actually, most of the material is in my another laptop that is out of order. I try to install it today so that I can post your required stuff... Thanks..

[B][SIZE="6"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Current Affairs' Notes for 2014 Tests [/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]

[B][COLOR="DarkRed"]If you deduct any error/mistake, please pin point it...Thanks..
[/COLOR][/B]
[B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][SIZE="3"]1. Secretary General UNO Ban-Ki-Mon belongs to South Koria.

2. Currently, there are 193 member states of the United Nations.

3. Currently, 2 countries hold the status of Observer States in the United Nations.

4. There are 8 members of SAARC
.
5. Secretary General of SAARC Ahmed Salem belongs to Maldives.

6. Al-Jazeera TV Channel belongs to Qatar

7. The Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline was officially inaugurated on March 11, 2013.

8. The Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline is also called Peace Pipeline.

9. Anders Fogh Rasmussen is Secretary General of NATO.

10. The winter Olympics 2014 will be host by Russia, Sochi.

11. 2016 Olympics will held in Rio de Janerio.

12. 2022 FIFA world cup will held in Qatar.

13. European Union has 27 member states.

14. The Euro currency is used by 17 countries.

15. "Northern Cyprus" is a disputed area between Cyprus & Turkey.

16. The secretary general of OIC is Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu.

17. The official languages of NATO are English & French.

18. The Sino-Indian War between China and India was occurred in 1962.

19. The 2013 Summer Universiade was held in Kazan.

20. In London Olympics 2012, the most medals were won by America.

21. In London Olympics 2012, the gold medal, in Men's Field Hockey was won by Germany.

22. The Most populous city in the world is Shanghai.

23. US special representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan is James Dobbins.

24. The secretary general of OIC is Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu.

25. The head of state of the United Kingdom is Queen Elizabeth II.

26. India has constructed Baglihar Dam on Chenab River.

27. AFP is a news agency of France, & it is the oldest one also.

28. The headquarter of Transparency International is located in Berlin.

29. The Suez Canal is in Egypt, & it connects Mediterranean sea & Red Sea
.
30. World's oldest operational space launch facility is located in azakhstan.

31. The first human who traveled into space was Yuri Gagarin.

32. In Russia, It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to serve 1 year in Armed Forces.

33. Russia is the world's top supplier of weapons.

34. Which from the following countries is NOT the member of BRIC?
America, Russia, China, India.

35. The President of India is Pranab Mukherjee .

36. The headquarter of Human Rights Watch is located in New York.

37. North Atlantic Treaty, that formed NATO, was signed in 1949.

38. World War II began by German invasion on Poland.

39. Russia has the world's largest natural gas reserves.

40. Hakimullah Mehsud became the ameer of TTP in 2009. He had US $5 million bounty on his head. He was born in 1979, was driver of Baitullah Mahsud, & finally was killed by Drone attack on 1st nov:2013 in North Waziristan.

41. Muhammad Shujaat Mirzaa topped the world in O level International Cambridge Examination form Pakistan.

42. Government of Sindh appointed Mirza Omair Baig as Justice of peace for District Sindh.

43. Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy was appointed as SAARC Guided Ambassedor for HIV Aids on feb.13.

44. India is the world’s biggest Gold Buyer.

45. Chuck Hagel sworn as US Defence Secratory on February 27,2013.

46. Australia won the women cricket world cup 2013

47. Goal Line Technology type of technology will be used by FIFA in the world Football Cup 2014

48. Park Guen-hye is the first female President of South Korea

49. Shirani Bandaranayake is the first female Chief Justice of Sri Lanka

50. World Economic Forum annual meeting held at Davos, Switzerland.

51. Pakistan country recently test fired Hatf-9 (Nasr) missile.

52. Argo (2013) film is the winner of oscer award.

53. A promise is a promise: Time for action to end violence against women is the theme of 2013 International Women’s Day (march 8).

54. Li Keqiang is the new PM ( Premier of the People's Republic of China) of China.

55. 2013 year is declared by UN as International Year of Water Cooperation.

56. Yukiya Amano is recently reelected as IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Director general.

57. Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime minister of UK who recently passed away

58. Abdul Hamid is the new president of Bangladesh

59. The face of climate change is the theme of 2013 World Earth day (April 22)

60. Takehiko Nakao is the new president of ADB (Asian Development Bank)

61. Samina Baig is the first Pakistani women to scale the Everest

62. Sally Ride (Recently she won highest civilian honour of USA,Presidential medal of Freedom)

63. Water and Biodiversity is the theme of 2013 International Biological diversity Day (May 22)

64. Lydia Davis is the winner of 2013 Man Booker International Prize

65. Tashi and Nancy Malik were the first twins to scale mount Everest

66. Think, Eat, Save is the theme of 2013 World Environment Day (June 5

67. P Sathasivam is the present chief justice of India

68. Sujata Singh is the present foreign secretary of India

69. Mega Yong (Philippines) is the recently elected miss world 2013.
[/SIZE][/B][/COLOR][/B]

[B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][SIZE="3"]70. Takehiko Nakao is the current ADB President.

71. " NDMA" National Disaster Management Agency

72. Pakistan, China sign eight agreements, MoUs: Pakistan and China signed eight cooperation agreements after wide-ranging talks here on Friday between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Premier Li Keqiang, paving the way for inflow of multi-billion dollar Chinese investment in Pakistan and further strengthening the mutually-cherished bilateral strategic relationship.

73. HEC chairman is Javaid Laghari.

74. Nawaz Sharif is 18th PM of Pakistan.

75. Mamnoon Hussain: is president of Pak, he received 432 votes, and Wajjihuddin received 77 votes. He took office on 9 September 2013,

76. Mr. Murtaza Javed Abbasi, is the 18th Deputy Speaker National Assembly of Pakistan on 03 June, 2013 by securing more than two-third majority vote (258 votes)…..1st Muhammad Tamizuddin Khan.

77. Sardar Ayaz Sadiq is the 19th Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan with more than two third majority of votes (258 votes)……..1st Quide Azam.

89. Speaker of Sindh assembly is Agha Siraj Durani and deputy speaker is Shehla Raza (both is of PPP)

90. Speaker of KPK is Asad Qaisar, and Deputy Speaker is Imtiaz Shahid.

91. Speaker of Balouchistan is Jan M. Jamali and Deputy Speaker is Mir Abdul Qadoos Bezinjo.

92. Speaker of Punjab is Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan and Deputy Speaker is Sardar Sher Ali Gorachi.


89. The chairman of the senate of Pak is Nayyar Hussain Bukhari. (PPP)

90. The first Chairman of Pak was Justice khan Habibullah khan Marwat.

91. The longest serving chairman of Pak is Wasim Sajid.

92. Deputy Chairman of the senate of Pak is Sabir Ali Balouch. (PPP) from balouchistan.

93. Obama (Democratic) is 44th President of USA. He is the 1st African American President belongs to Honolulu, Hawai.

94. Joe Biden (Democratic) 44th Vice President of USA.

95. USA Speaker of the house John Boehner.

96. Chief Justice of USA is John Roberts.

97. US Foreing minister (Secretary of State) is John Kerry.

98. Afghanistan Foreign Minister is Zalmai Rasool.

99. Chinai’s Foreign Minister is Yang Yi.

100. Egypt’s Foreign Minister is Nabil Fahmy.

101. India’s Foreign Minister is Salman Rasheed.

102. Iran’s Foreign Minister is Muhammad Javed Zari.

103. EU’s Foreign Minister is Catherine (UK)

104. Pakistan’s High commissioner to India is Salman Bashir.

105. India’s High commissioner to Pakistan is Dr. Raghawan

106. India’s president is Pranab Mukherjee

107. India’s Vice President is Muhammad Hamid Ansari.

108. India’s PM is Manmohan Singh.

109. India’s Speaker of the house is Meira Kumar

110. India’s Chief Justice is P.Sathasivam.

111. India’s Upper house is called Rajya Sabha

112. India’s Lower house is called Lok Sabha.

113. Secretary General of NATO (HQ-Brussels, Belgium, Formation 4 April, 1949) is Anders Froh Rasmussen.

114. Chairman of the NATO military committee is Khud Bartels.

115. General Secretary of UN (UNGS) is Ban Ki Moon (8th) belongs to S.Korea).

116. Deputy Secretary General of UN is Jan Eliasson.

117. Secretary Council President of UN is Liu Jieyi belongs to China.

118. ICJ’s president is Peter Tomka. Vice President is Bernardo Sepulvenda. HQ-Hague, Netherlands. Established: 1945.

119. UN Security Council’s head is rotates between members. Established in 1946.

120. UN Trusteeship Council’s President is Michel Duclos (France). VP is Adam Thomsan(UK). Established in 1945.

121. World Bank’s president is Jim Yong Kim. Current Members are (188 IBRD), (172 IDA).

122. IMF’s MD is Christine Lagarde, (Members 188). Formation 27 dec: 1947)

123. SAARC’s Secretary General is Ahmed Saleem (Maldives). HQ-Khatmandu (Nepal). Members 8, observers 9. Established 8 dec: 1985.

124. OIC’s Secretary General is Ekmelddin Ihsanogui (Turkey).. HQ in Jeddah. Members 57. Official languages –English, Arabic, French. Established on 25 sep: 1969. Population 1.6 billion.

125. ILO’s head is Guy Ryder. HQ-Geneva, Switzerland. Established in 1919.

126. WHO’s head is Margret Chan. HQ-Geneva, Switzerland. Established on 7 April, 1948.

127. EU’s President of the commission is Joe Manuel Barroso. President of the European Council is Herman Van Rompuy. Members 28. Official Languages 24.

128. FAO’s head is Jose Graziano da Silva. HQ-Rome, Italy. Established on 16 October 1945, in Quebec City, Canada

129. IAEA’s head is Yukiya Amano. HQ-Vienna, Austria. Established 1947.

130. Pakistan’s total Parliaments seats are 436. Senators-104. MNA’s 342.

131. Pakistan cricket team coach is Dev Whatmore.

132. 2015’s ODI 11th cricket world cup will jointly be held at Australia & New Zealand.

133. 2019 ODI Cricket World Cup will be held in England.

134. 2014’s T20 cricket world cup will be held at Bangladesh.

2016-India.2020-Australia. (both male & female)

135. ICC’s HQ is in Dubai (UAE). President-Ilan Issac (New Zealand). Members-107. Formation-1909.

136. 2014 FIFA world cup will be held in Brazil. 2018-Russia. 2022-Qatar.

137. 2014 Olympics games will be held in Russia (Sochi). 2016-Brazil (Rio de Janerio). 2018-S.Korea(Pyeongchang). 2020-Japapn(Tokyo).

138. 2014’s Hockey (man) world cup will be held in Hague, Netherlands.

139. Shahid Nadeem Balouch is the current IG Police of Sindh.

140. Current DG ISI is L.Gen. Zaheerul Islam.

141. Army chief G. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani belongs to Balouchistan regiment.

143. Current Governor of SBP is Yaseen Anwar. 18th.

144. Current Attorney General of Pak is Munir A. Malik.

145. Afghanistan’s President is Hamid Karzai.

146. Afghanistan’s Vice President is Muhammad Fahim Karim Khaljji.

147. Afghanistan’s Chief Justice is Abdul Salam Azimi.

148. Iran’s Supreme leader is Al-Khumenei

149. Iran’s President is Hassan Rouhani.

150. Syria’s President is Bashar ul Asad.

151. Syria’s PM is Wael Nader al Halqi.

152. China’s President is Xi Jinping.

153. China’s Premier (PM) is Li Keqiang.

154. UK’s monarch Queen Alezabeth II.

155. UK’s PM is David Cameron.

156. Turkey’s President is Abdullah Gul.

157. Turkey’s PM is Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

158. Iraq’s President is Jalal Talabani.

159. Iraq’s PM is Nouri al Maliki.

160. Egypt’s President is Adly Mansour.

161. Egypt’s PM is Hazem al Beblawi.

162. France’s President is Francois Hollande.

163. France’s PM is Jean Marc Ayrault.

164. Russian Presiding is Vladimir Putin.

165. Russian PM is Dmity Medvedeve.

166. Suaidia’s King is Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz.

167. Saudia’s Crown Prince is Salman bin Abdul Aziz.

168. Japan’s emperor is Akihito.

169. Japan’s PM is Shinzo Abe.

170. Albania’s President is Bujar Nishani.

171. Albania’s PM is Edi Rama.

172. Sachal Sarmast(1739-1829)’s original name is Abdul Wahab. Belongs to Daraza. He is of Talpur’s period. He did his poetry into seven languages, hat’s why he is called “Shair e haft Zaban”. He did his poetry in Arabi, Sindhi, iraiki, Urdu, Persian, and Baluchi.

173. Bulle Shah(1680-1757)’s real name is Abdullah Shah Qadri. He was born in Uch(Punjab).

174. Latif(1689-1752),

175. Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (1177-1274)’s original name is Usman Marwandi. He was born in Marand Iran, and died in Sehwan.

176. Baba Farid Masood Ganjshakar belongs to Chishti order.

177.vNizamudin Aulia belongs to Chishti order. He is at Delhi. His full name was Sultan ul Mashaikh Mehboob e Illahi Hazrat Shaikh Khwaja Nizamuddin. (1238-1325).

178. Bari Imam’s original name is Shah Abdul Latif Kazmi. His shrine is in Islamabad.

179. Rumi (1206-1273)’s original name is Jalal u din Muhammad Balkhi, also known as Jalal u din Muhammad Rumi. Rumi actually was a Persian poet and mystic.


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Dear Exclusively please check your exclusive mail box!
Sorry to bother you here..

[QUOTE=paras Sulehri;702743]Dear Exclusively please check your exclusive mail box!
Sorry to bother you here..[/QUOTE]

OK dear check out your mail right now....

@ mod. Please delete all unnecessary posts including this so that I can post some other notes.... Thanks..

[QUOTE=exclusively;702725][B][SIZE="6"][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Current Affairs' Notes for 2014 Tests [/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B]

[B][COLOR="DarkRed"]If you deduct any error/mistake, please pin point it...Thanks..
[/COLOR][/B]
[B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][SIZE="3"]1. Secretary General UNO Ban-Ki-Mon belongs to South Koria.

2. Currently, there are 193 member states of the United Nations.

3. Currently, 2 countries hold the status of Observer States in the United Nations.

4. There are 8 members of SAARC
.
5. Secretary General of SAARC Ahmed Salem belongs to Maldives.

6. Al-Jazeera TV Channel belongs to Qatar

7. The Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline was officially inaugurated on March 11, 2013.

8. The Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline is also called Peace Pipeline.

9. Anders Fogh Rasmussen is Secretary General of NATO.

10. The winter Olympics 2014 will be host by Russia, Sochi.

11. 2016 Olympics will held in Rio de Janerio.

12. 2022 FIFA world cup will held in Qatar.

13. European Union has 27 member states.

14. The Euro currency is used by 17 countries.

15. "Northern Cyprus" is a disputed area between Cyprus & Turkey.

16. The secretary general of OIC is Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu.

17. The official languages of NATO are English & French.

18. The Sino-Indian War between China and India was occurred in 1962.

19. The 2013 Summer Universiade was held in Kazan.

20. In London Olympics 2012, the most medals were won by America.

21. In London Olympics 2012, the gold medal, in Men's Field Hockey was won by Germany.

22. The Most populous city in the world is Shanghai.

23. US special representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan is James Dobbins.

24. The secretary general of OIC is Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu.

25. The head of state of the United Kingdom is Queen Elizabeth II.

26. India has constructed Baglihar Dam on Chenab River.

27. AFP is a news agency of France, & it is the oldest one also.

28. The headquarter of Transparency International is located in Berlin.

29. The Suez Canal is in Egypt, & it connects Mediterranean sea & Red Sea
.
30. World's oldest operational space launch facility is located in azakhstan.

31. The first human who traveled into space was Yuri Gagarin.

32. In Russia, It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to serve 1 year in Armed Forces.

33. Russia is the world's top supplier of weapons.

34. Which from the following countries is NOT the member of BRIC?
America, Russia, China, India.

35. The President of India is Pranab Mukherjee .

36. The headquarter of Human Rights Watch is located in New York.

37. North Atlantic Treaty, that formed NATO, was signed in 1949.

38. World War II began by German invasion on Poland.

39. Russia has the world's largest natural gas reserves.

40. Hakimullah Mehsud became the ameer of TTP in 2009. He had US $5 million bounty on his head. He was born in 1979, was driver of Baitullah Mahsud, & finally was killed by Drone attack on 1st nov:2013 in North Waziristan.

41. Muhammad Shujaat Mirzaa topped the world in O level International Cambridge Examination form Pakistan.

42. Government of Sindh appointed Mirza Omair Baig as Justice of peace for District Sindh.

43. Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy was appointed as SAARC Guided Ambassedor for HIV Aids on feb.13.

44. India is the world’s biggest Gold Buyer.

45. Chuck Hagel sworn as US Defence Secratory on February 27,2013.

46. Australia won the women cricket world cup 2013

47. Goal Line Technology type of technology will be used by FIFA in the world Football Cup 2014

48. Park Guen-hye is the first female President of South Korea

49. Shirani Bandaranayake is the first female Chief Justice of Sri Lanka

50. World Economic Forum annual meeting held at Davos, Switzerland.

51. Pakistan country recently test fired Hatf-9 (Nasr) missile.

52. Argo (2013) film is the winner of oscer award.

53. A promise is a promise: Time for action to end violence against women is the theme of 2013 International Women’s Day (march 8).

54. Li Keqiang is the new PM ( Premier of the People's Republic of China) of China.

55. 2013 year is declared by UN as International Year of Water Cooperation.

56. Yukiya Amano is recently reelected as IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Director general.

57. Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime minister of UK who recently passed away

58. Abdul Hamid is the new president of Bangladesh

59. The face of climate change is the theme of 2013 World Earth day (April 22)

60. Takehiko Nakao is the new president of ADB (Asian Development Bank)

61. Samina Baig is the first Pakistani women to scale the Everest

62. Sally Ride (Recently she won highest civilian honour of USA,Presidential medal of Freedom)

63. Water and Biodiversity is the theme of 2013 International Biological diversity Day (May 22)

64. Lydia Davis is the winner of 2013 Man Booker International Prize

65. Tashi and Nancy Malik were the first twins to scale mount Everest

66. Think, Eat, Save is the theme of 2013 World Environment Day (June 5

67. P Sathasivam is the present chief justice of India

68. Sujata Singh is the present foreign secretary of India

69. Mega Yong (Philippines) is the recently elected miss world 2013.
[/SIZE][/B][/COLOR][/B][/QUOTE]

[SIZE="5"]13. EU Member States are [COLOR="Navy"][B]28[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE]

Austria (1995)
Belgium (1952)
Bulgaria (2007)
Croatia (2013)
Cyprus (2004)
Czech Republic (2004)
Denmark (1973)
Estonia (2004)
Finland (1995)
France (1952)
Germany (1952)
Greece (1981)
Hungary (2004)
Ireland (1973)
Italy (1952)
Latvia (2004)
Lithuania (2004)
Luxembourg (1952)
Malta (2004)
Netherlands (1952)
Poland (2004)
Portugal (1986)
Romania (2007)
Slovakia (2004)
Slovenia (2004)
Spain (1986)
Sweden (1995)
United Kingdom (1973)

34. 34. Which from the following countries is NOT the member of BRIC?
[COLOR="Navy"][SIZE="5"][/SIZE][/COLOR]America

[QUOTE=exclusively;702733][B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][SIZE="3"]70. Takehiko Nakao is the current ADB President.

71. " NDMA" National Disaster Management Agency

72. Pakistan, China sign eight agreements, MoUs: Pakistan and China signed eight cooperation agreements after wide-ranging talks here on Friday between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Premier Li Keqiang, paving the way for inflow of multi-billion dollar Chinese investment in Pakistan and further strengthening the mutually-cherished bilateral strategic relationship.

73. HEC chairman is Javaid Laghari.

74. Nawaz Sharif is 18th PM of Pakistan.

75. Mamnoon Hussain: is president of Pak, he received 432 votes, and Wajjihuddin received 77 votes. He took office on 9 September 2013,

76. Mr. Murtaza Javed Abbasi, is the 18th Deputy Speaker National Assembly of Pakistan on 03 June, 2013 by securing more than two-third majority vote (258 votes)…..1st Muhammad Tamizuddin Khan.

77. Sardar Ayaz Sadiq is the 19th Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan with more than two third majority of votes (258 votes)……..1st Quide Azam.

89. Speaker of Sindh assembly is Agha Siraj Durani and deputy speaker is Shehla Raza (both is of PPP)

90. Speaker of KPK is Asad Qaisar, and Deputy Speaker is Imtiaz Shahid.

91. Speaker of Balouchistan is Jan M. Jamali and Deputy Speaker is Mir Abdul Qadoos Bezinjo.

92. Speaker of Punjab is Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan and Deputy Speaker is Sardar Sher Ali Gorachi.


89. The chairman of the senate of Pak is Nayyar Hussain Bukhari. (PPP)

90. The first Chairman of Pak was Justice khan Habibullah khan Marwat.

91. The longest serving chairman of Pak is Wasim Sajid.

92. Deputy Chairman of the senate of Pak is Sabir Ali Balouch. (PPP) from balouchistan.

93. Obama (Democratic) is 44th President of USA. He is the 1st African American President belongs to Honolulu, Hawai.

94. Joe Biden (Democratic) 44th Vice President of USA.

95. USA Speaker of the house John Boehner.

96. Chief Justice of USA is John Roberts.

97. US Foreing minister (Secretary of State) is John Kerry.

98. Afghanistan Foreign Minister is Zalmai Rasool.

99. Chinai’s Foreign Minister is Yang Yi.

100. Egypt’s Foreign Minister is Nabil Fahmy.

101. India’s Foreign Minister is Salman Rasheed.

102. Iran’s Foreign Minister is Muhammad Javed Zari.

103. EU’s Foreign Minister is Catherine (UK)

104. Pakistan’s High commissioner to India is Salman Bashir.

105. India’s High commissioner to Pakistan is Dr. Raghawan

106. India’s president is Pranab Mukherjee

107. India’s Vice President is Muhammad Hamid Ansari.

108. India’s PM is Manmohan Singh.

109. India’s Speaker of the house is Meira Kumar

110. India’s Chief Justice is P.Sathasivam.

111. India’s Upper house is called Rajya Sabha

112. India’s Lower house is called Lok Sabha.

113. Secretary General of NATO (HQ-Brussels, Belgium, Formation 4 April, 1949) is Anders Froh Rasmussen.

114. Chairman of the NATO military committee is Khud Bartels.

115. General Secretary of UN (UNGS) is Ban Ki Moon (8th) belongs to S.Korea).

116. Deputy Secretary General of UN is Jan Eliasson.

117. Secretary Council President of UN is Liu Jieyi belongs to China.

118. ICJ’s president is Peter Tomka. Vice President is Bernardo Sepulvenda. HQ-Hague, Netherlands. Established: 1945.

119. UN Security Council’s head is rotates between members. Established in 1946.

120. UN Trusteeship Council’s President is Michel Duclos (France). VP is Adam Thomsan(UK). Established in 1945.

121. World Bank’s president is Jim Yong Kim. Current Members are (188 IBRD), (172 IDA).

122. IMF’s MD is Christine Lagarde, (Members 188). Formation 27 dec: 1947)

123. SAARC’s Secretary General is Ahmed Saleem (Maldives). HQ-Khatmandu (Nepal). Members 8, observers 9. Established 8 dec: 1985.

124. OIC’s Secretary General is Ekmelddin Ihsanogui (Turkey).. HQ in Jeddah. Members 57. Official languages –English, Arabic, French. Established on 25 sep: 1969. Population 1.6 billion.

125. ILO’s head is Guy Ryder. HQ-Geneva, Switzerland. Established in 1919.

126. WHO’s head is Margret Chan. HQ-Geneva, Switzerland. Established on 7 April, 1948.

127. EU’s President of the commission is Joe Manuel Barroso. President of the European Council is Herman Van Rompuy. Members 28. Official Languages 24.

128. FAO’s head is Jose Graziano da Silva. HQ-Rome, Italy. Established on 16 October 1945, in Quebec City, Canada

129. IAEA’s head is Yukiya Amano. HQ-Vienna, Austria. Established 1947.

130. Pakistan’s total Parliaments seats are 436. Senators-104. MNA’s 342.

131. Pakistan cricket team coach is Dev Whatmore.

132. 2015’s ODI 11th cricket world cup will jointly be held at Australia & New Zealand.

133. 2019 ODI Cricket World Cup will be held in England.

134. 2014’s T20 cricket world cup will be held at Bangladesh.

2016-India.2020-Australia. (both male & female)

135. ICC’s HQ is in Dubai (UAE). President-Ilan Issac (New Zealand). Members-107. Formation-1909.

136. 2014 FIFA world cup will be held in Brazil. 2018-Russia. 2022-Qatar.

137. 2014 Olympics games will be held in Russia (Sochi). 2016-Brazil (Rio de Janerio). 2018-S.Korea(Pyeongchang). 2020-Japapn(Tokyo).

138. 2014’s Hockey (man) world cup will be held in Hague, Netherlands.

139. Shahid Nadeem Balouch is the current IG Police of Sindh.

140. Current DG ISI is L.Gen. Zaheerul Islam.

141. Army chief G. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani belongs to Balouchistan regiment.

143. Current Governor of SBP is Yaseen Anwar. 18th.

144. Current Attorney General of Pak is Munir A. Malik.

145. Afghanistan’s President is Hamid Karzai.

146. Afghanistan’s Vice President is Muhammad Fahim Karim Khaljji.

147. Afghanistan’s Chief Justice is Abdul Salam Azimi.

148. Iran’s Supreme leader is Al-Khumenei

149. Iran’s President is Hassan Rouhani.

150. Syria’s President is Bashar ul Asad.

151. Syria’s PM is Wael Nader al Halqi.

152. China’s President is Xi Jinping.

153. China’s Premier (PM) is Li Keqiang.

154. UK’s monarch Queen Alezabeth II.

155. UK’s PM is David Cameron.

156. Turkey’s President is Abdullah Gul.

157. Turkey’s PM is Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

158. Iraq’s President is Jalal Talabani.

159. Iraq’s PM is Nouri al Maliki.

160. Egypt’s President is Adly Mansour.

161. Egypt’s PM is Hazem al Beblawi.

162. France’s President is Francois Hollande.

163. France’s PM is Jean Marc Ayrault.

164. Russian Presiding is Vladimir Putin.

165. Russian PM is Dmity Medvedeve.

166. Suaidia’s King is Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz.

167. Saudia’s Crown Prince is Salman bin Abdul Aziz.

168. Japan’s emperor is Akihito.

169. Japan’s PM is Shinzo Abe.

170. Albania’s President is Bujar Nishani.

171. Albania’s PM is Edi Rama.

172. Sachal Sarmast(1739-1829)’s original name is Abdul Wahab. Belongs to Daraza. He is of Talpur’s period. He did his poetry into seven languages, hat’s why he is called “Shair e haft Zaban”. He did his poetry in Arabi, Sindhi, iraiki, Urdu, Persian, and Baluchi.

173. Bulle Shah(1680-1757)’s real name is Abdullah Shah Qadri. He was born in Uch(Punjab).

174. Latif(1689-1752),

175. Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (1177-1274)’s original name is Usman Marwandi. He was born in Marand Iran, and died in Sehwan.

176. Baba Farid Masood Ganjshakar belongs to Chishti order.

177.vNizamudin Aulia belongs to Chishti order. He is at Delhi. His full name was Sultan ul Mashaikh Mehboob e Illahi Hazrat Shaikh Khwaja Nizamuddin. (1238-1325).

178. Bari Imam’s original name is Shah Abdul Latif Kazmi. His shrine is in Islamabad.

179. Rumi (1206-1273)’s original name is Jalal u din Muhammad Balkhi, also known as Jalal u din Muhammad Rumi. Rumi actually was a Persian poet and mystic.


[/SIZE][/B][/COLOR][/B][/QUOTE]

144. Current Attorney General is Salman Aslam Butt

[QUOTE=iqrameer;702692]Where can i get it?? In karachi?? And do u think dawn and this digest is enough??[/QUOTE]

Dear you can get it from any book stalls or shops.Dawn is enough but also read that digest.