AOA to all respcted members, iam here posting my CA notes that i prepared last year to the best of my knowledge and they contain information and other data till march 2011, i wud request all the senior members to check my notes and give me useful suggestions to update these notes according to the recent happenings regarding each and every topic (which new headings should be added keeping recent developments in view and wat shd be subtracted out due to irrelevance)..Suggestions, guidance, constructive criticism are invited and most welcumed from my side...hope these notes will also help newcomers as my other notes such as PA and Islamiat have helped them....Iam grateful to all who have taken interest in my notes and guided me with their useful tips and suggestions.especial thanx to syeda sabahat, aariz and others who have been with me all the time....hope to continue this effort.

Afghan Crisis

Outline:

• Historical Background
• Incident Of 9/11 And End Of Taliban Rule:
• Operation Against Al-Qaeda Network.
• Surging Of Forces In Afghanistan
• Pakistan’s Commitment In War On Terror And American Response
• Preparing For Post US-Afghanistan
• Aftermath, Once India Would Seize The Opportunity In Afghanistan
• American’s Mistakes In Afghanistan And Repetition Of History-Critical Analysis
• The Road To Peace-Conclusion

Historical Background:

Afghanistan is an under-developed landlocked mountainous Muslim country of South West Asia. Since ages tribal system had been the basis of its society. The Afghan people are brave, peace-loving and devoted Muslims. They had been living peacefully under princes and kings. This state of affairs continued till 1973 when King Zahir Shah was deposed by Mohammad Daud and the country plunged into civil war and disharmony is continued to this day.

After the fall of monarchy in 1973, Afghanistan fell victim of chaos and confusion. The Soviet Union exploited this situation and establishes its control over Kabul in 1979 which lasted till 1988. After the withdrawal of USSR, Afghanistan was ravaged by civil war which ended in 1996 when Taliban became the master of this land. Taliban rule was marked by Islamic fundamentalism which led to the establishment of Al-Qaeda network of Osama bin Laden. The Taliban attracted the attention of the world by their fundamentalism and strict policies towards women folk and the non-Muslims. In the meantime, US and Britain charges Afghanistan with the acts of supporting Terrorism and freedom fighters in Chechnya. In this connection, US launched a Cruise missile attack against the bases in Afghanistan in August 1998.

Incident Of 9/11 And End Of Taliban Rule:

Afghanistan became the focus of the world after the terrorists attack on WTC and Pentagon in New York and Washington on September 11, 2001. US blamed Taliban-sponsored al-Qaeda for these attacks. As a result, US-led UN forces attacked Afghanistan, and on 13th November, 2001 dislodged the Taliban rule. Later on, all the factions of Afghan people participated in the Bonn meeting and on 5th December 2001 signed an agreement to establish a 30-member Interim Government under Hamid Karzai which installed a democratic government through a Loya Jirga.

Operation Against Al-Qaeda Network.

After establishing an Interim Authority in Afghanistan, US-led multi-nation forces began operation against Al-Qaeda network and their supports. This operation has been continued since January 2002 in all parts of Afghanistan. Ruthless force is being used to kill or capture militants of Al-Qaeda and their supporters. As Taliban forces are also engaged in this operation, but so far the American forces have to failed to clear the land from Extremists. The Afghan people are the main sufferers because continuous state of war has not only ruined their country but also deprived them of food, shelter and peace.

Surging Of Forces In Afghanistan

US forces in Afghanistan have surpassed those in Iraq since 2003. US numbers in Afghanistan are scheduled to peak at about 98, 000 after the first detachment of 30,000 reinforcement. Obama has given his senior commander, Gen. Patraeus until July 2011 to turn the tide of insurgency and bolster forces.

Pakistan’s Commitment In War On Terror And American Response

Pakistan has lost more soldiers than the combined loss suffered by foreign forces in Iraq and Afghanistan and more civilians than lost in 9/11 strikes which eminently reflect Pakistan’s commitment in the war on terror. Despite Pakistan’s such commitment and immense loss in the WOT; the US is continuously threatening Pakistan with following serious consequences:
i) Chocking the country economically
ii) Invasion on FATA
iii) Drone strikes across the country
iv) Seizure of nuclear storage sites by special operations
v) Air blitz against these sites

Instead of living in mortal fear the Americans should shed the paranoia that has gripped them and the arrogance that characters their conduct with the weaker states and show some grace, serenity of mind, understanding and respect to Pakistan’s concerns and constraints. Their uncalled for outburst against a ‘partner’ would only serve to alienate the Pakistani people even more.

Preparing For Post US-Afghanistan

As a consequence of the rapid deterioration of the situation in Afghanistan, Pakistan has also preparing option in case the US departs. Pakistani officials who speak of the US-led coalition as “occupation forces” in Afghanistan, are convince that history will repeat itself and that the US will sooner or later leave the region. Once the Americans are gone, NATO determination will fade and Afghanistan will be left to itself.

The Taliban tactics so far has been to attack where NATO presence is weak, but they are now able to mass more and more fighters and launch large-scale raids. They will most likely take on NATO troops directly, thus increasing the number of causalities.

Should Western troops leave the country or reduce their number to a symbolic presence, the position of Afghan government could well weaken. Pakistan would be faced with political vacuum that it believe would have to fill to prevent any other power from acquiring a predominate influence.

Aftermath, Once India Would Seize The Opportunity In Afghanistan

i) India will try to sandwich Pakistan between the threats from both Eastern and Western borders.
ii) It will exploit every possible opportunity to spark the flames of sectarianism and ethnicity in Baluchistan and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa.
iii) Pakistan’s economy will be strangulated by the Indian blockade.
iv) The regional balance of power will be destabilised massively.
v) Indian’s extended presence in Afghanistan will create problems for China as well.
vi) The US will cash in the opportunity by selling military hardware to India in the name of upgrading overhauling the Indian Army to enable it to take on Chinese forces.

American’s Mistakes In Afghanistan And Repetition Of History-Critical Analysis

History is repeating itself in Afghanistan because America is repeating the mistake made by the Soviets. They are being made to pay for their folly of overestimating themselves, and understanding the skill and fortitude of the Afghan guerrillas. As a consequence, they have put in place a new strategy of withdrawal of International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF) from Afghanistan from July 2011 onwards.

The first mistake made by America was to defy history. But having chosen to do so they should have assigned the resources needed to accomplish the mission. Thus, their main effort should have been in Afghanistan not in Iraq.

Their second mistake was to initiate the air-bombing campaign without securing the crossing sites on their sides of the Durand Line to prevent the Taliban and Al-Qaeda from escaping to tribal areas of Pakistan.

Their third mistake was not to end the Taliban domination in the mountains where they have their safe havens. Yet instead of taking corrective action they persisted with the mismatch between the mission assigned and resources given. Consequently, they have suffered operational setback and blamed Pakistan for them.

The additional US forces sanctioned are still not enough to accomplish the mission. However, the least that can be done is to employ the available forces judiciously. One, for blocking at last those crossing sits which are used by the Haqqani group to make forays into Afghanistan from North Waziristan and two for ending the domination of the mountains by the Taliban.

The Road To Peace-Conclusion

Pakistan must learn from past and stay away from a future role in Afghanistan or the impeding civilian war in the next round will enter our land and there will be no stopping the national nosedive to extinction. Ultimately, the situation to the problem lies in sorting out the people’s difficulties connected with governance and security in the first place.

The road to peace in Afghanistan lies in making a major governance overhaul that needs to be administrated by someone who is acceptable to all the people. In the existing situation that someone could be from the former King Zahir Shah’s family-that person can craft an exit strategy through which Afghanistan could re-emerge as a peaceful country under democratic constitutional monarchy working under parliament. This formulation is likely to be acceptable to many ethnic nationalities in the country including the Taliban. Pakistan could do well to encourage such move.

@Roshan. I checked ur essay and now had a look on the above topic too. One thing I have noticed that the vocabulary and the expressions used in the both topics are not one handed.

__________________
Try not to become a man of success but a man of value.

ya dear its bz i have mostly used bookish language for current affairs, and for essay i try to remain as simplest as possible by using general words..Regards

Roshan first keep this in your mind that currentaffair is the jugglar vein of css exams.
your have defined what examiner already knows and what has already published by many newspapers. so what the difference? why he will give you good marks tell me?

the most important part of the question is the road towrds peace and what you have written just a paragraph.

you need to work really hard roshan pull your socks up !

do write bookish thing but just qoutes and some important facts. you need to tell the examiner that you understand the situation and these would be my sugessions to solve the problem.

he want to check your skills anyltical one. because css is not just a job you have a big responsibility on your shoulders and you are accountible to your awam.

i hope you understand what i mean to say.

here are some links have a look at them it will enhance your vision.

CSS Forums - View Single Post - some articles on the new great game....

CSS Forums - View Single Post - some articles on the new great game....

CSS Forums - View Single Post - My Current Affair Notes


regards sabahat

__________________
GEO to aise k sab tumhara ha,MARO to aisa jaise tmhara kuch bhi nhi.

Maza deti han zindagi ki thokerin unko,jinhen NAAM-E-KHUDA le kar sanbhal janey ki adat ho.

Thanx dear Syeda Sabahat for every bit of ur precious suggestions..ya i understand wat u mean to say...i'll try my best to improve and make my notes more effective and it will always need ur blessed and generous guidance...Regards

Pak-Afghan Relations

Outline:

• Historical Background

• Current Situation

• Geo-Strategic Significance Of Afghanistan
i) Direct Importance
ii) Indirect Importance

• Interests Of Foreign Powers In The Affairs Of Afghanistan
i) US Interests
ii) Russian Interests:
iii) Chinese Interests
iv) Indian Interests
v) Iranian Interests
vi) Pakistanis Interests
a) Political Interests
b) Economic Interests
c) Security Interests

• Significance Of Afghanistan In Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
• Pakistan’s Dilemmas
• Conclusion


Historical Background

Pakistan and Afghanistan are two Muslim neighbouring countries having common border and common history. Since 1947, relations between the two countries have seen many ups and downs. In the beginning from 1947 to 1979, Afghanistan remained under the influence of Soviet Union and India. As such, Kabul adopted anti-Pakistan policy. The Pakhtoonistan stunt and frequent border skirmishes resulted because of this attitude. However, Pakistan showed restraint to give peace a chance. In 1954 and 1955, the relations between the two countries reached the lowest ebb, when Pakistani consulate in Kabul and Jalalabad were attacked by the Afghans. The relations between the two countries were strained, as result of these events.

In 1963, relations were restored through the efforts of Shah Raza Shah Pehlvi of Iran. During 1965 Indo-Pak War, Afghanistan did not create any problem for Pakistan.

In 1979, the scenario of this region underwent a drastic change when the Soviet sent 40 thousand troops to support pro-Russian Kabul government. Actually, it was a move to capture Afghanistan like the East European satellite states. The entire free world led by USA denounced Russian military intervention in Afghanistan.US supplied weapons to Afghan fighters so that they might wage guerrilla war against Russians. Millions of Afghan refugees took shelter in Pakistan. During the nine year war (1979-1988), the Afghan fighters inflicted heavy losses on the Soviet Union troops. As a result, Soviet forced withdrew from Afghanistan.

After their withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988, Afghanistan plunged into a bloody war form 1988 to 1996. During this eight year period, Najib government fell on 1992 and a provincial set up under Sibghat Ullah Mujaddid took control of Kabul. In May 1993, President Rabbani and premier Gulbaddin Hikmatyar came into power.

In 1996, the situation changed again when Taliban under Mullah Umar took control of Kabul and extended their authority over 90 per cent area of the country. Taliban rule was marked by fundamentalism through which they enforced strict rules and regulations. After the event of Nine Eleven, the USA asked Taliban to handover Osama Bin Laden, but they refused to do so.

As a result, US led multi-national forces attacked Afghanistan in
October 2001 and toppled the Taliban rule. Hamid Karzai succeeded as provincial head of the state and was later on elected by a Loya Jirga comprising of 1500 members. In June 2002, Pakistan lent all sorts of support to the Afghani government. In December 2002, six states including Pakistan signed the Kabul Declaration pledging that these States would not interfere in Afghani affairs.

Current Situation

Currently, US-led multi-national forces are operating in Afghanistan against Al-Qaeda and Taliban. Pakistan is non-NATO ally of US against terrorism. Thus, it is assisting Karzai regime as non-NATO ally of USA. Presently Pak-Afghan relations have become very delicate due to Karzai’s frequent allegations that Taliban’s are operating from inside Pakistan territory. However, Pakistan government has refused these charges that the 30 thousand troops have sealed the porous Durand Line and no foreigner is allowed to use Pakistani territory.

Geo-Strategic Significance Of Afghanistan

Direct Importance:

i) Afghanistan is located at the juncture of three strategic regions of Central Asia, South Asia and West Asia.
ii) Sparse population, rugged terrain and warrior tribes make Afghanistan a dumping ground of superpowers of the times.

Indirect Importance

i) Afghanistan is also called a region at the cross-roads of history. That is, in the 21st century, Afghanistan is still keen to practice the medieval age customs and traditions.
ii) The potential land-bridge of oil and gas pipelines and trade route to and from Central and West Asia.
iii) The landlocked nature of Central Asia offers Afghanistan significance of a transit route-to have access to sea ports of Indian and Arabian sea.

Interests Of Foreign Powers In The Affairs Of Afghanistan

i) US Interests:

a) Energy resources of Central Asia
b) Containing China and Iran
c) Countering Russian influence in the region
d) Checking the outflow of narcotics
e) Checking the export of religious extremism
f) Closely monitoring the cooperative framework between China, Russia, Iran, CARs, India and Pakistan.
g) Supporting broad-based, moderate and US-friendly government in Afghanistan.

ii) Russian Interests:

a) Reasserting itself in its backyard and avenge its defeat (i.e. the collapse of former USSR).
b) Securing control over oil and gas resources of Central Asia.
c) Countering US influence and regional designs
d) Preventing spread of extremism to Chechnya

iii) Chinese Interests

a) Future energy requirement and possible supplies demand from Central and West Asia including Iran.
b) Halting unrest in adjoining Chinese territories (owing to spill over effect)
c) Neutralizing the influence of US/NATO forces in the region.

iv) Indian Interests

a) Creating friction between Pakistan and Afghanistan to keep the former under pressure.
b) Instigating the covert low intensity conflict (LIC) against Pakistan to keep Pakistan busy with conflict coming from Western border.
c) Exploring the trade opportunities with the countries of Central and West Asia.
d) Watching its geo-strategic interests through empowerment of the Tajiks, Uzbeks and Hazaras against the Pashtuns.

v) Iranian Interests

a) Neutralizing the influence of US/NATO forces in the region.
b) Securing its share in reconstruction of Afghanistan
c) Safeguarding the minority Shia population residing in Afghanistan
d) Reversing the tide of afghan refugees.

vi) Pakistanis Interests

a) Political Interests

• Ensuring peace and stability in Afghanistan
• Supporting Pak-friendly government in Afghanistan
• Neutralising Indian influence by setting the border issue
• Reversing the tide of afghan refugees.

b) Economic Interests

• Securing its share in reconstruction of Afghanistan
• Securing a transit trade access to Central Asia
• Securing an uninterrupted supply of oil and gas from the CARs and Iran

c) Security Interests

• Precluding the Talbanisation in Afghanistan (and thereby Talbanisation in Pakistan)
• Preventing cross-border terrorism
• Prompting departure of US/NATO forces from Afghanistan.

Significance Of Afghanistan In Pakistan’s Foreign Policy

As a neighbour of Pakistan, Afghanistan occupies a cultural place in the issues affecting Pakistan’s foreign policy. Afghanistan’s significance increases with the ongoing turmoil on its land. The New Great Game being played in the region. Pakistan finds itself intricately linked with the entire issue, the effects of which may have far-reaching bearings on Pakistan.

Secondly, owing to geographical contiguity and ethnic sharing with Afghanistan, Pakistan considers itself a natural player in the whole scheme of affairs related to or going on in Afghanistan.

Thirdly, owing to hosting a major chunk of afghan refugees, Pakistan is a major stakeholder in whatever situation emerges in Afghanistan.

Fourthly, ongoing WoT is affecting Pakistan both politically and economically thereby making Pakistan a major regional player in settling a terror situation both in Pakistan and across the Western border.

Fifthly, Pakistan is keen to shun the ideology of Islamic Fundamentalism being exported from Afghanistan to Pakistan, thereby making Pakistan conscious of preservation of its democratic value.

Sixthly, Pakistan is keen to make it socially free from drugs and arms which is not possible unless there is peace and order in Afghanistan.

Pakistan’s Dilemmas

Geographically, Pakistan is sandwiched between India and Afghanistan. One is the world’s biggest democracy and the expanding economy and other is world’s crisis ridden (both politically and socially) country and a shattered economy. The second aspect of dilemma is that India is bent on having strong relations with Afghanistan and that to the detriment of Pakistan.


Conclusion
The war waged by the US in 2001, in the name of War on Terror (WoT) is still ravaging in devastated Afghanistan and yet no conclusive end is discernible.
Since November 2008, there have taken place developments. First, the US President Barack Obama, after getting elected, is intending a withdrawal from Afghanistan in a manner that could be offering the US maximum face-saving and could yield monopoly to the US in the region. Secondly, with the tacit approval of the US, the Afghan President Hamid Karzai is holding talks with Taliban to join the government and offer the US a safe exit-strategy. Thirdly, the US has formally acknowledged that Pakistan play a significant role in mitigating a near-disaster situation in Afghanistan. That is how, Pakistan’s political significance vis-à-vis, other regional players including India is automatically enhanced.

Pak-US Relations

Outline:

• Introduction
• Defence Alliance SEATO And CENTO
• Indo-Pak Wars Of 1965 And 1971
• Pak-US Relations During Afghanistan Crisis
• Relations After 9/11
• US Reaction To Pakistan’s Nuclear Tests
• War On Terrorism And Pakistan’s Role
• Critical Analysis
• Conclusion

Introduction:

Ever since, Pakistan emerged on the map of the world, it has always been in search of alliance for its security, survival and sustainability. The history of Pak-US relations had a history of roller coaster rider. During the ties between the two nations, there have been more ebbs than flaws. Due to trust deficit on the both sides, relations between the two nations have been tumultuous.

Being a Muslim State and anti-Communist which had its roots from Khilafat Movement and capitalist bloc. The United States policy is based on self-interest towards the world in general and Pakistan in particular.

There is no permanent friend for the US as saying goes “There is no permanent friend and permanent enemy in international politics, only interests are permanent”. The US is major player of this game among the nations of the world.

Defence Alliance SEATO And CENTO:

In 1950s, Pakistan’s inability to match India in military and economic spheres and for search of security led it to enter into pacts like Baghdad Pact or Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) and South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO). Although these pacts actually were to contain Soviet Union baked communism but this fact cannot be altogether denied that these pacts really strengthened the relationship between the two nations. At that time relationships with the US were so close and friendly that it was called the ‘United States allied ally’ in Asia.

Indo-Pak Wars Of 1965 And 1971:

The suspension of US military aid during 1965 Indo-Pak war generated the feeling in Pakistan that the US was not a reliable ally. We can take an example of Kashmir form the early periods of Pak-US relation n analyse the sincerity of the US towards Pakistan. Then, the wars of 1965 and 1971 give clear indication of the US dualism towards Pakistan. Although, the US suspended, military aid to both countries involved in conflict, the suspension affected Pakistan much more, and India still received military aid from Soviet.

Gradually, relations improved and arms sales were renewed in 1975. But again in April 1979, the US cut off economic aid, except that of food assistance, as required under the Symington Amendment to the US Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, due to concerns about Pakistan’s nuclear programme.

Pak-US Relations During Afghanistan Crisis:

The US policy took a U-turn after Soviets intervention in Afghanistan and Pakistan fought a proxy war as a part of US policy to contain Soviet backed communism. When Soviet invaded Afghanistan in 1979, the convergence of interests between the two nations again brought them close to each other. With the US assistance largest covert operation of history, Pakistan trained, armed and supplied anti-Soviet mujahedeen to Afghanistan, eventually defeating Soviets, who withdrew in 1988. After the disintegration of former Soviet Union and victory of Western bloc, Pakistan did not remain that much dear to the US and bright colours of their close relations got dim after Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. It was the period when Pakistan remained under immense pressure due to its ongoing nuclear programme to match with India, to which Pakistan was determined and committed to its completion because it considered it as a weapon for its survival.

Relations After 9/11:

To maintain its hegemony, the US needed allies since the phenomenon of regionalism has emerged. After tragic incident of 9/11, the US started the so-called war on terrorism and Pakistan became its frontline and major non-NATO ally. When the US geo-strategic interests are so dictated, relations with Pakistan warmed up, followed by military aid and economic assistance.

One factor of mistrust has remained pinching though Pakistan armed forces through its operations in the Tribal areas which are the sanctuaries of Taliban and al-Qaida, still Pakistan and its premier intelligence agency ISI is accused of covertly supporting Taliban and providing them assistance to launch their operations against the US-led allied forces. Because of the US dualism policy, anti-American sentiments are found in both the common people and even at government level.

Before 9/11, Pakistan was under four US sanctions:

First, President Bush (senior), under Section 620.E of Foreign Assistance Act or the Pressler Amendment, it is normally known as the suspended economic assistance and military sales to Pakistan in October, 1990.

Second, after the nuclear explosion by Pakistan, another set of military and economic sanctions was imposed on Pakistan under Arms Export Control Act.

Third, under the democracy law, sanctions were applied on Pakistan, when General Musharraf assume power in Pakistan on 12 October, 1999.

Fourth, in November 2000, the US applied two years sanctions on Pakistan’s Ministry of Defence and Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Organization, for receiving nuclear technology and equipment from China.

Pakistan is perhaps the most important US ally in the war on terror. Not only has Pakistan lost more personals than any other ally, critical fuels for vehicles and aircraft used in the war effort in Afghanistan moves through Pakistan without difficulty. Without this logistical support, bot operation Enduring Freedom and NATO operations in Afghanistan would prove very difficult to sustain without interruption. Pakistan is strategically very important for the US to sustain in Afghanistan. There-quarters of supplies for US troops in Afghanistan either move through or over Pakistan.

US Reaction To Pakistan’s Nuclear Tests:

Pakistan’s nuclear programme reached to its logical conclusion on 28th and 30th May 1998 when it conducted six nuclear tests to become the Seventh nuclear power of the world. The nuclear capability gave Pakistan nuclear deterrent against India which it needed badly after 1974 when India had exploded its first nuclear device. The people of Pakistan in particular and the Muslim nations in general expressed their jubilation over Pakistan’s nuclear achievement. But the US, Japan, Canada, Netherlands and Australia expressed their indignation and at once announced the imposition of sanctions on military and economic assistance.

War On Terrorism And Pakistan’s Role:

In the wake of war on terror, Pakistan has emerged to the US. Since, then it has played a critical role in helping g reduce the operational capabilities of Al-Qaeda and Taliban elements in and around its borders with Afghanistan.

Pakistan has handed over more terrorists and suspects to US than any other coalition partner, though many questions have been raised regarding its interests. Thus it feels that its concerns regarding India have been undermined by the USA. Thus combination of several factors has created a situation in which many Pakistani are sceptical about the need of combating militants and supporting the American cause. Although the ruling political elite seem to be comfortable to what the US has to offer, media and parliamentary debate reflect an opinion more reflective of the general population i.e. the US is making unreasonable demands of the Pakistan’s governing and military structures.

Critical Analysis:

Trust is the main factor for sustainable relations between the States. This factor is unfortunately missing in case of the Pak-US relations and both are suffering from the disease of trust deficit. From the very beginning till the present time, Washington has been using Pakistan as a tactical level instrument and never trusted Pakistan as its strategic ally.

Throughout the history of their relations, the US has never tried to build up long term and equal bilateral relations with Pakistan. It always saw Pakistan as a tissue paper to use and deposed at the time of need. Due to this policy of the US, irreparable anti-American sentiments exist among Pakistanis.

There are three main reasons behind negative feelings about America. One involves American policies towards Pakistan such as its failure to Pakistan’s aid during 1971 War, using Pakistan for its own interest, and opposing Pakistan’s peaceful nuclear programme.

Second reason deals with American global policy, including support of Israel, opposition to Iran’s present government and the use of force against small third World nations.

Third reason deals with American involvement in Pakistan, for example support to military regimes and now violence of Pakistan’s integrity and accusing Pakistan for playing dual game with US despite the sacrifices given by its soldiers and civilians during the War on Terror.

Conclusion:

First of all, they should remove trust deficit and ensure full cooperation to exterminate this common enemy from the region which can hurt both US and Pakistan’s interests in this region of South Asia. Then the US should also review its policies towards the weaker Muslim States and should play a serious role in solving the issue of Kashmir. There is need by the US to remove the mutual trust-deficit with Pakistan and build a relationship rooted in the ground realities and driven by the mutual benefit.

The US should not extend its war on terrorism to the territory of Pakistan and let the Pakistani armed forces to do their job, as they are well trained to perform their duties. According to recent reports, India by using its secret agency RAW, is exploiting these circumstances to destabilize Pakistan, it’s crystal clear that a destabilized Pakistan is not in the interest of US as it will hamper efforts to wipe out terrorism.

On the other hand, the US is extending its hands towards India by signing the nuclear deal with Delhi. This discriminatory attitude of US should be changed if it really wants to ensure Pakistan’s unrestricted and full cooperation in this ongoing war on terror. If the US really wants to minimize anti-US sentiments in Pakistan, it must help Islamabad in energy sector as a priority.

The US really has to revise its policy towards South Asia region abandoning its discriminatory attitude towards Pakistan as compared to India. It must consider Islamabad request for a civil nuclear deal similar to the one gifted to Delhi US must respect Pakistan’s sensitivities.

Roshan i chkd ur Afghan crisis outline. There are many other things u can add like The ethnic problem in Afg. Afg is divided into Pakhtun, Hazarz, tajiks etc.
Then u can add the importance of Afg for major power i mean why they want to get hold of this land.
You can also talk abt the dual strategy of U.S in Afg.
U can talk abt the puppit regime of Karazai.
And the sulution of ths problem is nt that easy as it seem to b. Iran, India , Pakistan and U. S are the major stakeholders and they all hav diversed benefit in this land and these benefit are contrary to each other. The lack of sincerity among stakeholders is another issue.
Read Fareed zakaria, noam chomsky and bernard cohen on ths issue . Overall it was a gd effort but keep in mind to put as much as data as u can. Your selection of words is also v imp.

__________________
Sangdil Riwajoon ki ya Imart-e-Kohna Toot bhi Tou Skti hay
Yeh Aseer Sehzadi Choot bhi tou Skti hay

Indo-Pak Relations:

Outline:

• Background
• Brief History Of Dialogues
• Peace Process In Pause After Mumbai Attacks
• Resumption Of Composite Dialogue-Present Condition
• Benefits Of Peace For India And Pakistan
• Critical Analysis
• Conclusion


Background:

Since 1947, India and Pakistan have witnessed half a century long period of mistrust, hostility and confrontation. They have fought three wars during this period. At the time of independence they inherited many problems like Kashmir issue, Rann of Kutch dispute, Canal water dispute, division of assets, refugee problem and the problem of accession of states. Out of theses, Kashmir has been on the top of the list of irritants.

Brief History Of Dialogues:

The two countries have a history of unfruitful peace processes. In the 50s, as a follow-up to the UN Security resolution, the UN special representative Sir Owen Dixon tried to negotiate a settlement on his “partial plebiscite and partition plan”. Then in early sixties Bhutto and Sarwan talks were held without any significant headway.

After the 1965 war and in the post 1971, internal problems kept Pakistan focused domestically. In 1972, Simla Agreement was concluded. Under Simla Agreement the two countries agreed to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon between them.

In the 1990s, Kashmir resistance added a new dimension to the struggle there and brought renewed international focus on this issue especially in the context of human rights issue. From 1990 to 1994, seven rounds of foreign secretary level talks were held without any major breakthrough. In March 1997, talks were again resumed at foreign secretary level. In all four rounds were held in which foreign secretaries reached an agreement on 23 July 1997, lying down an eight-item agenda. This was the first time in their 50 year history that the two countries had agreed formally on pursuing an integrated and composite dialogue on all issues including outstanding issue of Jammu & Kashmir.

The period between 1997 and 1999 saw a significant development in the India-Pakistan peace process in the form of several summit level meetings between the two countries on the sideline of the UN annual sessions and other regional and international conferences. These high-level talks led to Lahore Summit in February 1999 in which Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and PM Vajpayee signed Lahore Resolution as a genuine breakthrough in the history of the two countries. The two countries agreed “to intensify their efforts to resolve all issues including J&K. this indeed was a high watermark in India-Pakistan bilateral relations. But the peace process was soon interrupted when the two countries faced the Kargil issue.

A ceasefire at LoC in November 2003 with several mutual confidence building measures, including Pakistan’s assurance of not letting its territory to be used by any terrorist activity of cross-border infiltration as well as a constant pressure from influential outside powers led to the resumption of the stalled India-Pakistan dialogue in January 2004 on the basis of what is called ‘Islamabad Joint Statement of January 6, 2004”.

President Musharraf made unprecedented but unreciprocated gestures of flexibility. He proposed a four-point “out-of-box” solution of the Kashmir issue which involved dividing Kashmir in ethnic regions, their demilitarization, self-rule and a joint mechanism. But none of his gestures elicited, at least publicly any matching response from India.

Peace Process In Pause After Mumbai Attacks.

Unfortunately, the peace process was stalled again, when after the November 26, 2008 terrorist attack, India suspended the “Composite Dialogue” process.

On November 26, 2008 when some militants attacked multiple targets in Mumbai, in which some 182 people were killed, including nine terrorists and 22 foreign nationals and some further 327 received injuries. Relations between India and Pakistan had already been strained following a suicide attack on Indian Embassy in Kabul on July 7, 2008, in which over 40 people were killed. The attacks in Mumbai served as a nail in the coffin as all fingers pointed to Pakistan.

Resumption Of Composite Dialogue-Present Condition:

With the US efforts, at a meeting between the PMs of the two countries on the sideline of the non-aligned summit in Sharm-el-Sheikh in July 2009, an agreement was reached for the resumption of dialogue.

However, the thaw came finally when India in February 4, 2010 offered to resume talks at foreign secretary level with Pakistan. Welcoming the move, Pakistan accepted the offer and a delegation went to Delhi on February 24, 2010 with the hope of recreating an atmosphere of friendship. The delegation had gone to New Delhi with a roadmap of guidelines leading to a potential resumption of Composite Dialogue, including an invitation for External Affair Minister S.M Krishna to visit Pakistan. During the meeting India handed over three dossiers to Pakistan and demanded that thirty-three individuals, including two serving Pakistani army officers and Indian fugitive allegedly involved in terror attacks, be handed over to India. However, the talks failed to melt the ice due to lack of trust between the two countries.

The pressure from USA as well as SAARC members played a vital role in bringing both the countries to some sort of an agreement in Bhutan. The two countries agreed to resume Foreign Minister as well as Foreign Secretary level talks as soon as possible. Taking the spirit of Bhutan forward, Nirupama Rao visited Islamabad in June 24, 2010 and met her counterpart Salman Bashir to set an agenda for Foreign Ministers in July 2010.

Resultantly, Indian Foreign Minister S.M Krishna visited Islamabad in July, but talks could not bore fruit for paving the way for further composite dialogue due to Indian usual intransigence over the issue of terrorism.

Benefits Of Peace For India And Pakistan:

There are many broad benefits from peace accruing to both countries and this serves as a motivation towards normalisation. With initiating peace process India and Pakistan could earn enough foreign exchange. On trade, our market size will expand to $ 1.2 billion equal to China. Opening vistas of trading opportunities within the region, the foreign direct investment which presently stagnates at 3 billion dollars could increase manifold. China attracts 40 billion dollars. Access to alternate energy, natural gas from Iran and Central Asia will be available to this region, bringing down the energy cost by at least fifty per cent. Tourism can flourish as the region has vast treasures of tourist attractions. Reductions in defence expenditure could take place. This will lead to availability of fund for social sector and poverty reduction and lastly sports will be enhanced. Through mutual sports India and Pakistan can regain glory at least in cricket and hockey.

Critical Analysis:

Now both the countries must come to grip with the fact that progress through incessant discussion may, at first be slow but at least it will erase the high-levels of mutual suspicion. The benefit could be long-lasting as far as the well-being of the people, who share common history and culture, is concerned. The core issues as far as Pakistan is concerned are Kashmir and Water. For India the core issue is terrorism. Kashmir has been hanging for the last 63 years, despite the three wars fought between the two countries. Water issue is dragging from years now and terrorism is recent one. All these issues can be hammered out only in the Composite Dialogue which India is avoiding so far.

It is Pakistan that is paying heavy price due to terrorism. India should realize that Islamabad is doing all within its approach. Pakistan Army has been successful in dismantling Taliban’s dens and has weakened the terrorist significantly. India must understand that terror war is also being fought by the US and Nato troops in Afghanistan and terrorists have power to strike anywhere in the world.

Indian leader should realize that tough talks cannot help improve situation. Sincere parleys can break the impasse. Friendly relations between the two countries can help improve economic conditions and trade will flourish along with people-to-people contact. All intricate issues can be resolved if trust is built between the two countries. There is dire need to improve business relations between the two countries. Pakistan and India pick up the cue from the fostering China-US relations despite Taiwan issue.

Conclusion:

Present time is ideal for resolution of all disputes and ushering an era of peace, harmony and prosperity. People of our country want it. the influential business communities are looking forward to it in both countries. Media also seems to favour it. Pakistan and India have lost half a century in mutual squabbles. Both have tried pressure tactics. Both have fought wars, tested nuclear weapons and have remained engaged in hot confrontation throughout. Both have applied coercive diplomacy but it has not worked. Nothing side has blinked. It is time to give dialogue and negotiation chance once again. Negotiating from a position of strength is an old-age maxim but no doubt in the case of Pakistan and India that has also been used and founded to be unsuccessful. Sincerity in living peacefully side by side and solving all issues through negotiation seems to be the only answer people of our countries want peace and are fed up of confrontation. The no-war pact offer and the non-aggression pact issue can be reopened.

roshan i think you need to add more in this like the recent meetings and their outcomes. try to prepare pak-us-india relation in a triangle form,it will save your time.
do add recommendation to improve the relation after us withdrawl from afgh.

and many more points.

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