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-Established on December 8, 1985
-Headquarter: Kathmandu (Nepal)
-Idea of SAARC was given by President Zia-ur-Rehman of Bangladesh
-Member States: Srilanka, Afghanistan, Nepal, India, Maldives, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan --- SANIMBBP
-Observer States: China, Iran, Japan, South Korea, EU, USA
-The 16th SAARC summit concluded in the capital of Bhutan (Thimphu)
-The 17th SAARC Summit will be held in Maldives' in Nov 2011 (Indian foreign secretary Nirupama Rao and her Pakistan counterpart Salman Bashir met on -the sidelines of SAARC Conference on Feb 6)

Aims and Objectives

-To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development
Strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia
-To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interest
-To create peace among member countries
-To cooperate with international and regional organizations having similar aims and purposes.

Achievements

-SAARC Regional Convention for Suppression of Terrorism signed by foreign ministers in Aug 1998
-SAARC Food security reserves became operational in 1998
-SAVE (SAARC Audio Video Exchange) programme
-Substantial working of SAARC tourism scheme
-Devised modalities for poverty, terrorism and drug trafficking
-South Asian development fund has been initiated
-SAARC agriculture information center has been set up in Dhaka
-A Center for Human Resource Development (CHRD) has been established
-SAARC Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) adopted in 7th summit in 1993
-SAFTA signed during 12th summit in 2004

Hurdles in the way of SAARC

-Lack of convergence of political security as of other regional groupings such as EU and ASEAN
-Indian hegemonic treatment with neighbouring countries
-Issue of Kashmir, water etc with Pakistan
-Dispute of Ganges river with Bangladesh (Built Farrakha barrage that stopped much needed irrigation water )
-Nepal (landlocked) is unhappy with an unequal trade treaty forced on it by India in 1950’s
-The unending woes of Srilanka due to initial help to Jafna Tamils from India

Role of Pakistan

Pakistan never shows reluctance to attend any SAARC summit rather it always shows its willingness.

Pakistan shows positive response towards SAFTA.

Pakistan always tries to improve bilateral relations with India ,and tries to reduce tension in the region.

In 2005 summit Pakistan first time reversed its policy of economic co-operation with India as it did not discuss any controversial issue i.e. Kashmir.

Recommendations

Charter should be reviewed and amended ,must be strictly followed ,in case of any violation organization must impose restriction on member states

Must resolve the intrinsic disputes among the SAARC

India has to behave like a family elder

It is important to decrease tension among two nuclear giants of the region Pakistan and India

India has to finish her hegemonic hold on Bangladesh and Nepal

India should stop supporting Tamils in Sir Lanka

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I want to fight an unended war....

SAARC holds Optimistic Future

There are reasons for being optimistic about the future prospect of SAARC

-The bilateral relations between India and Pakistan are now set for improvement

-The SAARC leaders for the first time ,have succeeded in adopting a framework agreement for SAFTA containing specific schedule for the lowering of tariffs

-The genuine concerns of the least development countries of SAARC, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan have been adequately met

-It is for the first time that SAARC members have strongly realized the importance of regional economic integration in a world where bilateral and regional trade pacts have become economic necessity

-Once all the major disputes between the two rivals are resolved ,we can expect a successful future for the SAARC in the impending economic battle of globalization

Afghanistan in SAARC

Afghanistan was incorporated as the eighth member during the 13th Summit of SAARC, which was held in Dhaka on November, 2005.
In the 14th SAARC Summit, Afghanistan was formally introduced in all the SAARC agreements, declaration, and legal documents by a Joint Declaration.
Inclusion of Afghanistan has been an area of debate especially with the entry of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) troops into Afghanistan.

Intra-Regional Governmentality, Neo-Regionalism and the Extension Of SAARC:
There is another view point that inclusion of Afghanistan in SAARC clearly demonstrated that South Asian region has stepped towards the framework of new regionalism. It emphasizes not only economic but also social and cultural networks that develop more quickly than the formal political cooperation at regional level (Hettne, 1994). Thus, the combination of the forces of neo-regionalism inspired SAARC to take the strategic initiative to enlarge it

Politics at Systemic & Sub-systemic level:

The inclusion of Afghanistan as a member of SAARC is the result of the direct blessing of US and indirect blessing of India”. This opinion is very much true because during the Taliban regime India was not confident enough to support the incorporation of a radical Muslim government into SAARC. But soon after the newly elected government, both India and Pakistan agreed to include Afghanistan as a member of SAARC under the influence of United States.

The present government of Afghanistan is pro-US and it can help US to involve in SAARC obliquely if it becomes a member.

Though Pakistan does not have good relationship with the present Afghan government it could not oppose the decision of its inclusion because Pakistan is in the grip of US, and as US is in overall charge of the region in conducting the 'War on Terror'.

From historical analysis it can be said that both India and Pakistan want friendly relationship with Afghanistan because it is linked to Central Asia which is rich in natural resources.

The change of government (Taliban to Karzai) in Afghanistan made India more eager for its inclusion into SAARC.

In South Asia opium and drugs are sent through Pakistan. Pakistan thought if Afghanistan becomes a member of SAARC then it will be easier to give pressure on the Karzai government so that the government can take appropriate stance to curb the narco-business.

Afghanistan will also enjoy a part of the development fund of SAARC as a member state.

The incorporation of Afghanistan in SAARC is the eagerness of US to incorporate the war ravaged country under an institutional framework so that it can obtain legitimacy.

The Expectations:

Pakistan and India think that Afghanistan will help both the countries in supplying energy and transit facilities to Central Asia.

Given the devastation caused there by war for over two decades and the role the country has acquired in any policy in the region to check terrorism, no move to pacify and conciliate South Asia is feasible without Afghanistan's active participation in it.

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I want to fight an unended war....

Brief Introduction

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok.

ASEAN include an Islamic sultanate (Brunei), a wealthy city-state (Singapore), two poor communist dictatorships (Vietnam and Laos) and an even poorer military junta now posing as a parliamentary democracy (Myanmar).

Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines
(MSC MBT VIP)

Indonesia holds the rotating ASEAN chairmanship

ASEAN region has a population of about 560 million

Area: 4.5 million sq km

Compared to 4% of Intra SAARC trade the intra bloc trade figures of other regions are as follows: NAFTA (North Atlantic Free Trade Area) 37 %, EU's (European Union) 63%, and ASEAN' 38 %.

Aims and Objectives

“To maintain and enhance peace, security and stability and further strengthen peace-oriented values in the region.”

Acceleration of economic growth

Social progress and cultural development

Peace and stability of the region

Provide opportunities for members to discuss differences peacefully

The ASEAN Vision 2020 agreed on a share vision for outward looking, living in peace and bonded together in partnership.

Lessons for other regional alliance

Respect for the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of member states

Peaceful settlement of disputes

Non-interference in member states internal affairs

Right to live without external interference
continue..

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I want to fight an unended war....

Achievements

ASEAN free Trade Area (AFTA) singed on January 28, 1992 in Singapore to support local manufacturing in ASEAN states and now comprises 10 countries

ASEAN plus three (ASEAN + China, Japan and South Korea) continue to expand and deepen ties regarding security dialogue, trade etc.

The China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (FTA): Economic ties boomed as a result of free trade zone agreement signed in January 2010.

Trade between China and ASEAN $293 bn

Relations with Pakistan
Trade between Pakistan and ASEAN far below potential

Pakistan signed FTA with Malaysia in Nov 2007

At present Pakistan has the status of Sectoral Dialogue Partner with ASEAN
Pakistan should be given full dialogue partner status as of India, China and Australia

Trade with ASEAN: $ 3 billion

Active member of ASEAN regional forum (ARF), Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) and Asia-Europe meeting (ASEM)

Vision East Asia: to forge close political and economic ties with ASEAN countries

ASEAN and SAARC compared

ASEAN countries exhibited tremendous economic progress as compared to SAARC

Endeavoured to resolve their political dispute in an amicable manner
ASEAN countries remained free of terrorism while SAARC has become center of global terrorism

ASEAN depends on tourism as a major industry whereas it is limited in SAARC

Foreign companies are now operating in ASEAN due to cheap labour while FDI decreased in SAARC

High literacy rate (most of the countries has more than 90%) than SAARC states

Human resource is a great asset in ASEAN but lacking in SAARC because of brain drain

Increased employment opportunities in ASEAN as compared to SAARC
Diminishing population growth rate as well as poverty in ASEAN countries in comparison with SAARC

ASEAN has good agricultural mechanization which is lacking in SAARC
Energy sources and mining are significant in ASEAN (Brunei and Indonesia) while SAARC countries are energy deficient

The current problems ASEAN facing

Thailand – Cambodia dispute

Cambodia wants to establish Preah Vihear temple for tourist

Thailand wants and claims it back

Thailand prefers to keep the dispute as a purely bilateral one

Cambodia loves to see it become an international issue, Its prime minister, Hun Sen, has involved the United Nations Security Council instead of ASEAN and called UN peacekeeper on border.
Thailand – Cambodia (Cambodia wants to establish Preah Vihear temple for tourist )
MYANMAR: ASEAN’S Problem Child

The poor human rights record of the military regime,

Holding of a large number of political activists including Aung San Suu Kyi as prisoners for long durations,

Drug trafficking and Aids which has affected the neighbouring countries such as Thailand and India

Military actions against its ethnic tribes resulting in a large influx of refugees to the neighbouring countries have all been major irritants for ASEAN in dealing with this nation.

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I want to fight an unended war....

Pakistan and the United Nations

Pakistan officially joined the United Nations (UN) on 30 September 1947 just over a month after its independence from the British Empire. Today, it is a charter member and participates in all of the UN's specialised agencies and organisations. Pakistan has been elected a number of times into the UN Security Council. It is also one of the countries which has had a diplomat, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, serve a term as the President of the United Nations General Assembly.
Representation:
Pakistan maintains a permanent mission to the UN, which is currently headed by Ambassador Abdullah Hussain Haroon in New York. There is a second mission based at the UNO office in Geneva, Switzerland. The Mission is usually headed by a career Foreign service officer, but has historically been led by an eminent personalities from business, media, law and other areas and are usually political appointees.
Pakistan’s Role in Peace keeping Missions:
Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. UN peacekeepers—soldiers and military officers, civilian police officers and civilian personnel from many countries—monitor and observe peace processes that emerge in post-conflict situations and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development.
The United Nations was established to bring peace to the war torn world. Today, peace keeping is one of the biggest and important tasks of the United Nations. In disturbed, post conflict, and war torn areas, the UN sends military and civilian personnel to monitor and observe peace processes and oversee the implementation of any agreements.
Pakistan became a UN member on 30 September, 1947 and since then Pakistan has always provided large scale assistance to the UN peace keeping missions. Pakistan is one of the top contributors of military personnel for the peace keeping missions of UN. The first Pakistani military contingent went to Congo for a peace keeping mission in 1960. The following is the list, consisting some of the important peace keeping missions, performed by Pakistan Armed Forces.

1960-1964 : United Nation’s mission in Congo
1962-1963 : Part of United Nation’s security force in New Guinea
1991-2003 : United Nation’s peace keeping mission in Iraq and Kuwait
1992-1995 : UN mission in Cambodia
1992-1996 : Part of United Nation Protection Forces in Bosnia
1995-1998 : In Haiti
Sierra Leone, Brundi, Congo and many more international conflicts have witnessed the presence of Pakistani troops in maintaining peace through the United Nations. Pakistani troops have on many occasions shown bravery and sacrifice and earned respect through their valor, courage and great service to the humanity. On average, at one time, more than ten thousand Pakistani troops perform UN duty all around the globe. Until now, close to 100 Pakistanis have given their lives while performing peace keeping duties.
Pakistan has always contributed whole heartedly whenever deputed with peace keeping missions by the United Nations. However, during the gulf war, Pakistan refused to be part of the UN peace force due to sensitivities of the conflict and expected negative reaction by the Pakistani population. Barring such examples, Pakistan has always been in the forefront in the community of nations, to achieve peace in the world. As of present, Pakistan stands as the largest contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions in the world.
Politics
 Kashmir conflict
The UN continues to remain a keen observer of the Kashmir conflict between Pakistan and India, centring around the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. Since the transfer of power to both countries in 1947 of the divided territory, the UN has played an extensive role in regulating and monitoring the dispute.
The current agitation in Indian-Held Kashmir is rooted in the struggle of the people for the exercise of the right of self-determination. Peaceful processions chanting demands for freedom were fired upon by Indian Army and police. Thousands of men, women and children have been killed or wounded. New Delhi's allegation of assistance to the Kashmiri people from the Pakistan side is unfounded. Objective reports in foreign media testify that the Kashmiri agitation is indigenous.
Pakistan upholds the right of the people of Jammu and Kashmir to self-determination in accordance with the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council. These resolutions of 1948 and 1949 provide for the holding of a free and impartial plebiscite for the determination of the future of the state by the people of Jammu and Kashmir.
3. The basic points about the UN resolution are that:
• The complaint relating to Kashmir was initiated by India in the Security Council;
• The Council explicitly and by implications, rejected India's claim that Kashmir is legally Indian territory;
• The resolutions established self-determination as the governing principal for the settlement of the Kashmir dispute. This is the world body's commitment to the people of Kashmir;
• The resolutions endorsed a binding agreement between India and Pakistan reached through the mediation of UNCIP, that a plebiscite would be held, under agreed and specified conditions.
The Security Council has rejected the Indian contention that the people of Kashmir have exercised their right of self-determination by participating in the "election" which India has from time to time organized in the Held Kashmir. The 0.2% turn out during the 1989 "elections" was the most recent clear repudiation of the Indian claim. Pakistan continues to adhere to the UN resolutions. These are binding also on India. The Simla Agreement of 2 July 1972, to which Pakistan also continues to adhere, did not alter the status of Jammu and Kashmir as a disputed territory.
 United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP)
United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP) was established in May 1988, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, to assist in ensuring the implementation of the agreements on the settlement of the situation relating to Afghanistan and investigate and report possible violations of any of the provisions of the agreements. The United Nations Security Council confirmed its establishment in Resolution 622 (1988). By 15 August 1988, the Soviet military withdrew nearly 50 percent of its troops (some 50,000 men) from Afghanistan, evacuating 10 main garrisons and handing them over to the Afghan armed forces. Another 8 garrisons remained under Soviet control until the end of the pullout on 15 February 1989.
UNGOMAP made every effort to investigate complaints lodged by the two parties. However, a number of difficulties hampered the effectiveness of the work of the Mission's inspection teams. These included the rough nature of the terrain, the time which lapsed before many of the alleged incidents were reported, and the security conditions prevailing in the area of operation.
UNGOMAP also maintained close cooperation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In particular, it was ready to monitor the situation inside Afghanistan and inform UNHCR of the safety conditions necessary for the return and resettlement of refugees. Up to 5 million refugees were estimated to be living in Pakistan and Iran. However, because the fighting in Afghanistan continued, conditions remained unstable and only a limited number of refugees returned to Afghanistan. UNGOMAP's mandate formally ended on 15 March 1990.
UN Security Council resolutions concerning Pakistan
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 29
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 622
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 647
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172
 United Nations Security Council Resolution 29, adopted unanimously on August 12, 1947, upon having reviewed and in some cases, re-reviewed applications for membership in the United Nations by Albania, Mongolia, Transjordan, Ireland, Portugal, Hungary, Italy, Roumania, Austria, Yemen, Bulgaria and Pakistan. The Council recommended that the General Assembly admit Yemen and Pakistan.
 United Nations Security Council resolution 622, adopted unanimously on 20 September 1988, after noting the Geneva Accords agreement signed on 14 April 1988, the Council confirmed the agreement to the measures in the letters of the Secretary-General concerning the settlement of the situation in Afghanistan. The Council therefore confirmed the establishment of the United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan in May 1988 and made provisions for a temporary dispatch of 50 military officers to assist in the mission as requested by the Secretary-General. It also required the Secretary-General to keep the Council updated on progress in the region.
 United Nations Security Council resolution 647, adopted unanimously on 11 January 1990, after recalling Resolution 622 (1988) and a letter by the Secretary-General concerning the settlement of the situation in Afghanistan, the Council endorsed the letter's proposals regarding the United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Council then extended the mandate of the Mission for two months, until 15 March 1990.
 United Nations Security Council resolution 1172, adopted unanimously on 6 June 1998, after hearing of nuclear tests conducted by India and Pakistan in May 1998, the Council condemned the tests and demanded that both countries refrain from engaging in further tests.
United Nations & Pakistan:
• In 1954 Mr. Zafarullah represented Pakistan at the Security Council UNO and fairly advocated the cases of liberation of Kashmir, Libya, North Ireland, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco and Indonesia, Malaya, Nigeria and Algeria.
• Zafarullah skillfully concentrated his focus upon freedom, strength, prosperity and unity of the Muslim world. The same year he was elected as the member of
• International Court of Justice and served in this capacity till 1961.
• Pakistan’s earlier terms on the Council were in 2003-04, 1993-94, 1983-84, 1976-77, 1968-69 and 1952-53.
• Recently Pakistan elected as the temporary United Nations Security Council seat for a term that was started on January 2012 and will end in December 2013.
• Pakistan’s election to the Security Council is the acknowledgement by the international community of its services and its capabilities to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security which is the main function of the Security Council.
• The United Nations has conferred the Prestigious United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights for 2008 on Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed.
• In 2008 some 867 Pakistani soldiers serving with the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been decorated with UN peacekeeping medals.

The United Nations programmes in Pakistan support national efforts to end poverty, address socio-economic challenges and achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Promotion of human rights and equality cuts across all UN programmes. The UN works closely with the Government, civil society organizations and humanitarian partners on the ground to help save lives affected by natural disasters, to assist those men, women, boys and girls displaced, and to equip and empower them to prepare for future calamities, including support to Afghan refugees. All UN work from relief to recovery and development is done alongside the people of Pakistan. National organizations, both governmental and non governmental, implement many UN supported programmes, with strong ownership of the Pakistani people.
The UN and its humanitarian partners have distributed nearly 321,000 tents and tarpaulins and approximately 300,000 sets of household goods to flood affected people. More than 1.2 million people have received medicines and medical care, and 1 million people have received food. The UN also provided close to 600,000 people with access to safe drinking water.

http://www.mediafire.com/view/aco2yce9snolzup/UN.pdf
http://www.mediafire.com/view/9zw6on...wzf/SAARC..pdf
http://www.mediafire.com/view/yw5fyw5itmbo1s3/SCO..pdf
http://www.mediafire.com/view/85np8bqtzdatffc/oic.pdf

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