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Old Thursday, June 07, 2007
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Angry Confused..misspelled English Words

Commonly Misspelled English Words



accidentally
accommodate
acknowledgment
acquainted
acquire
across
all right
already
amateur
appearance
appropriate
bellwether
bureau
business
calendar
canceled
Caribbean
cemetery
changeable
chrysanthemum
Cincinnati
collectible
commitment
committee
connoisseur
conscientious
conscious
convenience
corduroy
deceive
defendant
definitely
desirable
desperate
eligible
eliminate
embarrass
environment
existence
fascinating
February
fluorine
foreign
forty
gauge
government
grammar
grateful
harass
humorous
hurrying
incidentally
independent
indispensable
inoculate
irresistible
jewelry
judgment
laboratory
liaison
leisure
library
license
lieutenant
lightning
liquefy
maintenance
marriage
medieval
millennium
miniature
miscellaneous
Mississippi
misspelled
mnemonic
mysterious
necessary
noticeable
occasionally
occurrence
opportunity
optimistic
parallel
patience
performance
permanent
permissible
perseverance
personnel
possess
privilege
propaganda
questionnaire
receipt
receive
restaurant
rhythm
ridiculous
sacrilegious
sergeant
separate
seize
sheriff
sincerely
stubbornness
supersede
tangible
temperament
temperature
transferred
truly
twelfth
vaccinate
vacuum
Wednesday
weird
wholly




Commonly Confused English Words


adverse: unfavorable
averse: opposed

affect: to influence
effect: to bring about

allusion: an indirect reference
illusion: an unreal impression

appraise: to set a value on
apprise: to inform

biannual: occurring twice a year
biennial: occurring every two years

capital: the seat of government
capitol: building where a legislature meets

complement: to make complete; something that completes
compliment: to praise; praise

counselor: one who gives advice or counsel
councilor: a member of a council

denote: to mean
connote: to suggest beyond the explicit meaning

discreet: prudent
discrete: separate, distinct

disinterested: impartial
uninterested: without interest

elicit: to draw or bring out
illicit: illegal

emigrate: to leave for another place of residence
immigrate: to come to another place of residence

ensure: to make certain
insure: to protect against
assure: to inform postively or confidently

exalt: to glorify
exult: to rejoice

farther: at a greater distance
further: to a greater extent or degree

fewer: a smaller number (of things)
less: a smaller amount (of something)

grisly: inspiring horror or great fear
grizzly: sprinkled or streaked with gray

historic: important in history
historical: relating to history

hoard: a supply stored up and often hidden
horde: a teeming croud or throng

immanent: inherent; residing within
imminent: ready to take place
eminent: standing out

imminent: ready to take place
eminent: standing out

imply: to suggest but not explicitly; to entail
infer: to assume or understand information not relayed explicitly

include: used when the items following are part of a whole
comprise: used when the items following are all of a whole

incredible: unbelievable
incredulous: skeptical

ingenious: clever
ingenuous: innocent

it's: it is
its: a possessive adjective

lay: to put or place
lie: (intransitive) to recline or rest

oral: spoken, as opposed to written
verbal: relating to language

principal: n., business owner, head of school; adj., most important
principle: a basic law or truth; a moral or ethical standard

prostrate: stretched out face down
prostate: relating to prostate gland

set: to place; to cause someone or something to sit
sit: to rest on the buttocks or haunches

their: belonging to them
there: in that place
they're: they are

who:nominative case
whom: objective case

your:belonging to you
you're: you are


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  #2  
Old Thursday, June 07, 2007
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Bravo ! Great effort bro

Here is the list of frequently misused words.

Take care,
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Old Saturday, June 09, 2007
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Quote:
Bravo ! Great effort bro

Here is the list of frequently misused words.
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compu...ish-words.html

@@
WASEEM AND SURESH

THANKS

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Old Tuesday, June 19, 2007
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Default Easily Confused Words

Easily Confused Words


allusion / illusion


Allusion is a noun that means an indirect reference: “The speech made allusions to the final report.”

Illusion is a noun that means a misconception: “The policy is designed to give an illusion of reform.”

alternately / alternatively


Alternatively is an adverb that means on the other hand; one or the other: “You can choose a large bookcase or, alternatively, you can buy two small ones.”

amusement park / theme park


An amusement park, a noun, is a place where people go to have fun. It has games, food, rides, and shows for entertainment.

A theme park, a noun, is an amusement park with a theme, a subject that everything in the park has in common. The rides, games, and shows all deal with this subject in some way. At Disney World, a famous theme park, everything has some connection to the Disney characters.

beside / besides


Beside is a preposition that means next to: “Stand here beside me. ”

Besides is an adverb that means also: “Besides, I need to tell you about the new products my company offers.”

bimonthly / semimonthly


Bimonthly is an adjective that means every two months: “I brought the cake for the bimonthly office party.” Bimonthly is also a noun that means a publication issued every two months: “The bimonthly magazine will soon become a monthly publication.”

Semimonthly is an adjective that means happening twice a month: “We have semimonthly meetings on the 1st and the 15th.”

cite / site


Cite is a verb that means to quote as an authority or example: “I cited several eminent scholars in my study of water resources.” It also means to recognize formally: “The public official was cited for service to the city.” It can also mean to summon before a court of law: “Last year the company was cited for pollution violations.”

Site is a noun meaning location: “They chose a new site for the factory just outside town.”

cologne / perfume


Cologne, a noun, is a scented liquid made from alcohol and fragrant oils.

Perfume, a noun, is a quickly evaporating scented oil either obtained from flowers or manmade. It is more concentrated (stronger) and much more expensive than cologne.

complement / compliment

Complement is a noun or verb that means something that completes or makes up a whole: “The red sweater is a perfect complement to the outfit.”

Compliment is a noun or verb that means an expression of praise or admiration: “I received many compliments about my new outfit.”

concurrent / consecutive


Concurrent is an adjective that means simultaneous or happening at the same time as something else: “The concurrent strikes of several unions crippled the economy.”

Consecutive means successive or following one after the other: “The union called three consecutive strikes in one year.”

connote / denote


Connote is a verb that means to imply or suggest: “The word ‘espionage’ connotes mystery and intrigue.”

Denote is a verb that means to indicate or refer to specifically: “The symbol for ‘pi’ denotes the number 3.14159.”

dinner / supper


Dinner, a noun, is always the main meal of the day, whether it is eaten at noon or in the evening.

Supper, a noun, is eaten only in the evening, whether it is a large or small meal.

discreet / discrete


Discreet is an adjective that means prudent, circumspect, or modest: “Their discreet comments about the negotiations led the reporters to expect an early settlement.”

Discrete is an adjective that means separate or individually distinct: “Each company in the conglomerate operates as a discrete entity.”

disinterested / uninterested


Disinterested is an adjective that means unbiased or impartial: “We appealed to the disinterested mediator to facilitate the negotiations.”

Uninterested is an adjective that means not interested or indifferent: “They seemed uninterested in our offer.”

dough / batter


Dough, a noun, is a thick mixture of flour, liquid, and other ingredients that is usually rolled or shaped into bread and other baked goods.

Batter, a noun, is a thinner mixture than dough and is made of flour and liquid. Batter can be poured into pans to make pancakes, biscuits, and cakes.

Earth / universe


Earth the planet on which we live, is the third planet from the sun in our solar system.

The universe includes everything that exists, including all the planets, the stars, and space.

emigrant / immigrant / migrant


Emigrant is a noun that means one who leaves one's native country to settle in another: “The emigrants spent four weeks aboard ship before landing in Los Angeles.”

Immigrant is a noun that means one who enters and settles in a new country: “Most of the immigrants easily found jobs.”

Migrant is a noun that means one who travels from one region to another, especially in search of work: “The migrants worked in the strawberry fields on the west coast, then traveled east to harvest wheat.”

envy / jealousy


Envy, a noun, is the desire to have something that another person has and the feelings of resentment or unhappiness at the person's having it. For example, you may feel envy when someone you know gets something you've always wanted.

Jealousy, a noun, is like envy but includes suspicion. Jealousy is often associated with competition, especially in love. Sometimes you may be jealous of a brother or sister because you think your parents love him or her more than they love you.

farther / further


Farther is an adjective and adverb that means to or at a more distant point: “We drove 50 miles today; tomorrow, we will travel 100 miles farther.”

Further is an adjective and adverb that means to or at a greater extent or degree: “We won't be able to suggest a solution until we are further along in our evaluation of the problem.” It can also mean in addition or moreover: “They stated further that they would not change the policy.”

few / less


Few is an adjective that means small in number. It is used with countable objects: “This department has few employees.”

Less is an adjective that means small in amount or degree. It is used with objects of indivisible mass: “Which jar holds less water?”

figuratively / literally


Figuratively is an adverb that means metaphorically or symbolically: “Happening upon the shadowy figure, they figuratively jumped out of their shoes.”

Literally is an adverb that means word for word or according to the exact meaning of the words: “I translated the Latin passage literally.”

foreword / forward


Foreword is a noun that means an introductory note or preface: “In my foreword I explained my reasons for writing the book.”

Forward is an adjective or adverb that means toward the front: “I sat in the forward section of the bus. Please step forward when your name is called.” Forward is also a verb that means to send on: “Forward the letter to the customer's new address.”

hanged / hung


Hanged is the past tense and past participle of hang when the meaning is to execute by suspending by the neck: “They hanged the prisoner for treason.” “The convicted killer was hanged at dawn.”

Hung is the past tense and participle of hang when the meaning is to suspend from above with no support from below: “I hung the painting on the wall.” “The painting was hung at a crooked angle.”

information / knowledge


Information, a noun, is a fact or knowledge about a specific event or subject.

Knowledge, a noun, means having information and understanding it through experience.

it's / its


It's is a contraction for it is, whereas its is the possessive form of it: “It's a shame that we cannot talk about its size.”

laid / lain / lay


Laid is the past tense and the past participle of the verb lay and not the past tense of lie.

Lay is the past tense of the verb lie and lain is the past participle: “He laid his books down and lay down on the couch, where he has lain for an hour.”

melody / tune


A melody, which is a noun, is a group of notes in a certain order that results in a sweet or agreeable sound.

A tune, a which is a noun, is an easily remembered melody.

part / portion


Part, a noun, is piece of something that has been divided. When all the pieces are put together, they equal a whole.

A portion, a noun, is a share or part used or given in a specific way.

passport / visa


A passport, which is a noun, is a document, usually a booklet, that states a person's official identity and citizenship and allows that person to visit another country.

A visa, which is a noun, is stamped on a passport. It shows that the passport has been examined by the officials of a country and permits entry into that country.

principal / principle


Principal is a noun that means a person who holds a high position or plays an important role: “The school principal has 20 years of teaching experience. The principals in the negotiations will meet tomorrow at 10 o'clock.” It also means a sum of money on which interest accrues: “The depositors were guaranteed they would not lose their principal.” Principal is also an adjective that means chief or leading: “The necessity of moving to another city was the principal reason I turned down the job offer.”

Principle is a noun that means a rule or standard: “They refused to compromise their principles.”

soap / detergent


Soap, a noun, is a cleansing agent that comes from natural fats and oils.

Detergent, a noun, is a cleansing agent that is usually made from synthetic, or manmade, products.

stationary / stationery


Stationary is an adjective that means fixed or unmoving: “They maneuvered around the stationary barrier in the road.”

Stationery is a noun that means writing materials: “We printed the letters on company stationery.”
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  #5  
Old Thursday, June 28, 2007
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Default Commonly Misspelled Words

Quote:
Tip : When in doubt, use a computer spell program or look it up (or both).

http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compu...-spelling.html

accommodate
acknowledgment
aesthetics (not esthetics)
antiquated
catalog (not catalogue)
commitment
conscience
consensus
counselor
deductible
dissension
drunkenness
ecstasy
embarrass
exhilarate
foreword
harass
hors d'oeuvres
inadvertent
indispensable
inoculate
insistent
irresistible
judgment
knowledgeable
liaison
memento
nickel
occurred
occurrence
perseverance
prerogative
privilege
proceed
sponsor
tyrannous
vacuum
vilify


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Last edited by Sureshlasi; Thursday, June 28, 2007 at 03:08 AM.
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Default Commonly Misused Words 3

adverse/averse
"Adverse" means unfavorable. "Averse" means reluctant.

adviser/advisor

"Adviser" is preferred although both are correct.

affect/effect

"To affect" means (1) to influence, change or produce an effect; (2) to like to do, wear or use; or (3) to pretend. "To effect" means to accomplish, complete, cause, make possible or carry out. If you're looking for a noun, you're probably looking for "effect." If you're using a verb, you're safest with "affect."

afterward

not afterwards

all right

not alright

allude/refer

"To allude" means to speak of without mentioning. "To refer" means to speak of directly.

allusion/illusion

An "allusion" is an indirect reference. An "illusion" is a false impression or image.

alumna/ae

An alumna is one woman. Alumnae are a group of women.

alumni/us

Alumni are more than one man or a group of men and women. An alumnus is one man.

around/about

"Around" should refer to a physical proximity or surrounding (I'll look for you around the front of Baker Hall). "About" indicates an approximation (Let's have lunch about 11:30 a.m.).

beside/besides

Use "beside" to mean (1) at the side of (sit beside me); (2) to compare with (beside other studies); or (3) apart from (that's beside the point). Use "besides" to mean (1) further-more (besides, I said so); (2) in addition to (and elm and maple trees besides); or (3) otherwise (there's no one here besides Bill and me).

between/among

Use "between" to show a relationship between two objects only.

Use "among" when it's more than two.

"Between" takes an objective pronoun—me, her, him. "Between you and me" is okay. "Between you and I" is not.

biannual/biennial

"Biannual" is twice a year. "Biennial" is every two years.

complement/compliment

"Complement" is something that supplements. "Compliment" is praise or the expression of courtesy.

compose/comprise/constitute

"Compose" is to create or put together. "Comprise" is to contain, to include all or embrace. "Constitute" is to make up, to be the elements of.

Examples: The whole comprises the parts. The parts constitute the whole. The whole is composed of parts.
The department comprises 12 people. Twelve people constitute the department. The department is composed of 12 people.


continual/continuous

"Continual" is a steady repetition.
"Continuous" is uninterrupted.


criteria

plural (more than one criterion, which is a quality, a value or a standard of judgment)

curricula

plural (more than one curriculum, which is a program of academic courses or learning activities—the H&SS curricula)

curricular

adjective (H&SS' curricular philosophy)

curriculum

singular (the History curriculum)

data

plural noun, usually takes a plural verb; if used as a collective noun, when the group or quantity is regarded as a noun, it takes a singular verb (the data is sound).

daylight-saving time

not daylight-savings time

different from

not different than

disinterested/uninterested

"Disinterested" means impartial. "Uninterested" means someone lacks interest.

dissociate

not disassociate

entitled/titled

"Entitled" means having the right to something (she is entitled to the inheritance). Use "titled" to introduce the name of a publication, speech, musical piece (the piece is titled, "Love and Illusion").

farther/further

"Farther" refers to physical distance. "Further" refers to an extension of time or degree.

fewer/less

In general, use "fewer" for individual items that can be counted. Use "less" for bulk or quantity that is measured (not counted). "Fewer" usually takes a plural noun; "less" usually takes a singular noun.

half-mast/half-staff

To use "half-mast," you must be referring to a flag on a ship or at a naval station. A flag anywhere else is at "half-staff."

historic/historical

"Historic" means important. "Historical" refers to any event in the past.

hopefully

Unless you're describing the way someone spoke, appeared or acted, do not use this one. Too many people use "hopefully," an adverb that must modify a verb only, as if it were a conditional phrase.

Right: I hope we can go.
Wrong: Hopefully, we can go.
Wrong: Hopefully, the report will address that issue.
Right: It is hoped the report will address that issue.
Right: She eyed the interview list hopefully.


important/importantly

"Importantly" is incorrect unless it is an adverb.

Right: He strutted importantly through the castle.
Right: More important, he said, the quality of the program must not suffer.


imply/infer

"Imply" means to suggest or indicate indirectly. To "infer" is to conclude or decide from something known or assumed.

In general, if you imply something, you're sending out a message. If you infer something, you're interpreting a message.

in regard to

not in regards to

"As regards" or "regarding" may also be used.

insure/ensure

"Insure" means to establish a contract for insurance of some type. "Ensure" means to guarantee.

General rule? Use "ensure."

irregardless

The word is "regardless." "Irregardless"? No such word.

-ize

Do not coin verbs with this suffix, and do not use already coined words such as "finalize" (use "end" or "conclude") or "utilize" (use "use").

lay/lie

"Lay" means to place or deposit, and requires a direct object (forms: lay, laid, laid, laying). "Lie" means to be in a reclining position or to be situated. It does not take an object (forms: lie, lay, lain, lying).

lectern/podium

You stand on a podium and behind a lectern.

let/leave

To "let alone" means to leave something undisturbed. To "leave alone" means to depart from or cause to be in solitude.

like/as

Use "like" to compare nouns and pronouns. Use "as" to introduce clauses and phrases.

literally/figuratively

"Literally" means in an exact sense. "Figuratively" means in a comparative sense.

Right: The furnace literally exploded.
Right: He was so furious he figuratively blew his stack.


located

In most cases, you'll find you don't really need this word. Instead of "The store is located in the University Center," you can simply write "The store is in the University Center." Instead of "Where are you located at?" (which is the worst construction of all), write "Where are you?"

many/much

In general, use "many" for individual items that can be counted. Use "much" for bulk or quantity that is measured. midnight/noon
Use instead of 12 a.m. or 12 p.m. Do not put a "12" in front of either one.

me/myself

Avoid using "myself." In most constructions, it's the objective pronoun you really want:

Right: It's between you and me.
Wrong: You can tell your supervisor or myself.


more than/over

Use "more than" when you mean in excess of; use "over" when referring to physical placement of an object, an ending or extent of authority.

Right: More than 25 professors participated.
Wrong: The university has over 50 buildings.


nor

Use this word anytime you use "neither."

oral/verbal

"Oral" refers to spoken words. "Verbal" can refer to either spoken or written words, but most often connotes the process of reducing ideas to writing.

partially/partly

These two are not interchangeable. "Partially" is used to mean to a certain degree when speaking of a condition or state. "Partly" implies the idea of a part, usually of a physical object, as distinct from the whole.

Right: I'm partially convinced.
Wrong: The building is partially completed.
Right: The building is in a state of partial completion.
Right: The building is partly completed.


past experience

What other kind of experience is there? Just use "experience" alone.

peddle/pedal

To "peddle" is to sell. To "pedal" is to use pedals, as on a bicycle.

people/persons

Use "person" when speaking of an individual. The word "people," rather than "persons," is preferred for plural uses.

pom-pom/pompon

"Pom-pom" is a rapidly firing weapon. A cheerleader's prop is correctly called a pompon.

premier/premiere

"Premier" is first in status or importance, chief, or a prime minister or chief executive. "Premiere" is a first performance.

presently/currently

Many writers use these terms as if they were synonymous. But "presently" means in a little while, soon. "Currently" means now. In most cases you can do just fine without using "currently." For example, "we are currently revising the plan" works better when simply stated, "we are revising the plan."

pretense/pretext

"Pretense" is a false show or unsupported claim to some distinction or accomplishment. "Pretext" is a false reason or motive put forth to hide the real one, an excuse or a cover-up.


rebut/refute

To "rebut" is to argue to the contrary. To "refute" is to win the argument.

regardless

"Regardless" is a word. "Irregardless" is not a word.

shall/will

"Shall" is used for the first-person future tense and expresses the speaker's belief regarding his or her future action or state.

If "will" is used for first-person future, it expresses his or her determination or consent. At other times, "will" is used for the second- and third-person future tense.

student body

Use "student" or "students" instead.

that/which

See Common Rules.

theater/theatre

The preferred word in the United States is "theater," unless the British spelling is part of a proper name, as in "Kresge Theatre" or "Chosky Theatre."

toward/towards

"Toward" is correct. "Towards" is not.

unique

Commonly overused, this word literally means one of a kind, without equal. "Unique" should never be modified by "truly," "rather" or "very." Something is either unique or it's not.

use/utilize

Use "use." "Utilize" is the awkward verb form of the obsolete adjective "utile." Why bother?

who/whom

We rarely see the word "whom" in writing. But if your sentence has an objective clause referring to a person or animal with a proper name, you're being ungrammatical if you don't use whom.

The word "who" substitutes for subjective pronouns‹he, she or they; "whom" must be used in the sense of him, her or them. If you don't want to use "whom," restructure your sentence. Don't just stick in "who" when it is incorrect.

-wise

Do not use this suffix to coin words like "weatherwise."

Xerox/photocopy

A trademark for a brand of photocopy machine should never be used as a noun or verb.
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adapt (v) To change or change something to suit different conditions.
Example: When I lived in Europe, I had to adapt my lifestyle to fit in with my host family.


adopt (v) To accept something formally and put into effect.
Example: Our school adopted a no smoking on campus policy.

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allusion (n) An implied or indirect reference especially in literature.
Example: Your allusion to Shakespeare is unclear in this essay.


illusion (n) A misleading image presented to the vision.
Example: That picture is an optical illusion. It tricks your eye into seeing something that's not there.

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cite (v) To quote by way of example, authority, or proof.
Example: Please cite your references on the last page of your essay.


site (n) A location.
The architect visited the construction site yesterday.


sight (n) Something regarded as worth seeing.
Example: The fireworks show at midnight was a beautiful sight to see.

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Default Differences !!!

Road and Street

A road usually runs between two more distant points, such as between two towns. A street is described as being a paved road or highway - in a city, town, or village, especially one lined with houses, shops, or other buildings. The implication is that if a street does not have these things, it will probably be called a road. When a town expands, sometimes what was formerly a road will become a street. The word road is the more general term, though, and can be applied to a street. Street is the narrower term.




Snow flurries and Snow showers

Snow refers to the partially frozen water vapor which falls in flakes. The expression snow flurries refers to light, intermittent snowfall without significant accumulation. Snow flurries tend to come from stratiform clouds. Snow showers is the label used to refer to a short period of light-to-moderate snowfall, also characterized by a sudden beginning and ending. There is some accumulation with snow showers, and they fall from convective or cumuliform clouds. A snow squall is a heavy snow shower with strong winds.





complacent and complaisant


Complaisant means 'eager to please' and 'showing a cheerful willingness to fulfill others' wishes'. Complacent is quite the opposite, 'being pleased with oneself; contented to a fault'. However, they share one meaning, which may cause them to be confused - each also carries the sense of 'obliging, agreeable'. One could differentiate the two words by saying that complaisant is the active adverb and complacent denotes a more passive feeling. Complaisant was first recorded in 1647, deriving from Latin complacere. Complacent comes from the same Latin word, but is not found in writing until 1660.






aluminum and aluminium

Aluminum is the American spelling and aluminium is the British spelling for this ductile, malleable silver-white metal. In 1812, its discoverer, Sir H. Davy, first called the metal alumium but then modified the word. This is one of a number of spelling differences between British and American English, such as: aeroplane/airplane, aesthetics/esthetics, colour/color, encyclopaedia/encyclopedia, paralyse/paralyze. The principle differences are: 1) a final -l is always doubled after one vowel in stressed and unstressed syllables in British English, but usually only in stressed syllables in American English; 2) some words end in -tre in British English and -ter in American English; 3) some words end in -ogue in British English and -og in American English; 4) some words end in -our in British English and -or in American English; and 5) some verbs end in -ize or -ise in British English, but only in -ize in American English. In common speech, some 4,000 words are used differently in the UK from the United States.






plaid and tartan

Generally, we think of tartan as the name for the cloth and plaid as the name for the particular pattern, but the words are often used interchangeably so that tartan can mean any checkered pattern and plaid can mean any checkered fabric! Plaid's original definition is 'as a woolen cloth having a checkered or tartan pattern'. It evolved to mean any such checkered or tartan pattern. Tartan's first definition is a 'woolen cloth woven in stripes of various colors at right angles to form a rectangular pattern; also, the pattern and design of such a cloth'. Both words were first recorded around the same time, c. 1500.






roast and bake

Bake is the term used for cooking foods such as bread, potatoes, apples, etc. in dry heat in an oven, and roast refers to cooking meat in an oven or before a fire. However, the terms are actually used quite interchangeably. Both roasting and baking are basically surrounding food with hot, dry air - but our usage of the terms is slightly different. When we think roasting we think of meats and other items that would go into a roasting pan; when we think baking we think baked goods, and the method that produces them. Bake is dated to c. 1000 and roast to the 13th century.







a case in point and in point of fact

A case in point is a relevant example or pertinent case that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time. It is a noun and its plural is cases in point. It derives from French à point meaning 'something relevant'. In point of fact is actually an adverb meaning 'in reality or actuality; actually' or 'with regard to; in the matter of'. These two terms should really not be compared. Examples: When one doubles player is having a great game, the other player is not; case in point is the last two tournaments. In point of fact, no weapons of mass destruction have been found in Iraq.





stationary and stationery

Stationary means 'fixed in one place and not moving' while stationery means 'the paper and envelopes used for writing correspondence'. You can use the a in stationary to remember it is the adjective. Stationery is a noun. Another mnemonic to help you is: let the ar near the end of stationary remind you of 'at rest' and the e near the end of stationery stand for 'envelope'. Examples are: He likes to ride the stationary bicycle for exercise. / She bought stationery and ink pens for writing thank-you notes.






a corporation and a partnership

A corporation is the name used in the United States for a business association established by one or more people who later sell shares in the corporation to investors. In a partnership, there are one or more owners who share jointly in the profits, liabilities, etc., and these partners are personally liable for the debts. A partnership, then, is usually created for a small company. Once the company grows larger, it is usually prudent for the owners to change over to a corporation. There are also differences between a partnership and a 'limited liability company (LLC)', a 'general partnership', and a 'limited partnership'. The main difference between a partnership and an 'LLC' is that partners are personally liable for any business debts of the partnership, while owners of an 'LLC' are not personally liable for the company's debts and liabilities. 'Limited partnerships' are very different from general 'partnerships', and are usually set up by companies that invest money in other businesses.






attorney, barrister, lawyer, and solicitor

Lawyer is a general term for a person who gives legal device and aid and who conducts suits in court. An attorney or, more correctly, an attorney-at-law, is a member of the legal profession who represents a client in court when pleading or defending a case. In the US, attorney applies to any lawyer. In the UK, those who practice law are divided into barristers, who represent clients in open court and may appear at the bar, and solicitors, who are permitted to conduct litigation in court but not to plead cases in open court. The barrister does not deal directly with clients but does so through a solicitor. The word attorney comes from French meaning 'one appointed or constituted' and the word's original meaning is of a person acting for another as an agent or deputy. A solicitor would be the UK equivalent of the US attorney-at-law. Counsel usually refers to a body of legal advisers but also pertains to a single legal adviser and is a synonym for advocate, barrister, counselor, and counselor-at-law. As to the abbreviation 'Esq.' for 'Esquire' used by some lawyers ... it has no precise significance in the United States except as sometimes applied to certain public officials, such as justices of the peace. For some reason, lawyers often add it to their surname in written address. However, it is a title that is specifically male with no female equivalent, so its use by lawyers should fade away.






property and attribute

An attribute is a quality or character ascribed to or considered to belong to, or be inherent in, a person or thing. A property is a quality or characteristic belonging to a person or thing, with its original use implying ownership, and also either being essential or special. However, property is now used to mean a quality or characteristic in general without reference to its being essential or special. In many contexts, these words can now be used interchangeably.





optician, optometrist, and ophthalmologist

The optician dispenses eyeglasses and contact lenses and may also make eyeglasses and other optical instruments. An optician sometimes also tests the eyes and provides a prescription. An optometrist is a specialist in examining and measuring the refractive power of the eyes. An optometrist prescribes corrective lenses and exercises. An ophthalmologist (watch the spelling ph and th!) is an eye specialist who can prescribe drugs or perform surgery. An ophthalmologist has an M.D. (doctor of medicine), an optometrist an O.D. (doctor of optometry), and an optician a license to examine eyes and prescribe treatment. The term oculist is rather dated but is somewhat of a catchall for a doctor of medicine who can examine and treat eyes, including performing surgery. The beginning of each of these words is based on Latin opti- and oculus and Greek ophthalmos, meaning eye.







assure ,insure and ensure

Basically, insure, ensure, and assure mean to make a person or thing more sure. Insure should be restricted to providing or obtaining insurance to indemnify or guarantee someone or something against a loss. Ensure can be used in all other senses, especially 'to make certain'. Ensure can also imply a guarantee. Then there is a third word, assure, which means to make a promise or convince. Assure also implies the removal of doubt and suspense within someone's mind. Here are some examples of usage for assure, ensure, and insure: I assured him that I would not clean out his tool and hardware collection. She looked back to assure that no dogs were following her. / The government ensured the safety of the troops during the time they would be airlifted out of the country. We will ensure that the abusive coach will not return next year. / She was insured against loss in the homeowner's policy. The valuables are insured.






adverse and averse

To be averse to something is to have feelings against it, to be disinclined or opposed towards it. Averse can take the preposition to as well as from and usually describes an attitude. To be adverse to something (the only preposition it takes) is to be turned in an opposite direction to that thing or acting against it. Adverse also means 'opposing or detrimental to one's interests' and usually refers to things, not people. A good way to remember the difference is that the prefix of averse is ab, or away and the prefix of adverse is ad, meaning towards. Examples of each are: I am averse to watching a lot of television. / We are dealing with adverse circumstances.





awhile and a while

As a noun phrase after a preposition such as after, for, in, within, one should use two words, a while. In that case, it means 'a short or moderate time'. If one is using the term adverbially, it should be spelled as one word, awhile, which means 'for a short time'. Examples of each are: I will stay for a while at the party. He napped for a while. / She stayed awhile at the party. I napped awhile on the couch. This topic is a fine point of grammar and for many uses only writing it will distinguish which syntactic structure one should use.





blatant and flagrant

Blatant refers to anything that is offensive, notorious, or shocking, especially in an obvious or conspicuous way. Something that is blatant is often obtrusive in a crass manner - and blatant can be used of persons and things. Flagrant refers to anything that is evil or wrong, a willful or glaring violation of a promise or flouting of law or morality. A flagrant offense or error is so bad that it cannot escape notice. Flagrant is definitely the stronger term. Blatant was purportedly created by the English poet Spenser; flagrant derives from an Aryan word meaning 'to blaze' and its original meaning was 'blazing, burning, flaming'. Examples are: He blatantly lied about having permission to leave the school. / It was a flagrant violation of human rights.







a ship and a boat

The difference between a ship and a boat is size. Generally, a boat is a smaller craft than a ship. Ship is the more broad term for any oceangoing craft. A boat is a small vehicle for traveling on water. A boat can have oars, paddles, sails, or a motor to make it move. A ship is a large boat that can travel across deep water, such as a sea or ocean. A ship is built to carry people or goods for a long distance. A ship is propelled by sail or power only. However, there are two notable exceptions: submarines are officially boats and ore-carrying vessels that traverse large lakes are also called boats.





definite and definitive

These words are not that different, as both refer to something precisely defined or set forth. Definitive, however, specifically applies to a description or judgment that is a standard or reference point for others, or being the most complete or authoritative. Definitive means 'having the function of deciding or settling' or being 'conclusive'. Here are some examples: She has a definite opinion on most topics. I want a definite answer on what we shall eat for dinner tonight. / The Oxford English Dictionary is the definitive guide to the English language. It was a definitive victory for the political candidate.






allusion, delusion, and illusion

An allusion is a reference to something, usually an indirect reference to a statement by another or to a hint or suggestion, a passing or incidental reference. An illusion is a fanciful vision or a false impression or idea, a mental state in which one attributes reality to something unreal. Delusion is a mistaken impression or wrong idea, but the word also implies action - the action of fooling with a wrong impression or idea or the condition of being fooled or deceived. Some examples are: In an allusion to her profession, she named her cat Webster. / He suffers from the delusion that he is a great writer. / It is an illusion that the economy is in a full recovery.






discreet and discrete

This is another pair of homophones (words that sound alike but are different in spelling or meaning or both) that can be very confusing. Discreet implies the showing of reserve and prudence in one's behavior or speech. Discrete means something quite different - 'distinct, separate, unrelated'. Both words derive from the same Latin word discretus and for a long time these words were each spelled two different ways, but eventually came to be differentiated in spelling as well as in meaning. Discreet has yielded the noun discretion, but discrete's noun form is discreteness. Examples: They tried to be discreet about their unapproved friendship. / The course is broken down into 10 discrete study units.






dissemble and disassemble

Disassemble means 'to take something apart'. You can see that the word can be split into a prefix dis- and the root assemble. An example is: She disassembled the Lego creation. Dissemble means 'to alter or change the appearance of in order to deceive or conceal; to misrepresent or pretend'. This word's etymology is trickier: it may be a form of dissimule, which means 'to alter the semblance of in order to deceive or conceal'. So, the breakdown of dissemble is dis- and the root semble, or 'appear, seem'. An example of this word is: We witnessed the dissembled persecution of good citizens.







empathy and sympathy

Both empathy and sympathy are feelings concerning other people. Sympathy is literally 'feeling with' - compassion for or commiseration with another person. Empathy, by contrast, is literally 'feeling into' - the ability to project one's personality into another person and more fully understand that person. Sympathy derives from Latin and Greek words meaning 'having a fellow feeling'. The term empathy originated in psychology (translation of a German term, c. 1903) and has now come to mean the ability to imagine or project oneself into another person's position and experience all the sensations involved in that position. You feel empathy when you've "been there", and sympathy when you haven't. Examples: We felt sympathy for the team members who tried hard but were not appreciated. / We felt empathy for children with asthma because their parents won't remove pets from the household.






an outbreak, epidemic, and a pandemic

An epidemic is a disease that affects many people at the same time, such as the flu. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's official definition of epidemic is: 'The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time'. A pandemic is a very extensive epidemic, like a plague, that is prevalent in a country, continent, or the world. There is also the word endemic, which is a disease native to a people or region, which is regularly or constantly found among a people or specific region. The term outbreak describes the sudden rise in the incidence of a disease, especially a harmful one. An outbreak is characterized by a disease's bypassing of measures to control it. Often, the difference between these terms is determined by the percentage of deaths caused by the disease.







archaic and obsolete

The meaning of these temporal labels can be somewhat different among dictionaries and thesauri. The label archaic is used for words that were once common but are now rare. Archaic implies having the character or characteristics of a much earlier time. Obsolete indicates that a term is no longer in active use, except, for example, in literary quotation. Obsolete may apply to a word regarded as no longer acceptable or useful even though it is still in existence. In the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin [4th ed.], 2004) the archaic label is described this way: "This label is applied to words and senses that were once common but are now rare, though they may be familiar because of their occurrence in certain contexts, such as the literature of an earlier time. Specifically, this label is attached to entry words and senses for which there is only sporadic evidence in print after 1755." The AHD describes the obsolete label thus: "The label obsolete is used with entry words and senses no longer in active use, except, for example, in literary quotations. Specifically, this label is attached to entry words and senses for which there is little or no printed evidence since 1755.





a bug and an insect

We tend to use the word bug loosely for any very small creature with legs. However, a true bug is defined as belonging to the order Hemiptera. These creatures characteristically have tough forewings and lack teeth, such as beetles. True bugs have a stylet (a mouth shaped like a straw) that they use to suck juices from plants. Insects belong to the class Insecta and they are characterized by three-part bodies, usually two pairs of wings, and three pairs of legs, (e.g., bees and mosquitoes). Arthropods (spiders, ticks, centipedes, etc.) is a separate phylum from bugs and insects. All of this does not mean that you are wrong to call various insects bugs; because of the common usage of this meaning, it is certainly acceptable.
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cement and concrete

Cement is any chemical binding agent that makes things stick to it or each other. Examples of cement are "glue," "mortar," and "paste." Concrete is a construction material consisting of cement, water, and some type of granular crushed material like cinders, gravel, sand, slag, or stone. When water is added to the cement and granular material, it activates the cement, which is the element responsible for binding the mix to form a solid object. Cement is from Latin caementum, or 'quarry stone', referring to the crushed stone mixed to form a setting mortar. Eventually, the term was applied to the binding agent itself. Concrete's early meanings were 'formed by cohesion; solidified', from Latin concrescere, 'grow together'. The meaning 'construction material' dates only from the mid-19th century.






a dictionary, a lexicon, and a glossary

These reference books have slightly different denotations. A glossary is a specialized vocabulary with definitions but does not provide other information about the words. A glossary may also be called a vocabulary. A lexicon is generally an alphabetically-arranged list of words with their definitions, but the term does not imply that other information about the words is included. However, a lexicon can be used to mean glossary or dictionary, in which case it would contain what each of those words' definitions entail. Lexicon is considered by some to be a more formal word for dictionary. A dictionary is a reference book consisting of an alphabetically-arranged list of words with their definitions, as well as any or all of these: forms (spellings), pronunciations, functions (parts of speech), etymologies, and syntactical and idiomatic uses. So, dictionary is usually reserved for the more comprehensive type of word book. Lexicon's etymology is Greek, while dictionary's is Latin.








equinox and a solstice

Both of these terms refer to the path of the Sun throughout the year. The equinox is either of the two days or periods each year when the Sun crosses the equator and day and night are of equal length. The name equinox comes from Latin equinoxium, or 'equality between day and night'. The vernal (spring) equinox happens around March 20-21 and the autumnal equinox occurs around September 22-23 in the northern hemisphere (and vice-versa in the southern hemisphere). The solstice is one day when the Sun is at its northernmost point (Tropic of Cancer) and another day when the Sun is at its southernmost point (Tropic of Capricorn). The summer solstice in the northern hemisphere (also the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere) happens around June 21-22. The winter solstice in the northern hemisphere (also the summer solstice in the southern hemisphere) occurs around December 22. Latin solstitium translates to 'Sun standing still', which is what it appears to do.








fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose

Glucose (also called dextrose) and fructose (also called levulose or fruit sugar) are simple sugars. Glucose is found in plant saps and fruits and fructose is in fruits, honey, and green plants. Sucrose - ordinary table sugar from juices, fruits, and roots - is a disaccharide or double sugar as is lactose (also called milk sugar), and maltose. Maltose (also called malt sugar) is found in beer and malt whisky. There are also polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates which include cellulose and starch. The shared suffix -ose (from French) means 'carbohydrate' or 'sugar'.







an epicure, a gourmet, and a gourmand

A gourmet is a connoisseur of food and drink; the more refined term for this is epicure. A gourmand is also one with discriminating taste in food and wine, though this term is often applied to someone who has an excessive fondness for good food and drink, a glutton. Gourmet's etymology is French for 'wine taster' and gourmand, while French, is of unknown origin. Epicure is Latin for 'a follower of Epicurus', an ancient Greek philosopher who discussed giving oneself up to sensual pleasure and professed that pleasure was the highest good. There are actually a few more words of this type of description, like gastronome 'a judge of good eating' and the terms bon vivant and bon viveur, 'one who enjoys wining and dining'.








a homograph, homonym, and homophone

Homographs are words that are spelled alike, but have different meanings and usually different pronunciations, e.g., "stalk" as a plant stem and as the verb meaning to pursue stealthily. Homographs also come from entirely different sources. Homophones are words that are pronounced the same but which are different in spelling and meaning, e.g., "to", "two", and "too". Not all words that are spelled identically are pronounced identically, so they may be homographs without being homophones, e.g., "lead" as a metal and as the verb 'to go in front'. Homonyms are words spelled or pronounced alike but which have different meanings. Since homonym can be used to (ambiguously) describe either a homograph or homophone, it is best avoided.









informal / nonformal, nonstandard, and slang words

The status or stylistic labels informal and nonformal as well as colloquial are terms applied to written usage at the lowest level on the scale of formality. These are the most relaxed and the least constrained forms of written language, the language which we use when writing to close friends and relatives, and to colleagues and others whom we know well. These terms are perfectly acceptable Standard English as long as their use is limited to contexts appropriate for informality. In many dictionaries, the use of the label nonstandard is the most restrictive, applied to forms and usages that educated speakers and writers consider unacceptable. Slang is an extremely informal style of language that is vivid, often extravagant and facetious, in its striving for rhetorical effect.









judo, jujitsu, karate, kung fu, and tae kwon do

Judo, jujitsu, and karate are Japanese in origin; kung fu is Chinese and tae kwon do is Korean. Jujitsu (also spelled jujutsu, jiujitsu, jiujutsu) is a weaponless series of holds, throws, and thrusts used to overturn or disable the opponent - and judo is a refined version of these movements that focuses on quick movement. Both jujitsu and judo translate to ju 'soft' + jitsu 'art, skill'. Karate (translating to 'empty hand') is similar to jujitsu but involves sharp, quick blows to sensitive parts of the opponent's body. Kung fu ('art, skill') is the Chinese version of this, but weapons are sometimes used. Tae kwon do is similar to karate and the term translates tae 'to trample' + kwon 'fist' + do 'way' - or 'way to defeat/trample with the fists'.









literally and figuratively

Literally means 'with truth to the letter; exactly' or according to the strictest sense of the word or words. Figuratively means 'by or as a figure of speech; metaphorically', or 'in a descriptive, analogous, but metaphorical sense of the word or words'. So, you can say: He is literally six-feet four-inches tall. By that, you are saying: He is actually six-feet four-inches tall. For figuratively you could say: I feel figuratively dead from overwork. By that, you are saying: I feel dead in a metaphorical sense from overwork. Few words in the English language are misused as much as literally. It means 'in a literal sense ... not imaginatively, figuratively, or freely'. Sometimes, people use bad metaphors and try to justify them by the improper use of literally. It is also possible to express great emphasis by using the phrase literally and figuratively!







intense and intensive

The best way to illustrate the difference between the words is to say that emotions are intense, while an action that is sustained (such as attention or an application) is intensive. Intense comes from within, while intensive comes from without, i.e., it is imposed or assumed. Intense details a quality or condition (The cold was intense), but intensive implies that the degree or force is very high or strenuous (He received intensive training in meditation). Intense comes from Latin intensus and intendere 'stretched, strained'. Intensive came into English later, but evolved from the same Latin root. When words share roots, their meanings may not diverge enough for English speakers to easily discern the differences.








a monologue and a soliloquy

In origin, the words are doublets: Greek monologue and Latin soliloquy both mean 'single speech'. But they are now distinguished in performances with monologue as a speech made by one person in the company of others while a soliloquy is spoken by one person who is alone. A monologue is a long speech delivered by one person who forgets or neglects the others who are there, with an example being "The Vagina Monologues." Hamlet's "To be or not to be" is a great example of a soliloquy. We also think of monologue in the context of late-night talk shows or comedy clubs where the host or performer does a stand-up comedy routine.








nuclear and atomic

The atom is the smallest identifiable unit of matter. It has a nucleus which contains one or more protons and then one or more electrons orbiting in outer layers. The word nuclear in the phrase 'nuclear bomb' means 'involving or related to atomic nuclei or an atomic nucleus'. The phrase in that sense can be used interchangeably with 'atomic bomb'. The two terms are synonymous when modifying energy and weapons terms. However, when talking about energy level or physics, nuclear denotes the dynamics of particles in the core of an atom, including the protons and neutrons. When talking about energy level, physics, or chemistry, atomic denotes the configuration of electrons that determines the chemistry of an atom and the dynamics of the particles in the outer layer, the electrons. In describing weapons, though, nuclear is a general term for weapons that release energy from nuclear reactions. Atomic refers to the earliest and least sophisticated weapons, which use nuclear fission. Then there is thermonuclear. Thermonuclear weapons use nuclear fusion, which results when the nuclei of hydrogen isotopes merge and release energy. Fusion takes place only at very high temperatures, so thermonuclear devices first set off a fission reaction, which triggers the fusion; some weapons have two fusion stages, the first initiating the second. In describing physics, atomic physics deals with the properties of atoms, which are mainly due to their electron configuration. Nuclear physics, on the other hand, deals only with nuclei. It studies the structure of nuclei, and their reactions and interactions.









partly and partially

Generally, the words may be used interchangeably to refer to some amount or degree that is less than the whole. For example, you can say: She is partly responsible for their fighting. / She is partially responsible for their fighting. However, partially may imply favoritism because it is related to 'partial' and does have the archaic sense 'in a biased manner'. To avoid ambiguity when describing favoritism, say: He is 'partial' to pizza. (Do not say: He was partially/partly favorable to pizza.)







regret and remorse

Regret describes emotions ranging from being disappointed to intense sorrow due mainly to an external circumstance or event. An example is: She regrets that the television show has been canceled. One can also regret a wrong done, as in: He regrets his mistakes. Remorse describes deep regret, involving anguish or guilt and self-reproach or repentance. Remorse is felt by someone for a sin or wrong they have committed. So: He felt remorse for lying to the teacher. Remorse is from the Latin remordere 'to bite again' - as remorse is a gnawing feeling of guilt from a past wrong. Regret is from the French regreter/regrater and originally was a synonym for regrate meaning 'complaint, lament'.







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MUKHTIAR ALI (Saturday, August 18, 2007)
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stratagem, strategy, and tactic

Strategy is often discussed when an attack, battle, competition, or war is being planned. It is a careful plan or method for achieving a goal. Strategy is also the art of devising or employing stratagems. A stratagem is a trick or artifice used to gain advantage over an enemy or opponent. The term tactics in the military sense is concerned with the details of the deployment and movement of combat troops. Tactics in the more general sense are the device or devices for accomplishing an end. Tactics derives from Greek tassein 'to arrange; to place in battle formation'. Strategy comes from the Greek strategia 'generalship' and stratagem comes from Greek strategein 'to maneuver; to be a general' (note that its second vowel was altered over time).








tortuous and torturous

Both tortuous and torturous come from a Latin word torquere, which means 'to twist'. Tortuous continues to mean 'full of twists, turns; twisted, winding'. However, torturous is a derivative of torture and means 'involving or causing torture; painful, tormenting'. The best way to remember the difference, then, is the tortur at the beginning of torturous. Examples: We drove up the tortuous mountain road. / Trying to teach him to drive was a torturous experience.







rack, wrack, wreak, and wreck

To wreak is to inflict vengeance; to wreck is to damage or destroy. Wreak is not found often in English except in the idiom wreak havoc. Wrack as a verb is obsolete but means 'to avenge or revenge; to punish', 'to undergo ruin'. Rack as a verb is used figuratively to mean 'to chalk up; to achieve' and 'to torture; to cause severe pain' (as in the rack as an instrument of torture). It is also used to mean 'to obtain through coercion or intimidation'. Examples: She racked up points in the pool game. Pain racked his body. He racked his brain for the answer. Wrack as a noun means 'destruction' and occurs mainly in wrack and ruin. The word rack is a variant and can be used in that phrase.









a groundhog and a woodchuck

They are the same - a common reddish-brown thickset North American marmot which burrows in the ground and hibernates during winter. The term woodchuck got its folk etymology from an Algonquian word and is akin to the Narraganset word ockqutchaun 'woodchuck'. In the Appalachian Mountains, this animal is called the whistle pig. The word groundhog also once meant aardvark. Woodchucks, groundhogs, and whistle pigs have dark meat with a mild flavor and adapt readily to any squirrel or rabbit recipe.








a college and a university

One of the first meanings of college was 'a society of scholars incorporated within, or in connection with, a university, or otherwise formed for purposes of study or instruction'. That definition shows that historically college was subordinate to university. From the fact that in some universities only a single college was founded or has survived, in which case the university and college became co-extensive, the name has come, as in Scotland and the United States, to be interchangeable with university as 'a college with university functions'. In the US, college has been the general term, and is still usually applied to a small university or degree-granting educational institution having a single curriculum of study. The name university is given mainly to larger institutions which are divided into various faculties and which more resemble the universities of Europe.









a vegetable and a fruit

A fruit is actually the sweet, ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant. A vegetable, in contrast, is an herbaceous plant cultivated for an edible part (seeds, roots, stems, leaves, bulbs, tubers, or nonsweet fruits). So, to be really nitpicky, a fruit could be a vegetable, but a vegetable could not be a fruit. When you go to the grocery store, fruits are those items regarded as those not used in salads and not generally intended for cooking. So, tomatoes are in the vegetable section because of the way they are used (cooked and in salads).








toward and towards

Toward and towards act as a preposition and adjective and have several meanings. The difference is dialectal, though many have tried to draw a semantic distinction (that is, a distinction in meaning). Toward is more common and preferred in American English; towards is the predominant form in British English. Remember that toward implies movement and it should not be used when to or against would be the better choice.







fiancé and fiancée

A fiancé is a man engaged to be married; a fiancée is a woman betrothed. In American English, the accents are usually used. Both are forms of the French word fiancer 'to betroth or promise', probably from Latin fier 'to trust'.







warranty and guarantee

A warranty is a promise or guarantee given. A warranty is usually a written guarantee for a product and declares the maker's responsibility to repair or replace a defective product or its parts. A guarantee is an agreement assuming responsibility to perform, execute, or complete something and offering security for that agreement. It is a promise or an assurance, especially one given in writing, that attests to the quality or durability of a product or service, or a pledge that something will be performed in a specified manner. A guaranty is an undertaking or promise that is the answer to or payment for a debt or default. A guaranty is also something given or held as security until a debt is paid or the performance of a duty is fulfilled. By the way, warrantee is the person to whom a warranty is made and guarantee is one who makes a guaranty.










flaunt and flout

Flaunt and flout are sometimes confused because of their superficial similarities. To flaunt is 'to show off; to display ostentatiously', as in "If you've got it, flaunt it." Flaunt's origin is unknown. To flout is 'to treat with contempt or to show contempt for,' or 'to treat with disregard', as in "Nevertheless, do not flout the rules." Flout may come from a Dutch word fluiten 'to play the flute' or 'to mock'. Got it? Flaunt it!








e-business and e-commerce

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is conducting business communications and transactions via computers and over networks. It is the buying and selling of goods and services through digital communication. E-commerce also includes transactions on the World Wide Web and Internet, and modes such as electronic funds transfer, smart cards, and digital cash. E-business, or electronic business, derived from e-commerce. It is conducting business on the Internet, not just buying and selling, but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners. The term conveys the premise that the business conducts its business entirely online.











a quality and a characteristic

A quality is an 'inherent or distinguishing characteristic, a property, or a personal trait'. Quality denotes the character, disposition, or nature of something. A characteristic is 'a feature that helps distinguish a person or thing, a distinguishing mark or trait'. Quality is slightly more inclusive than characteristic. Characteristic's meaning is more about a distinction.








advice and advise

The first is a noun, the second a verb. Advice is a noun generally meaning 'an opinion about what could or should be done in a situation or about a problem; counsel given' as is "You never take my advice!" Advise is a verb meaning 'to offer advice to; to counsel' as in "We advise you to unplug the appliance before cleaning it." If you have trouble remembering which is which, think of the pronunciation: the verb has the z sound at the end, but you would not pronounce a word ending in -ice as -ize.









a fable and a fairy tale

A fable is explained as a short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like human beings, or a story about legendary persons and exploits. Examples of fables are those of Aesop's Fables with more than 600 narratives, including "The Goose with the Golden Eggs" and "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing." The word fable is derived from fabula, which is Latin for 'discourse', and is used in literary criticism to refer to the actual events that take place in a narrative. "The Lion King" is another notable fable. A fairy tale is described as a fanciful tale of legendary deeds and creatures, usually intended for children, or a fictitious, highly fanciful story or explanation. It usually involves mythical characters such as elves, fairies, giants, goblins, or trolls. A famous collection of fairy tales is that of Hans Christian Andersen, including "The Emperor's New Suit," "The Princess and the Pea," and "The Ugly Duckling." Another collection of fairy tales is that of the Brothers Grimm. The term fairy tale is a rendering of a French term conte de fées.










data and information

The term data refers to factual information, especially that used for analysis and based on reasoning or calculation. Data itself has no meaning, but becomes information when it is interpreted. Information is a collection of facts or data that is communicated. However, in many contexts they are considered and are used as synonyms. Data, by the way, is the plural of datum. Information comes from Latin informationem 'concept, idea' or 'outline'.








chili and chile

Chili and chile are both the pungent fruit of the capsicum, also called chile pepper or chili pepper. But chili is a shortening of chili con carne, a ground beef dish that incorporates chili powder or chili peppers and was first noted in 1857. And Chile, capitalized, is a country. We do not actually use the original English form, though, which was chilli or chilly (which are used in British English) - but now use the Spanish words. Chiles are reduced to powder to make cayenne pepper.









axe and ax

There is no difference; they are simply variant spellings for a heavy tool or instrument used for chopping and cleaving. Ax is the preferred form in modern American English. The word(s) derive from Latin ascia and Greek axine. The plural is axes.









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