It has been viewed that "Question no 4" is related to Synonyms and Antonyms. Following Tips will let you know that how to identify word and how to be prepared from various resources.

From time to time while reading you will see a word you cannot identify. It may be a word you think you know but cannot identify, or it may be a word that is new to you. When this happens, you should use a word identification strategy to identify and say the word.

Here are the steps of a word identification strategy you can use. Each step tells one thing you should do when you come to a word you cannot identify. Continue to follow the steps until you have identified the word.

1. LOOK AGAIN at the word

As you look at the word again, say each letter in the word. This will get you to look more carefully at the word. Often, when you look at a word a second or third time, you will identify the word as a word you know.


2. READ THE SENTENCE

Containing the word to see if you can determine what the word means by how it is used in the sentence. Sometimes, knowing the meaning of a word will help you identify the word.

3. LOOK FOR A PREFIX

at the beginning of the word. A prefix is a word part that is attached to the beginning of a word. Here are some examples of words with the prefix underlined: prepaid, unheard, rerun.

4. LOOK FOR A SUFFIX

at the end of the word. A suffix is a word part that is attached to the end of a word. Here are some examples of words with the suffix underlined: lovely, tallest, spelling.


5. LOOK FOR THE STEM

The stem is what remains after the removal of a prefix and/or suffix. If there is no prefix or suffix, then the whole word is the stem. Here are some examples of words with the stem underlined: prepaid, lovely, misspelling).

6. BLEND AND SAY THE WORD

Blend together the prefix if there is one, the stem, and the suffix if there is one to say the entire word. For example: un+help+ful = unhelpful.


7. USE A DICTIONARY to help identify the word

Look in the dictionary for the word and its phonetic respelling. The phonetic respelling shows the most common pronunciation of the word. Use the phonetic respelling to help you pronounce the word. Also, look at the definitions provided for the word. Select the definition that best fits the meaning of the word as used in the sentence. Knowing the pronunciation of the word and its meaning should allow you to identify the word.

8. ASK SOMEONE for help identifying the word

If you have reached this step and still cannot identify the word, ask your teacher, parent, or another student to help you identify and say the word.

Use this word identification strategy whenever needed in your reading. You cannot understand what you read unless you can identify most or all of the words.


By the help of these tips, You`ll be able to identify the word in examination. After then It`d be easy to answer the question.



to be continued

# 2

VOCABULARY

Vocabulary, or the repertoire of words that an individual knows and uses to communicate, is key component of effective reading from the earliest stages and is central to comprehension. Students cannot understand what they are reading if they do not know what the words mean. Additionally, comprehension degrades proportionally to unknown vocabulary.

Most words are learned through everyday language experiences. Interactions with adults are the best way for children to expand their vocabularies. Through sharing of events and books, adults provide knowledge and stimuli that children need. Once individuals are fluent readers, books and other types of written communication are optimal for expanding vocabulary and concepts.

Despite the fact that most vocabulary is acquired indirectly, research suggests that vocabulary can be improved with explicit instruction. Direct instruction helps students to learn words that have not been mastered from life experiences. It can be provided through oral discussion that familiarizes students with vocabulary words, often offered before a story or text lesson is read. These introductory vocabulary lessons also aid comprehension. The discourse teaches the words and lays groundwork for the content that is to be covered. If students are to remember the words and make them part of their working vocabularies, they need repeated exposure and additional practice using the words over an extended period of time.

Ambiguities of the English language make learning words a challenge. Multiple meanings, spellings, and pronunciations confuse students and hinder verbal or written communication. Direct vocabulary instruction develops awareness of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, and heteronyms. Lessons or manipulatives can teach students both words and specific strategies.

Structural features of words offer clues to meaning. Prefixes are added before root words to modify the meaning. Since prefixes carry meaning, being familiar with them can be valuable for vocabulary expansion. Suffixes are added to the end of words to change the part of speech. If students can identify the root word and determine the part of speech, often they can figure out what the word means. Root words also have meaning. Study of Latin root words and the many words that can be formed from them is a powerful strategy for analyzing word meaning and expanding vocabulary.

Another technique that is worthwhile for advancing word concepts is classification, or the ability to categorize vocabulary words into classes. When using categories, students consider words in terms of their class membership rather than as separate entities. Students can be asked to sort words by categories or find words that do not belong. Word relationship analysis, such as analogies, is a type of classification skill. In addition to vocabulary improvement, studying classes and relationships builds reasoning skills.







Affixes & Roots

The English language has been strongly influenced by other languages over the centuries, particularly by Latin and Greek. Understanding the structure of these two western classical languages affords many insights into the formation and meaning of English vocabulary words. Greek and Latin are inflecting languages in which words and usage are modified by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. Familiarity with prefix meaning, suffix usage, and the most common Latin roots can provide clues for figuring out tens of thousands of words.



Step 1 - Teach common prefixes and their meanings

Prefixes are placed at the beginning of words to change meaning. Learning approximately 20 high-utility prefixes can significantly enhance one’s ability to analyze word meaning. For example, the following common prefixes all mean not or opposite:

dis – disappear, distraction, dismiss, dispute
im – immature, imperfect, improbable, impudent
in – inequity, ineffective, incredible, insecure, inaccessible
ir – irresponsible, irreverent, irregular, irresistible
un – unobstructed, unrealistic, unbeaten, uncivilized




Step 2 - Show how suffixes modify parts of speech

Suffixes added to the end of words affect usage rather than meaning. Most commonly, suffixes denote verb tense, noun plurals, or adjective degree. Understanding these uses improves grammar, but does not build vocabulary. However, recognizing how suffixes are utilized to modify parts of speech can be a worthwhile meaning-analysis strategy. Identifying the usage might help a reader to get the gist of what is being said.

The following show suffixes modifying parts of speech:
-ant, -ent (verb to adjective) - observe to observant, differ to different, defy to defiant
-ty (adjective to noun) - active to activity, safe to safety, cruel to cruelty
-ion (verb to noun) - collect to collection, act to action, appreciate to appreciation





Step 3 - Study the most frequently used Latin roots

Frequently occurring Latin roots and their variant forms are potent vocabulary builders. Just learning the top 25 would offer insight into innumerable English words. Some that are more straightforward, such as port or scribe, may be learned with little instruction. However, structured lessons would unlock many others.

These words are examples of the Latin root mit, miss, which means to send or let go. The word meanings in parentheses couple both the root and prefix meanings.
commit/commission (send together); transmit/transmission (send across);
admit/admission (let go toward); remit/remission/remittance/remiss (send back);
intermission/intermittent (let go between); emit/emission/emissary (send out of)










"Onym" Words

The suffix -onym is derived from the Greek word for name. Words that end in -onym refer to a category of words. Often the class is based on relationships between word pairs, such as synonyms and antonyms. Other classes have spelling, sound, or meaning similarities or differences, such as homonyms or heteronyms. Knowledge of the following word types is necessary for vocabulary use and spelling accuracy.




Synonyms

Of all these groups, synonyms are most significant for vocabulary improvement. Synonyms are words that have the same meanings. However, synonyms often have different connotations or tone, and considering these features leads to more accurate choices. Additionally, some words are quite overused (good tops the list), and students must strive to select alternate words.

The built-in thesauruses in word processing programs are excellent tools for today's writers. Before students maximize this feature in their writing, they must be cognizant of word nuances and repetition. Manipulatives provide structured study of synonyms that make students think about synonyms as they write and train them to consider word choices.




Antonyms

Antonyms, or words having opposite meanings, are useful for concept and vocabulary understanding, but they do not improve usage. For instance, if you say that superb is the opposite of poor, most students would comprehend the word meaning. But would it be preferable to say that superb is another word for outstanding? Focusing on synonyms is the superior strategy.




Homonyms

Homo comes from the Greek word meaning one. Homonyms are two words having the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spellings. Rather than bogging down with additional terminology, Reading Manipulatives uses this inclusive definition of homonym to refer to words that are pronounced the same but have either different spellings (to, too, two) or meanings (bat-device for hitting baseballs, bat-flying nocturnal animal).




Heteronyms

Heteronyms are words that are spelled the same, but they differ in both meaning and pronunciation (reocord v, recoord n). Students figure out heteronyms on their own by using context. However, heteronyms can be used in creative ways to demonstrate the idiosyncrasies of English and test the writing skills of students.






Instructional Strategies & Materials

Manipulatives are effective for improving vocabulary through synonym association and substitution. Manipulatives could also be used with antonyms, but antonym matching is not as worthwhile as either a vocabulary development or writing strategy.



Step 1 - Teach the characteristics of each category
Before moving students into manipulatives or skills cards, be sure that they know what synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, or heteronyms are. Introduce these concepts one at a time and follow the lesson with some type of activity.

Step 2 - Make sets of manipulatives and skills cards
Comprehensive sets of manipulatives and skills cards assure that key vocabulary words are covered and that students have adequate practice to master skills. This proves to be far more beneficial than the random lessons that are generally used. These sets become part of the daily assignments. The initial time invested is returned as students repeatedly work on the materials and as they are reused with future classes.



Step 3 - Integrate and immerse

Consider making the homonyms, synonyms, or antonyms part of some weekly spelling lists. Students tend to focus on their list words, and immersion helps students remember the concepts. Additionally, homonyms are spelling nemeses for many. For example, one extensive analysis of student-writing samples listed improper use of its and it's as the leading error.

Teach word use at every opportunity. Research suggests that words are not mastered without repeated exposure, with four being the average that is necessary. Students may understand the characteristics of the word categories, but they will not retain individual vocabulary words unless they practice these words over time.











Analogies

Analogies require learners to use higher-level thinking strategies to associate two words that are not commonly linked and ascertain what relationship exists between the two words. Once the implied analogy pattern (synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, degree, part to whole, function, characteristic, etc.) is determined, the task is to create a similar relationship for the next pair of words. Analogies are used to develop and test vocabulary since students must know the meaning of the words in order to complete an analogy.



Step 1 - Teach what analogies are and the format they are written in


Analogies are a type of word puzzle containing two pairs of words, both of which are based on the same type of relationship. The first pair of words is given, along with the first word of the second pair. Students must determine the relationship that exists between the first pair of words and then complete the second pair with a word following the same pattern.

In solving an analogy, the first step is to read the given analogy in a sentence. In the case of the analogy shown (painter : brush : : barber : ________ / choices: shears or hair), it is read, “painter is to brush as barber is to _________.” Next, verbalize the relationship that exists between the first two words: “A painter uses a brush.” Extend that relationship to the next word: “A barber uses _________.” (worker to tool)



Step 2 - Study multiple analogies and determine types of word relationships
The following examples show types of relationships and analogy form:

• synonyms (competent : capable : : believable : plausible )
• antonyms (bold : shy : : risky : safe)
• homonyms (piece : peace : : seen : scene)
• action to object (pull : tugboat : : lift : crane)
• animal to animal’s sound (turkey : gobble : : owl : hoot)
• animal to group (lion : pride : : goose : gaggle)
• category to example (insect : mosquito : : amphibian : frog)
• example to category (human : omnivore : : moose : herbivore)
• degree (prick : impale : : call : scream)
• cause to effect (wound : blood : : fire : heat)
• locomotion to animal (slither : snake : : hop : kangaroo)
• fruit to dried variety (grape : raisin : : plum : prune)
• object to composition (credit card : plastic : : antennae : metal)
• vehicle/vessel to stopping agent (ship : anchor : : automobile : brakes)
• workplace to worker (garage : mechanic : : school : teacher)
• sport to scoring event (baseball : run : : football : touchdown)
• player to sport (quarterback : football : : goalie : soccer)
• slang to word (cop : policeman : : dough : money)


An analogy must always have parallel structure. For instance, if the relationship is part to whole (mattress to bed), the second pair cannot be whole to part (sofa to cushion). It would have to be: mattress is to bed as cushion is to sofa.





Step 3 - Structure options to build vocabulary

Since analogies are a method for developing or testing vocabulary, students are hindered when they are unfamiliar with words that are among the choices. For instance, in this analogy (lemonade : beverage : : torte is to _________ / choices: casserole or dessert), one must know the word torte to know that dessert, not casserole, is the correct choice. Vocabulary expansion is a goal, so students must look up words that they are unsure of.















to be continued (General exercises)

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Excercises

Let`s try to identify the Synonyms of most common words. This is how, We`d be able to deal with difficult words gradually.


Let`s find the Synonym of abstract :


It gives the Sense 1:

abstraction, abstract

concept, conception, construct


Sense 2:

outline, synopsis, abstract, precis

summary, summarization





Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb abstract


Sense 1:

abstract

see, consider, reckon, view, regard


Sense 2:

pilfer, cabbage, purloin, pinch, abstract, snarf, swipe, hook, sneak, filch, nobble, lift

steal


Sense 3:

abstract

consider, take, deal, look at


Sense 4:

abstract

sum up, summarize, resume





Similarity of adj abstract

4 senses of abstract


Sense 1:
abstract (vs. concrete)

conceptual
ideal
conceptional, ideational, notional



Sense 2:
abstract, abstractionist, nonfigurative, nonobjective

nonrepresentational (vs. representational)


Sense 3:
abstract, theoretical

technical (vs. nontechnical)


Sense 4:
abstract

theoretical (vs. applied)

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exercise 2


Let`s find the Synonyms for acquire :


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb acquire

Sense 1:
get, acquire



Sense 2:
assume, acquire, adopt, take on, take

change



Sense 3:
grow, develop, produce, get, acquire

change












Let`s find the Synonyms for accurate :


Similarity of adj accurate

2 senses of accurate


Sense 1:
accurate (vs. inaccurate)

close, faithful
dead-on(prenominal)
high-fidelity, hi-fi
straight
true, dead on target
veracious



Sense 2:
accurate, exact, precise

correct (vs. incorrect), right (vs. wrong)

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Let`s find out Synonyms for affect


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun affect

Sense 1:
affect

feeling


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb affect

Sense 1:
affect, impact, bear upon, bear on, touch on, touch

change, alter


Sense 2:
affect

change, alter


Sense 3:
involve, affect, regard

refer, pertain, relate, concern, come to, bear on, touch, touch on


Sense 4:
feign, sham, pretend, affect, dissemble

misrepresent, belie


Sense 5:
affect, impress, move, strike




Let`s find out Synonyms for aloof


Similarity of adj aloof


Sense 1:
aloof, distant

reserved (vs. unreserved)



Synonyms of adv aloof

Sense 1:
aloof
Derived from adj aloof (Sense 1)
aloof, distant








Let`s find out Synonyms for analyze


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb analyze


Sense 1:
analyze, analyse, study, examine


Sense 2:
analyze, analyse, break down, dissect, take apart


Sense 3:
analyze


Sense 4:
analyze, analyse, psychoanalyze, psychoanalyse

treat, care for





Let`s discuss Synonyms for approach

Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun approach

Sense 1:approach, attack, plan of attack

conceptualization, conceptualisation, formulation, formularizing, formularising

Sense 2:
approach, approaching, coming

motion, movement, move



Sense 3:
set about, go about, approach

act, move


Sense 4:
approach, come near

come, come up


Sense 5:
approach

address, accost, come up to


Sense 6:
overture, advance, approach, feeler

suggestion, proposition, proffer



Sense 7:
approach, approaching, coming

timing


Sense 8:
approach

approximation


Sense 9:
approach, approach shot

golf stroke, golf shot, swing


See a single word gives too many senses. We can easily grasp the actual meaning of a word.










What would be Synonyms for boring

Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun boring


Sense 1:
drilling, boring

creating by removal


Sense 2:
boring, drilling, oil production

production




Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb bore


Sense 1:
bore, tire


Sense 2:
bore, drill

cut


Similarity of adj boring



Sense 1:
boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow, tedious, tiresome, wearisome

uninteresting (vs. interesting)












Let`s find out Synonyms for benefit

Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun benefit


Sense 1:
benefit

payment



Sense 2:
benefit, welfare

good, goodness


Sense 3:
benefit

performance, public presentation


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb benefit


Sense 1:
profit, gain, benefit

get, acquire


Sense 2:
benefit, do good

help, aid











Identify Synonyms for calm


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun calm


Sense 1:
composure, calm, calmness, equanimity

disposition, temperament




Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb calm

Sense 1:calm, calm down, quiet, tranquilize, tranquillize, quieten, lull, still

comfort, soothe, console, solace


Sense 2:
steady, calm, becalm

stabilize


Sense 3:
calm, calm down, cool off, chill out, simmer down, settle down, cool it

change state, turn




Similarity of adj calm


Sense 1:
calm, unagitated

composed (vs. discomposed)


Sense 2:
calm, serene, tranquil

peaceful (vs. unpeaceful)


Sense 3:
calm (vs. stormy)

placid, quiet, still, tranquil, unruffled
settled
windless



Sense 4:
calm

unagitated (vs. agitated), undisturbed






Let`s identify Synonyms for common

Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun common


Sense 1:
park, commons, common, green

tract, piece of land, piece of ground, parcel of land, parcel


Similarity of adj common


Sense 1:
common (vs. individual)

communal, group(prenominal)
community(prenominal), public


Sense 2:
common (vs. uncommon)

average, ordinary
democratic, popular
demotic
frequent
general
grassroots
standard

Sense 3:
common, mutual

shared (vs. unshared)


Sense 4:
common, usual

familiar (vs. strange)


Sense 5:
common, vernacular, vulgar

informal (vs. formal)


Sense 6:
common, plebeian, vulgar, unwashed

lowborn (vs. noble)


Sense 7:
coarse, common

inferior (vs. superior)


Sense 8:
coarse, common, uncouth, vulgar

unrefined (vs. refined)


Sense 9:
common, simple

ordinary (vs. extraordinary)











Now Let`s findout Synonyms for conflict


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun conflict


Sense 1:
conflict, struggle, battle

group action


Sense 2:
conflict

state


Sense 3:
conflict

incompatibility


Sense 4:
conflict

ambivalence, ambivalency


Sense 5:
conflict

opposition, oppositeness



Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb conflict


Sense 1:
conflict

contrast, counterpoint


Sense 2:
conflict, run afoul, infringe, contravene

transgress, offend, infract, violate, go against, breach, break












Now come to Synonyms for culture


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun culture


Sense 1:
culture

cultivation



Sense 2:
culture

taste, appreciation, discernment, perceptiveness


Sense 3:
acculturation, culture

content, cognitive content, mental object

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Find out the Synonyms for prevent


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb prevent


Sense 1:
prevent, forestall, foreclose, preclude, forbid


Sense 2:
prevent, keep







Verify the Synonyms for significant


Similarity of adj significant


Sense 1:
significant (vs. insignificant), important

big, momentous
earthshaking, world-shaking, world-shattering
epochal, epoch-making
evidential, evidentiary
fundamental, profound
monumental
noteworthy, remarkable
operative, key
portentous, prodigious
head(prenominal)
large


Sense 2:
significant, substantial

considerable (vs. inconsiderable)


Sense 3:
significant (vs. nonsignificant)


Sense 4:
meaning(prenominal), pregnant, significant

meaningful (vs. meaningless)











Appropriate Synonyms for victim


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun victim

Sense 1:
victim

unfortunate, unfortunate person


Sense 2:
victim, dupe

person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, human, soul











Let`s findout Synonyms for ambiguous


Similarity of adj ambiguous


Sense 1:
equivocal (vs. unequivocal), ambiguous

ambivalent
double, forked
evasive
indeterminate



Sense 2:
ambiguous (vs. unambiguous)

double-barreled, double-barrelled
double-edged
enigmatic, oracular
left-handed
multivalent, multi-valued
polysemous
uncertain


Sense 3:
ambiguous

unstructured (vs. structured)











Synonyms for incredible


Similarity of adj incredible


Sense 1:
incredible (vs. credible), unbelievable

astounding, dumbfounding, dumfounding
fabulous
improbable, marvelous, marvellous, tall(prenominal)
undreamed, undreamed of, undreamt, undreamt of, unimagined












Synonyms for influence

Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun influence


Sense 1:
influence

power, powerfulness, potency


Sense 2:
influence

causing, causation


Sense 4:
influence

consequence, effect, outcome, result, issue, upshot


Sense 3:
influence

determinant, determiner, determinative, determining factor, causal factor


Sense 5:
influence

power, force


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb influence


Sense 1:
influence, act upon

affect, impact, bear upon, bear on, touch on, touch


Sense 2:
determine, shape, influence, regulate

cause, do, make


Sense 3:
charm, influence, tempt

persuade

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Synonyms for Past papers

Let`s findout appropriate synonyms for 2007 paper


Synonyms for PAROXYSM

Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun paroxysm


Sense 1:
paroxysm, fit

attack (sudden outburst)








Synonyms for LACUNAE

Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun lacuna


Sense 1:
lacunae, blank

gap, crack (missing parts)



Sense 2:
coffer, caisson, lacunae

panel











Synonyms for GROTTO


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun grotto


Sense 1:
grotto, grot

cave (cavern)










Synonyms for FETTER


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun fetter


Sense 1:
fetter, hobble

shackle, bond, hamper, trammel, trammels


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of verb fetter

Sense 1:
fetter, shackle

restrain, confine, hold (to restrain)












Synonyms for STOICISM


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun stoicism


Sense 1:
stoicism, stolidity, stolidness

unemotionality, emotionlessness



Sense 2:
Stoicism

philosophical doctrine, philosophical theory














Synonyms for SUCCULENT


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun succulent


Sense 1:
succulent

vascular plant, tracheophyte


Similarity of adj succulent

Sense 1:
lush, succulent

juicy (vs. juiceless)









Synonyms for MALEDICTION


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun malediction


Sense 1:
imprecation, malediction

execration, condemnation, curse (awkwardness)

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Let`s findout Synonym for 2006 paper



Synonyms for FINICKY


Similarity of adj finicky



Sense 1:
finical, finicky, fussy, particular

fastidious (vs. unfastidious) (fussy)






Synonyms for VELD


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun veld


Sense 1:
veld, veldt

grassland







Synonyms for CAJUN


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun cajun


Sense 1:
Cajun

Acadian










Synonyms for LOGGIA


Synonyms (Grouped by Similarity of Meaning) of noun loggia


Sense 1:
loggia

arcade, colonnade (gallery)

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