Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end as briefly as possible into 2 lines each):
“Heads of Government attending the London Economic Summit will have no excuses if they fail to curb the level of arms exports. A new definitive study by the International Monetary Fund, not generally known for its liberal views, makes it plain that high levels of arms spending in some developing countries have retarded social programmes, economic development projects and the private sector, the latter being an issue with which the seven richest market economies can identify.
The IMF, however, picks out 10, consistent offenders among developing countries which spend more than 15 percent of their GDP on the military, they are: Israel, Angola, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Libya. Employing some unusually forceful language the Fund says, High levels of military expenditure certainly led to low growth and domestic economic hardship in some countries by diverting fund from social programmes, economic development projects and the private- sector”.
The study poses a couple of other serious problems for the summiteers. It shows for instance, that military expenditure is very sensitive to financial constraints. Thus, if countries are deprived of resources, then they are forced to cut back on armaments:

1. What are the heads of Government doing at the summit?
Heads of Government came together at the summit to take actions to curb the arms exports.

2. What are the findings of the new study?
A new study by the International Monetary Fund claims that developing countries who face problems in social welfare projects, economic development, and private sector are those who spend heavily on arms.

3. How does military expenditure affect domestic economy of a country and in what ways?
Military expenditure diverts the much-needed funds from the domestic economy of a country. If these funds were directed to the domestic economy, then it would financially contribute towards economic development projects, social welfare programmes, and the private sector.

4. What is the relationship between military spending and economic growth?
The higher the military expenditure the lower the economic growth and higher the domestic economic hardship.

5. How is military expenditure related to resources?
The military expenditure is very susceptible to budgetary constraints. Thus, if the government are bereft of resources, then they would be forced to roll back their spending on weapons.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given at the end:
“Moral self-control, and external prohibition of harmful acts, are not adequate methods of dealing with our anarchic instincts. The reason they are inadequate is that these instincts are capable of many disguises as the Devil in medieval legend, and some of these disguises deceive even the elect. The only adequate method is to discover what are the needs of our instinctive nature, and then to search for the least harmful way of satisfying them. Since spontaneity is what is most thwarted by machines, the only thing that can be provided is opportunity, the use made of opportunity must be left to the initiative of the individual. No doubt, considerable expense would be involved but it would not be comparable to the expense of war. Understanding of human nature must be the basis of any real improvement in human life. Science has done wonders in mastering the laws of the physical world, but our own nature is much less understood, as yet, than the nature of stars and electrons. When science learns to understand human nature, it will be able to bring happiness into our lives which machines and the Physical Science have failed to create.”

1. Why are moral self-control, and external prohibition inadequate to deal with our anarchic instincts?
The man’s moral self-control and external prohibition are inadequate to deal with his anarchic instincts because these instincts are capable of many disguises and can deceive even the most morally upright individuals.

2. What is the adequate method of anarchic instincts?
The only effective approach is to identify the demands of a man's inherent nature and then look for the least destructive manner to meet those wants.

3. What should be the basis of any real improvement in human life?
Any genuine advancement in the quality of human life must start with an understanding of human nature.

4. How can science help humanity to achieve happiness?
Science can help humanity to achieve happiness by learning to understand human nature and by providing new ways to satisfy their instinctive needs without causing harm. This can help humanity to achieve happiness that machines and physical science have failed to create.

Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end in your own words without lifting sentences from the given text:
Recently the mass media, formerly subservient to the medical profession, have become increasingly, restive, and occasionally hostile. In Germany, in particular, the newspapers and television have given a great deal of time and space to the complaints against the medical profession. In Britain on BBC radio and television, the medical practices have come under sharp and aggressive criticism. Is this antagonism to the profession justified? And if so, why? I have tried to answer that question by looking at the way it deals with some of the diseases of our civilisation, including the most lethal, heart-attacks and cancer. If what emerges is an indictment of the profession, then I would rebut the charge that I am anti-doctor. Montaigne said: ‘I honour physicians not for their services but for themselves.’ That goes for me too.

1. What do you understand by the mass media?
Mode of communication used by vast number of people to gather information is called mass media. Most common tools of mass media are radio, television, and newspaper.

2. What is Brian Inglis stance, towards the medical profession?
Brian Inglis is trying to understand whether the recent antagonism towards the medical profession by the mass media is justified. He is also trying to understand the reason behind it and is not taking a stance for or against the medical profession. He also mentions that he honors the physicians for themselves and not for the services they provide.

3. What is a lethal disease?
A lethal disease is a disease that can cause death. Heart-attacks and Cancer are one of the most known lethal diseases.

4. Is there a radical change in the presentation of the art of healing by the mass media?
Brian Inglis suggests that there has been a change in the way the mass media is presenting the art of healing, particularly in Germany and Britain, where the medical profession has come under sharp and aggressive criticism.

Read the following passage and answer the question given at the end in your own words.
“Piecing together the story of human evolution is no easy task. The anthropologist Richard Leakey has identified four key steps in our evolution from the earliest hominid to modern humans. First, the occurrence of bipedalism between 10 and 4 million years ago. Then the evolution of Homo, with its large brain and capacity to make stone tools — the earliest examples of which are 2.5 million years old. Next, the evolution of Hemo erects almost 2 million years ago, followed by its migration out of Africa into Eurasia. And finally the appearance of modern human less than 150000 years ago”. “Through the 10 million years of human evolution, the Earth’s climate has changed considerably. During the period that Michael Sarrnthies of Kie has called the “Golden era” — up to 3 million years ago — the world was much warmer than it is now. Then conditions started to deteriorate, and there was a gradual build-up of ice at the poles. Around 2.6 million years ago the climate became cyclical: ice ages characterized by huge ice sheets covering much of North America and northern Europe were followed by interglacial, when conditions were comparable to those we see today. Elizabeth Vrba of Yale University, one of the most vigorous proponents of the idea of punctuated equilibrium, has shown that this change in the world’s climate 2.6 million years ago had sudden and dramatic effects in Africa. A predominantly warm and moist climate was transformed into one which was colder and more arid”.

1. Give dictionary meanings of the underlined words.

• Anthropologist: a person who studies the science of human beings and their societies and cultures
• Evolution: the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form
• Hominid: refers to a member of the primate family Hominidae, which includes modern humans and their extinct ancestors.
• Bipedalism: the ability to walk on two legs
• Homo: a genus of primates that includes the species Homo sapiens (modern humans), as well as extinct human species such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
• Stone tools: implements made by shaping or sharpening natural stone
• Migration: the movement of people from one place to another
• Deteriorate: to become worse in quality or condition
• Proponents: a person who supports or advocates for a particular idea or theory
• Transformed: to change in form, appearance, or structure; metamorphose

2. How did the climate become cyclical?
The climate became cyclical due to the gradual build-up of ice at the poles and the onset of ice ages, which were characterized by huge ice sheets covering much of North America and northern Europe, followed by interglacial periods when conditions were more similar to those of today.

3. Define the term “Golden era”.
“Golden era” is defined as the time about three million years ago when temperatures were significantly higher than they are now.

4. Describe the various stages in the development of the human species.
From the earliest hominid to modern humans, researcher Richard Leakey has identified four crucial stages in human history. The first is Bipedalism, which took place between 10 and 4 million years ago. Then came the evolution of Homo, a species with a vast brain and the ability to create stone tools, the oldest of which date back 2.5 million years. The evolution of Homo erectus almost two million years ago, its exodus from Africa into Eurasia, and finally the advent of the modern human fewer than one hundred and fifty thousand years ago.

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. Use your own English as much as possible otherwise you will not score high marks:
A political community may be viewed as a group of people living together under a common regime, with a common set of authorities to make important decisions for the group as a whole. To the extent that the regime is “legitimate” we would further specify that the people have internalized a common set of rules. Given the predominantly achievement-oriented norms which seem to be a necessary concomitant of industrial society, these rules must apply equally to the entire population or Precisely those criteria (e.g. language) which are a basis for blocking individual social mobility, can become the basis for cleavage which threatens the disintegration of the political community. Among post-tribal multilingual populations where the masses are illiterate, generally unaware of national events, and have low expectations of social and economic mobility, the problems is largely irrelevant even if such populations have a linguistically distinct elite group. In contrast, when the general population of a society is going through the early stages of social mobilization, language group conflicts seem particularly likely to occur; they may develop animosities which take on a life of their own and persist beyond the situation which gave rise to them. The degree to which this happens may be significantly affected by the type of policy which the government adopts during the transitional period. The likelihood that linguistic division will lead to political conflict is particularly great when the language cleavages are linked with the presence of dominant group which blocks the social mobility of members of a subordinate group, partly, at least, on the basis of language factors. Where a dominant group holds the positions of power at the head of the major bureaucracies in a modern society, and gives preference in recruitment to those who speak the dominant language, any submerged group has the options of assimilations, non-mobility or group-resistance. If an individual is overwhelmed numerically or psychologically by the dominant language, if his group is proportionately too small to maintain a self-contained community within the society, assimilation usually occurs. In contrast, if one is part of a numerous or geographically concentrated minority group, assimilation is more difficult and is more likely to seem unreasonable. If the group is numerous and mobilized, political resistance is likely.

1. A political community is identified as a group of people who have three things in common; What are they?
A political community is identified as a group of people who have three things in common: they live together under a common regime, they have a common set of authorities to make important decisions for the group as a whole, and they have internalized a common set of rules.

2. Why are the rules important?
The rules are important because they apply equally to the entire population and prevent criteria such as language from becoming a basis for cleavage and threatening the disintegration of the political community.

3. Give another word or paraphrase for: i. cleavage; ii, disintegration.

• Cleavage – Schism, Division
• Disintegration – Collapse, Breakdown

4. In the second paragraph the authors distinguish between two types of society: What are they?
In the second paragraph, the authors distinguish between two types of society: post-tribal multilingual populations where the masses are illiterate, generally unaware of national events, and have low expectations of social and economic mobility; and societies where the general population is going through the early stages of social mobilization.

5. What problem is irrelevant to the first type?
The problem of linguistic division is largely irrelevant to the first type of society.

6. What is likely to happen to the second?
In the second type of society, language group conflicts are particularly likely to occur and may develop animosities that persist beyond the situation that gave rise to them.

7. When will language create political conflict?
Language creates political conflict when the language cleavages are linked with the presence of a dominant group that blocks the social mobility of members of a subordinate group, partly, at least, on the basis of language factors.

8. What is assimilation and when does it occur?
Assimilation is when an individual or group adopts the norms, values, and practices of the dominant group in a society. It usually occurs when an individual or group is overwhelmed numerically or psychologically by the dominant language, and if their group is proportionately too small to maintain a self-contained community within the society.

9. When does group resistance occur?
Group resistance occurs when an individual or group is part of a numerous or geographically concentrated minority group, and assimilation is difficult and seems unreasonable.

10. Give the opposite of the term “dominant group” used in the text.
Subordinate Group

Read the following passages and answer the questions given at the end in your own words.
"In countless other places, companies locating overseas are causing environmental harm. Japan has come in for heavy criticism from environmentalists in Southeast Asia for allegedly locating extremely harmful processes abroad because they no longer can pass environmental muster at home. A Malaysian subsidiary of the Mitsubishi Kasei Corp. was forced by court order to close after years of Protests by local residents that the plant’s dumping of radioactive thorium was to blame for unusually high leukemia rates in the region. Several multinational corporations operating in South Africa, including local subsidiaries of the Bayer Pharmaceuticals concern and a Duracell battery plant, have been implicated by local environ mentalists in toxic catastrophes that they believe have-caused cancer and other severe health problems among workers. Despite the threats, international markets also help diffuse many environmentally helpful products around the world. Trade in pollution control technologies is on the rise, particularly as environmental laws are strengthened in developing countries. International trade also can put pressure on companies to match the environmental immolations of their international competitors, as in the U.S. Car industry’s response to Japan’s advances in fuel efficiency. - Meanwhile, there are indications that, contrary to some people's expectations, being open to foreign investment can help prevent the caution of pollution havens rather than cause them. Research by Nancy Birds all and David Wheeler of the World Bank found that dirty industries developed faster in Latin American economies relatively in hospitable to foreign investment than in open ones. Another World Bank study looked at the rates at which 60 different countries its way to nations open to foreign investment far more rapidly than those closed toll The authors of these studies suggests several possible explanations for such trends. For one, closed economies protect capital-intensive, pollution-intensive industries in situations where low-cost labour otherwise would have been a draw to less polluting industries, Second, companies trying to sell their goods in industrial countries need to please the growing number of “green consumers” there. Finally the equipment used by multinational tends on balance to be newer and cleaner than that employed by national industries.

1. Why is Japan under heavy criticism?
Japan has come under heavy criticism for setting up harmful industries overseas because they can no longer set up a process domestically which violates their domestic environmental laws.

2. What did the court decree in Malaysia? And why?
A Malaysian subsidiary of the Mitsubishi Kasei Corp. was shut down by court decree after the protests by Malaysian residents claiming that the plant’s dumping of radioactive thorium led to unusually high leukemia rates in the region.

3. How does a certain industry cause cancer to the local resident?
Several multinational corporations release toxic effluents in the atmosphere in the manufacturing process. These effluents cause cancer and other severe health problems in residents when they consume it through water, air, or food.

4. What could be the role of international markets in controlling pollution?
As environmental laws are strengthening in developing countries, international markets can put pressure on companies to compete with the improved standards of environmental exhaust of their international competitors along with trade in pollution control technologies.

5. What is a “pollution-haven”?
A “pollution-haven” is a place where companies locate in order to take advantage of weaker environmental regulations.

6. What does the research by Nancy Birds all and David Wheeler say?
According to World Bank research by Nancy Birds all and David Wheeler, the filthy industry developed more quickly in Latin American nations because these nations were more welcoming to international investment than those with open economies.

7. What does “the other study” by World Bank reveal?
Another World Bank study looked at the rates at which 60 different countries improved their environmental performance and found that nations open to foreign investment improved more rapidly than those that were closed.

8. Who is a “green consumer"?
A "green consumer" is a consumer who is conscious of the environmental impact of the products they purchase and actively seeks out products that are environmentally friendly.

9. How do you explain capital-intensive” and “pollution-intensive”?
Capital-intensive refers to industries that require a large amount of capital investment, such as technology or equipment, to produce goods or services. Pollution-intensive refers to industries that produce a large amount of pollution as a result of their operations.

10. How can we save the local residents from the pollution hazards?
Economical overhaul is necessary in order to protect local residents from the pollution hazards. Transitioning from fossil fuels to green renewable energy is the first step in this regard. International trade should be regulated and incentives should be given by governments to their domestic industries to encourage the smooth transition to renewable as soon as possible. Besides carrot, states should consider to use the stick policy too by financially charging the violators of environmental laws.

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions given at the end as briefly as possible.
Do we realize the extent to which the modern world relies for its opinions on public utterances and the Press? Do we realize how completely we are all in the power of report? Any little lie or exaggerated sentiment uttered by one with a bee in his bonnet, with a principle, or an end to serve, can, if cleverly expressed and distributed, distort the views of thousands, sometimes of millions. Any willful suppression of truth for Party or personal ends can so falsify our vision of things as to plunge us into endless cruelties and follies. Honesty of thought and speech and written word is a jewel, and they who curb prejudice and seek honourably to know and speak the truth are the only true builders of a better life. But what a dull world if we can't chatter and write irresponsibly, can't slop over with hatred, or pursue our own ends without scruple! To be tied to the apron-strings of truth, or coiffed with the nightcap of silence; who in this age of cheap ink and oratory will submit to such a fate?
Report, I would almost say, now rules the world and holds the fate of man on the sayings of its many tongues. If the good sense of mankind cannot somehow restrain utterance and cleanse report, Democracy, so highly vaunted, will not save us; and all the glib words of promise spoken might as well have lain unuttered in the throats of orators. We are always in peril under Democracy of taking the line of least resistance and immediate material profit. The gentleman, for instance, whoever he was, who first discovered that he could sell his papers better by undercutting the standard of his rivals, and, appealing to the lower tastes of the Public under the flag of that convenient expression "what the Public wants," made a most evil discovery. The Press is for the most part in the hands of men who know what is good and right. It can be a great agency for levelling up. But whether on the whole it is so or not, one continually hears doubted. There ought to be no room for doubt in any of our minds that the Press is on the side of the angels.

1. Suggest an appropriate title for the passage.
The Power of Report and the Press

2. Give for each another word, or phrase, of similar meaning which might be used to replace the word in the passage:

• Utterances - Remark
• Sentiment - Opinion/View/Feeling
• Distort - Twist
• Willful - Deliberate/Intentional
• Falsify - Forge
• Curb - Restrain/Suppress
• Vaunted - Praised/Esteemed
• Glib - Smooth/Slick/Shallow/Insincere
• Unuttered - Unspoken
• Material - Wordly/Financial
• Agency - Means
• Leveling up - to increase or improve something

3. What can plunge us into miseries?
The passage suggests that the spread of lies and distorted views through public utterances and the Press can plunge us into endless cruelties and follies. Additionally, the willful suppression of truth for Party or personal ends can also falsify our vision of things, leading to miseries.

4. Explain what is meant by the following phrases as used in the passage:

• With a principle of an end to serve - refers to individuals who have a particular agenda or goal that they are trying to achieve through their words or actions.
• This age of cheap ink and oratory - refers to the present time, where it is relatively inexpensive to print and distribute written materials, and where there are many opportunities for public speaking.
• Undercutting the standard - refers to lowering the quality or value of something in order to sell it more cheaply or to gain an advantage over competitors.
• On the side of the angels - refers to being morally good or righteous.

Read the following passages and answer the questions given at the end in your own words.
Accumulated property treads the powers of thought in the dust, extinguishes the sparks of genius, and reduces the great mass of mankind to be immersed in sordid cares; beside depriving the rich, as we have already said, of the most salubrious and effectual motives to activity. If superfluity were banished, the necessity for the greater part of the manual industry of mankind would be superseded; and the rest, being amicably shared among all the active and vigorous members of the community, would be burdensome to none. Every man would have a frugal, yet wholesome diet; every man would go forth to that moderate exercise of his corporal functions that would give hilarity to the spirits; none would be made torpid with fatigue, but all would have leisure to cultivate the kindly and philanthropical affections of the soul, and to let loose his faculties in the search of intellectual improvement. What a contrast does this scene present us with the present state of human society, where the peasant and the labourer work till their understandings are benumbed with toil, their sinews contracted and made callous by being forever on the stretch, and their bodies invaded with infirmities and surrendered to an untimely grave? What is the fruit of this disproportioned and unceasing toil? At evening they return to a family, famished with hunger, exposed half naked to the inclemencies of the sky, hardly sheltered, and denied the slenderest instruction, unless in a few instances, where it is dispensed by the hands of ostentatious charity, and the first lesson communicated is unprincipled servility. All this while their rich neighbor....
How rapid and sublime would be the advances of intellect, if all men were admitted into the field of knowledge! At present ninety-nine persons in a hundred are no more excited to any regular exertions of general and curious thought, than the brutes themselves. What would be the state of public mind in a nation, where all were wise, all had laid aside the shackles of prejudice and implicit faith, all adopted with fearless confidence the suggestions of truth, and the lethargy of the soul was dismissed forever? It is to be presumed that the inequality of mind would in a certain degree be permanent; but it is reasonable to believe that the geniuses of such an age would far surpass the grandest exertions of intellect that are at present known. Genius would not be depressed with false wants and niggardly patronage.

1. Suggest an appropriate title for the passage.
Economic Justice leads to mass wisdom

2. What does the writer mean by the following expressions?

• hilarity of spirit - refers to a feeling of cheerfulness and good humor.
• corporal functions - refers to physical activities or exercise.
• torpid with fatigue - refers to being made sleepy and inactive by exhaustion.
• let loose faculties - refers to allowing one's abilities or talents to be fully expressed or developed.

3. What according to the writer is the cause of the poor man's short life?
The writer states that the poor man's short life is caused by the disproportioned and unceasing toil that they are subjected to.

4. Does the writer favour charity for the poor? Support your answer with the writer's argument.
The writer champions for the egalitarian society and economic justice. The thesis of writer posits that accumulation of property by few rich people leads to earnest financial injustice in society. If the tasks are humanely divided, then every individual would have the capacity to intellectually develop oneself. Nowhere in this passage the writer favors charity for the poor, he only hypothesized about egalitarian society.

5. How does the writer compare the present day man with brutes?
The preoccupation of present-day man with the notion of money leaves him no time for the sharpness of his insight. His most time is taken by daily toil of tasks to earn his livelihood. This keeps him away from the intellectual curiosity akin to brutes.

6. The writer does not state why there will always be an inequality of mind among men. Suggest a reason from your own knowledge of human psychology.
Every man is psychologically different from each other. Past experiences and upbringing shapes man’s analytical abilities. Psychologically, there are four types of personalities: Sanguine, Melancholic, Phlegmatic, Choleric. As human personalities differ so does the individual’s intelligence.

7. In the passage the writer leaves his statement about the rich neighbour incomplete. Draw briefly the contrast the writer had in mind.
In contrast, at evening the reach neighbour return to his family, sated without any hunger, protected from any inclemencies of the sky, fully sheltered, completely vigilant, and the first lesson communicated is absolute assertiveness.

8. What according to the writer would promote intellectual improvement?
Democratisation of the field of knowledge through involvement of all persons in the thought process would promote intellectual improvement as a whole.

9. Give another word with similar meaning for:

• callous - heartless/hardened
• sinews - muscles/tendon/ligament
• inclemencies - unpleasantness/harshness
• ostentatious - showy/pretentious
• benumbed - numbed/unfeeling/insensible
• salubrious - beneficial/healthy

Read the following passages and answer the questions given at the end in your own words.
These phenomena, however, are merely premonitions of a coming storm which is likely to sweep over the whole of India and the rest of Asia. This is the inevitable outcome of a wholly political civilization which has looked upon man as a thing to be exploited and not as a personality to be developed and enlarged by purely cultural forces. The people of Asia are bound to rise against the acquisitive economy which the West have developed and imposed on the nations of the East. Asia cannot comprehend modern Western capitalism with its undisciplined individualism. The faith which you represent recognizes the worth of the individual, and disciplines hirn to give away all to the service of God and man. Its possibilities are not yet exhausted. It can still create a new world where the social rank of man is not determined by his caste or colour or the amount of dividend he earns, but by the kind of life he lives, where the poor tax the rich, where human society is founded not on the equality of stomachs but on the equality of spirits, where an untouchable can marry the daughter of the king, where private ownership is a trust and where capital cannot be allowed to accumulate so as to dominate the real producer of wealth. This superb idealism of your faith, however, needs emancipation from the medieval fancies of theologians and logists? Spiritually, we are living in a prison house of thoughts and emotions which during the course of centuries we have woven round ourselves. And be it further said to the shame of us - men of older generation - that we have failed to equip the younger generation for the economic, political and even religious crisis that the present age is likely to bring. The while community needs a complete overhauling of its present mentality in order that it may again become capable of feeling the urge of fresh desires and ¡deals. The Indian Muslim has long ceased to explore the depths of his own inner life. The result is that he has ceased to live in the full glow and colour of life, and is consequently in danger of an unmanly compromise with forces which he is made to think he cannot vanquish in open conflict. He who desires to change an unfavourable environment must undergo a complete transformation of his inner being. God changes not the condition of a people until they themselves take the initiative to change their condition by constantly illuminating the zone of their daily activity in the light of a definite ideal. Nothing can be achieved without a firm faith in the independence ofone's own inner life. This faith alone keeps a people's eye fixed on their goal and save them from perpetual vacillation. The lesson that past experiences has brought to you must be taken to heart. Expect nothing from any side. Concentrate your whole ego on yourself alone and ripen your clay into real manhood if you wish to see your aspiration realized.

1. What is the chief characteristic of the modern political civilization?
The chief characteristic of modern political civilization is that it views mankind as something to be exploited rather than a personality to be developed and shaped by cultural forces.

2. What are possibilities of our Faith which can be of advantage to the world?
The possibilities of the Faith discussed in the passage include creating a new world where social rank is determined by the kind of life a person lives, where private ownership is a trust, and where capital cannot dominate the real producers of wealth.

3. What is the chief danger confronting the superb idealism of our Faith?
The chief danger confronting the superb idealism of the Faith is that it is not yet emancipated from medieval fancies of theologians and logists.

4. Why is the Indian Muslim in danger of coming to an unmanly compromise with the forces opposing him?
Lack of introspection in the life of an Indian Muslim lays him open to the attack of his enemy. The inability to contemplate inhibits him to live his life to the fullest; hence, he is compelled to make compromise with the opposing forces.

5. What is necessary for any achievement?
A firm faith in the independence of one's own inner life is necessary for any achievement.

6. Explain the following expressions as used in the passage.

• acquisitive economy - refers to an economy where the goal is to acquire as much wealth and property as possible.
• undisciplined individualism - refers to a lack of control or regulation of individual actions and decisions.
• superb idealism - refers to a very high and admirable level of idealism or ideals.
• unmanly compromise - refers to a compromise that is not in keeping with the ideal of being a strong, courageous, and honorable man.
• perpetual vacillation - refers to a state of being constantly indecisive or uncertain.

7. Suggest an appropriate title for the passage.
Way to Utopia: Faith and Introspection

Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end in your own words.
The vitality of any teaching, or historical movement, depends upon what it affirms rather than upon what it denies, and its survival and continued power will often mean that its positives are insufficiently regarded by opposing schools. The grand positives of Bentham were benevolence and veracity: the passion for the relief of man’s estate, and the passion for truth. Bentham’s multifarious activities, pursued without abatement to the end of a long life, was inspired by a "dominant and all-comprehensive desire for the amelioration of human life"; they were inspired, too, by the belief that he had found the key to all moral truth. This institution, this custom, this code, this system of legislation-- does it promote human happiness? Then it is sound. This theory, this creed, this moral teaching – does it rightly explain why virtue is admirable, or why duty is obligatory? The limitation of Bentham can be gauged by his dismissal of all poetry (and most religion) as "misrepresentation’; this is his negative side. But benevolence and veracity are Supreme Values, and if it falls to one of the deniers to be their special advocate, the believers must have long been drowsed. Bentham believes the Church teaches children insincerity by making them affirm what they cannot possibly understand or mean. They promise, for example, to fulfill the undertaking of their god---parents, that they will "renounce the devil and all his works, the pomp and vanity of this wicked world" etc. ‘The Devil" Bentham comments: "who or what is he, and how is it that he is renounced?" Has the child happened to have any dealings with him? Let the Archbishop of Canterbury tell us, and let him further explain how his own "works" are distinguished from the aforesaid "Pomp and Vanity". What king, what Lords Temporal or Spiritual, have ever renounced them?

1. What does the writer mean by the following expressions:

• Multifarious activities - refers to a wide range of activities or pursuits.
• amelioration of human Life - refers to the improvement or betterment of human life.
• it is sound - refers to something that is considered to be correct or valid.
• be their special advocate - refers to being a strong supporter or defender of something.
• Renounce the devil - refers to rejecting the influence of evil or negative forces.
• drowsed - refers to being in a state of sleepiness or being inattentive.
• gauged - refers to measure or evaluate something.
• aforesaid - refers to something previously mentioned or referred to.

2. On what grounds does Bentham believe that the Church teaches children insincerity?
Bentham believes that the Church teaches children insincerity by making them affirm what they cannot possibly understand or mean. He argues that the children promise to fulfill the undertaking of their god-parents, that they will "renounce the devil and all his works, the pomp and vanity of this wicked world". He believes that the children cannot possibly understand what they are promising to do as they do not have any dealings with the devil and that the Church's teachings are insincere because of this.

3. What is Bentham’s philosophy based upon?
According to Bentham, the true purpose of human life is attainment of happiness. Therefore, his philosophy is based on adherence to truth, kindness and questioning dogmatic authority.

4. What according to the writer is Bentham’s limitation?
According to the writer, Bentham's limitation is gauged by his underestimation of the significance of religion and liberal arts in interpreting the truth. He believes that Bentham's negative side is his dismissal of these things as they are not seen as promoting human happiness.

5. In what context has the Archbishop of Canterbury been quoted i.e. is he praised or condemned?
The Archbishop of Canterbury is quoted in the passage as an example of someone who can explain the Church's teachings on renouncing the devil and his works. He is not praised or condemned but rather used as an example of someone who can explain the Church's teachings on this subject.