Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end in your own words.
Poetry is the language of imagination and the passions. It relates to whatever gives immediate pleasure or pain to human mind. It comes home to the bosoms and business of men: for nothing but what comes home to them in the most general and intelligible shape can be a subject of poetry. Poetry is the universal language which the heart holds with nature and itself. He who has a contempt for poetry cannot have much respect for himself or for anything else. Whatever there is a sense of beauty, or power, or harmony, as in the motion of the waves of the sea, in the growth of a flower, there is a poetry in its birth. If history is a grave study, poetry may be said to be graver, its materials lie deeper, and are spread wider. History treats, for the most part, cumbersome and unwieldy masses of things, the empty cases in which the affairs of the world are packed, under the heads of intrigue or war, in different states, and from century to century but there is no thought or feeling that can have entered into the mind of man which he would be eager to communicate to others, or they would listen to with delight, that is not a fit subject for poetry. It is not a branch of authorship: it is “the stuff of which our life is made”. The rest is mere oblivision, a dead letter, for all that is worth remembering gin life is the poetry of it. Fear is Poetry, hope is poetry, love is poetry; hatred is poetry. Poetry is that fine particle within us that expands, refines, raises our whole being; without “man’s life is poor as beasts”. In fact, man is a poetical animal. The child Is a poet when he first plays hide and seek, or repeats the story of Jack the Giant Killer, the shepherd–boy is a poet when he first crowns his mistress with a garland of flowers; the countryman when he stops he stops to look at the rainbow; the miser when he hugs his gold; the courtier when he builds his hope upon a smile; the vain, the ambitious the proud, the choleric man, the hero and the coward, the beggar and the king, all live in a world of their own making; and the poet does no more than describe what all others think and act.

1. In what sense is poetry the language of the imagination and the passion?
Poetry is the language of the imagination and the passion because it is a form of expression that allows for the expression of emotions, feelings, and ideas that are not necessarily based in reality. It allows for the exploration of the imagination and the expression of the passions.

2. How is poetry the Universal Language of the heart?
Poetry is the Universal Language of the heart because it is a form of expression that can be understood and appreciated by people of all cultures and backgrounds. It speaks to the human experience and emotions, and connects people to nature and their inner selves.

3. What is the difference between history and poetry?
History is a study of past events, often focusing on political and societal events, while poetry is a form of expression that explores emotions, feelings, and ideas. History is often seen as a serious, analytical study, while poetry is seen as more imaginative and emotional.

4. Explain the phrase: “Man is a poetical animal”.
The phrase "Man is a poetical animal" means that people have a natural inclination towards poetry, and that it is a fundamental part of the human experience. People have the ability to be creative and express themselves in poetic ways.

5. What are some of the actions which Hazlitt calls poetry and its doers poet?
Hazlitt calls poetry various actions like fear, hope, love, hatred and the actions of people like child playing hide and seek, shepherd-boy, countryman, miser, courtier, vain, ambitious, proud, choleric man, hero, coward, beggar, king etc. He calls these actions poetry and the people who do them poet.

6. Explain the followings underlined expression in the passage.

• It relates to whatever gives immediate pleasure or pain to human heart - This means that poetry speaks to the emotions and feelings of people and can evoke pleasure or pain.
• A sense of beauty, or power, or harmony - This means that poetry can evoke feelings of beauty, power, or harmony in the reader or listener.
• Cumbersome and unwieldy masses of things. - This means that history often deals with large and complex events, while poetry deals with more emotional and personal themes.
• It is the stuff of which our life is made. - This means that poetry is an essential part of human life and experience.
• The poet does no more than describe what all others think and act. - This means that the poet's role is to observe and describe the actions and thoughts of others, rather than creating new ideas or experiences.

Read the given passage, then give brief answers, to the questions placed at the end, in your own words:
There is indeed, something inexpressibly pleasing in the annual renovation of the world and the new display of the treasures of nature. The darkness and cold of winter with the naked deformity of every object, on which we turn our eyes, make us rejoice at the succeeding season, as well for what we have escaped, as for what we may enjoy. Every budding Flower, which a warm situation brings early to our view, is considered by us a messenger to notify the approach of more joyous days.
The spring affords to a mind free from the disturbance of cares or passions almost everything that our present state makes us capable of enjoying. The Variegated Verdure of the fields and woods, the succession of grateful Odours, the Voice of pleasure pouring out its notes on every side, with the gladness apparently conceived by every animal from the growth of lilies, food, and the clemency of the weather, throw over the whole earth an air of gaiety, significantly expressed by Smile of nature.

1. Give meanings of the underlines expressions in the passage in your own words.

• Annual renovation – refers to the yearly changes in the natural environment, such as the changing of seasons.
• Treasures of nature – refers to the beauty and wonder found in the natural world.
• Succeeding season – refers to the season following the winter, in this case, spring.
• Warm situation – refers to a place or location that experiences early warming weather, possibly due to its geographical location.
• Grateful Odors – refers to the pleasant smells emitted by nature during the spring.
• Clemency of the weather – refers to the mildness or gentleness of the weather during spring.
• Air of gaiety – refers to the overall feeling of cheerfulness and joy in the natural world during spring.
• Smile of nature – is a metaphorical expression referring to the joy and happiness conveyed by the natural world during spring.
• Inexpressibly pleasing – means something that is difficult to put into words how pleasing it is.
• Rejoice – means to feel pleasure and happiness.
• Succeeding – subsequent; come after
• Clemency – (of person) leniency; mercy or (of weather) mild
• Gaiety – live-hearted; cheerful

2. Say how an early budding flower becomes a messenger of happy days?
An early budding flower is seen as a symbol of the approaching spring season and the arrival of warmer and more pleasant weather.

3. Who, according to the writer can make the best of the spring season?
According to the writer, a person with a mind free from the disturbance of cares or passions can make the best of the spring season, as they are able to fully appreciate and enjoy the beauty and joy of the natural world during this time.

4. Why are all animals glad at the approach of spring?
All animals are glad at the approach of spring because it marks the growth of their food and the clemency of the weather, which allows for better living conditions.

5. Suggest a title for the passage.
The Renewal of Spring: A celebration of Nature's Treasures

Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end, in your own words.
My father was back in work within days of his return home. He had a spell in the shipyard, where the last of the great Belfast liners, the CANBERRA, was under construction, and then moved to an electronics firm in the east of the city. (These were the days when computers were the size of small houses and were built by sheet metal workers). A short time after he started in this job, one of his colleagues was sacked for taking off time to get married. The workforce went on strike to get the colleague reinstated. The dispute, dubbed the Honeymoon Strike, made the Belfast papers. My mother told me not long ago that she and my father, with four young sons, were hit so hard by that strike, that for years afterwards they were financially speaking, running to stand still. I don't know how the strike ended, but whether or not the colleague got his old job back, he was soon in another, better one. I remember visiting him and his wife when I was still quite young, in their new bungalow in Belfast northern suburbs. I believe they left Belfast soon after the Troubles began.
My father then was thirty-seven, the age I am today. My Father and I are father and son, which is to say we are close without knowing very much about one another. We talk about events, rather than emotions. We keep from each other certain of our hopes and fears and doubts. I have never for instance asked my father whether he has dwelt on the direction his life might have taken if at certain moments he had made certain other choices. Whatever, he found himself, with a million and a half of his fellows, living in what was in all but name a civil war. As a grown up I try often to imagine what it must be like to be faced with such a situation. What, in the previous course of your life, prepares you for arriving, as my father did, at the scene of a bomb blast close to your brother's place of work and seeing what you suppose, from the colour of the hair, to be your brother lying in the road, only to find that you are cradling the remains of a woman?

1. From your reading of the passage what do you infer about the nature of the 'Troubles" the writer mentions.
From the passage, it is inferred that the "Troubles" were a period of civil unrest or war in Belfast, the city where the writer's family lived.

2. What according to the writer were the working conditions in the Electronics firm where his father worked?
The working conditions in the Electronics firm, where his father worked, were very harsh. Leaves for employees, even for genuine reasons, were out of the question. The computers at that time were built manually by the workers. So, presence of each worker was mandatory to ensure the smooth production of Belfast liners.

3. Why was his father's colleague sacked?
The writer's father's colleague was sacked for taking time off to get married.

4. How does the writer show that as father and son they do not know much about each other?
The writer shows that he and his father are close but don't know much about each other by saying that they talk about events rather than emotions and that they keep certain hopes, fears, and doubts from each other.

5. Explain the underlined words/phrases in the passage:

• Made the Belfast papers - means that the strike was reported in the local news.
• had a spell - means that the father worked for a period of time.
• dubbed - means that the dispute was given a nickname, in this case, the "Honeymoon Strike."
• was sacked - means that the colleague was fired from his job.
• hit hard - means that the strike had a significant negative impact on the writer's family's finances.

Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end in YOUR OWN WORDS.
We look before and after, wrote Shelley, and pine for what is not. It is said that this is what distinguishes us from the animals and that they, unlike us, live always for and in the movement and have neither hopes nor regrets. Whether it is so or not I do not know yet it is undoubtedly one of our distinguishing mental attributes: we are actually conscious of our life in time and not merely of our life at the moment of experiencing it. And as a result, we find many grounds for melancholy and foreboding. Some of us prostrate ourselves on the roadway in Trafalgar Square or in front of the American Embassy because we are fearful that our lives, or more disinterestedly those of our descendants will be cut short by nuclear war. If only as squirrels or butterflies are supposed to do, we could let the future look after itself and be content to enjoy the pleasures of the morning breakfast, the brisk walk to the office through autumnal mist or winter fog, the mid-day sunshine that sometimes floods through windows, to a warm, peaceful winter evenings by the fireside at home. Yet all occasions for contentment are so often spoiled for us, to a greater or lesser degree by our individual temperaments, by this strange human capacity for foreboding and regret - regret for things which we cannot undo and foreboding for things which may never happen at all. Indeed, were it not for the fact that over breaking through our human obsessions with the tragedy of time, so enabling us to enjoy at any rate some fleeting moments untroubled by vain yearning or apprehension, our life would not be intolerable at all. As it is, we contrive, every one of us, to spoil it to a remarkable degree.

1. What is the difference between our life and the life of an animal?
The writer suggests that the difference between human life and the life of animals is that humans are conscious of the passage of time, and can have hopes and regrets about the past and future, while animals live only for and in the present moment.

2. What is the result of human anxiety?
The unfounded fear of the future of oneself and one’s descendant is the result of human anxiety.

3. How does the writer compare man to the butterflies and squirrels?
The writer compares humans to butterflies and squirrels in that they are content to enjoy the present moment and do not worry about the future like human beings do.

4. How does anxiety about future disturb our daily life?
Moments of happiness are so often spoiled by the consistent worrying and anxiety. Humans usually fret about things which they have no power to change and worry about things which usually may never happen. These baseless fears inhibit humans to completely enjoy the transient moments of daily life such as a morning breakfast, a walk to work, or a warm evening by the fireside.

5. How can we make our life tolerable?
To make life more tolerable, breaking through human obsessions with the tragedy of time may allow individuals to enjoy some fleeting moments without yearning or apprehension.

6. Explain the underlined words/phrases in the passage.

• Pine for – means to long for something that is not present.
• Attributes – means characteristics or qualities.
• Foreboding – refers to a feeling of impending doom or negative future events.
• Human obsessions – refers to a preoccupation or fixation on certain ideas or concerns.
• Untroubled by vain yearning – means not disturbed or bothered by longing for something unattainable.

Here is an excerpt from the autobiography of a short story writer. Read it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
My father loved all instruments that would instruct and fascinate. His place to keep things was the drawer in the ‘library table’ where lying on top of his folder map was a telescope with brass extensions, to find the moon and the Big Dripper after supper in our front yard, and to keep appointments with eclipses. In the back of the drawer you could find a magnifying glass, a kaleidoscope and a gyroscope kept in black buckram box, which he would set dancing for us on a string pulled tight. He had also supplied himself with an assortment of puzzles composed of metal rings and intersecting links and keys chained together, impossible for the rest of us, however, patiently shown, to take apart, he had an almost childlike love of the ingenious. In time, a barometer was added to our dining room wall, but we didn’t really need it. My father had the country boy’s accurate knowledge of the weather and its skies. He went out and stood on our front steps first thing in the morning an took a good look at it and a sniff. He was a pretty good weather prophet. He told us children what to do if we were lost in a strange country. ‘Look for where the sky is brightest along the horizon,’ he said. ‘That reflects the nearest river. Strike out for a rive and you will find habitation’. Eventualities were much on his mind. In his care for us children he cautioned us to take measures against such things as being struck by lightening. He drew us all away from the windows during the severe electrical storms that are common where we live. My mother stood apart, scoffing at caution as a character failing. So I developed a strong meteorological sensibility. In years ahead when I wrote stories, atmosphere took its influential role from the start. Commotion in the weather and the inner feelings aroused by such a hovering disturbance emerged connected in dramatic form.

1. Why did the writer’s father spend time studying the skies?
The writer's father spent time studying the skies because he was fascinated by instruments that would instruct and fascinate, such as a telescope and a magnifying glass.

2. Why the writer thinks that there was no need of a barometer?
The writer believes that there was no need for a barometer because her father had an accurate knowledge of the weather and the skies, and could predict the weather by observing the sky and taking a sniff in the morning.

3. What does the bright horizon meant for the writer’s father?
The bright horizon meant for the writer's father that there was a nearby river, and that it was a good direction to find habitation if lost in a strange country.

4. How did her father influence the writer in her later years?
Her father influenced the writer by instilling in her a strong meteorological sensibility and a sense of caution for natural events.

5. Explain the underlined words and phrases in the passage.

• To keep appointments – means to schedule or plan for specific events, in this case, eclipses.
• Kaleidoscope – is a device used to view patterns and colors created by reflections in a series of mirrors.
• Assortment of puzzles – refers to a collection of various puzzles.
• To take apart – means to disassemble or break down.
• A barometer – is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.
• Took a good look at it – means observing or examining something closely.
• Fascinate – means to captivate or hold the interest of.
• Habitation – settlement; residence; occupation
• My mother stood apart – indifference; carelessness; keep herself away

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:
“Elegant economy!” How naturally one-fold back into the phraseology of Cranford! There economy was always “elegant”, and money-spending always “Vulgar and Ostentatoin;” a sort of sour grapeism which made up very peaceful and satisfied I shall never forget the dismay felt when certain Captain Brown came to live at Cranford, and openly spoke of his being poor – not in a whisper to an intimate friend, the doors and windows being previously closed, but in the public street, in a loud military voice, alleging his poverty as a reason for not taking a particular house. The ladies of Cranford were already moving over the invasion of their territories by a man and a gentleman. He was a half-pay captain and had obtained some situation on a neighbouring railroad, which had been vehemently petitioned against by the little town; and if in addition to his masculine gender, and his connection with the obnoxious railroad, he was so brazen as to talk of his being poor – why, then indeed, he must be sent to Coventry. Death was as true and as common as poverty; yet people never spoke about that loud on the streets. It was a word not to be mentioned to ears polite. We had tacitly agreed to ignore that any with whom we associated on terms of visiting equality could ever be prevented by poverty from doing anything they wished. If we walked to or from a party, it was because the weather was so fine, or the air so refreshing, not because sedan chairs were expensive. If we wore prints instead of summer silks, it was because we preferred a washing material; and so on, till we blinded ourselves to the vulgar fact that we were, all of us, people of very moderate means.

1. Give in thirty of your own words what we learn from this passage of Captain Brown.
Captain Brown, a new resident of Cranford, is seen as an outsider by the ladies of the town. He is a half-pay captain and has taken a job on a nearby railway, which the town had opposed. He is seen as poor and vulgar for openly speaking about his financial situation, which is a social taboo in Cranford.

2. Why did the ladies of Cranford dislike the Captain.
The ladies of Cranford dislike Captain Brown because he is a man, connected to the unpopular railway, and openly talks about his poverty, which is seen as vulgar and ostentatious in Cranford's society.

3. What reasons were given by the ladies of Cranford for “not doing anything that they wished”?
It shows their materialistic approach and acceptance of the norms of society which was considered taboo. Poverty, despite being real presence in society, was concealed and chosen to be ignore due to the fear of humiliation. Ladies gave reasons like they are doing the alternatives out of their own accord rather that they cannot afford something due to their economical constraints.

4. “Ears Polite”. How do you justify this construction?
"Ears polite" means that in Cranford's society, poverty is not a topic that is discussed in polite company.

5. What is the meaning and implication of the phrases?

• Sour-grapeism - is when one denies the value of something they cannot have.
• The invasion of their territories - occupying someplace which causes discomfort among the original inhabitants.
• Sent to Coventry - means that Captain Brown is seen as an outsider, invading the social territory of Cranford.
• Tacitly agreed - means that the society of Cranford has unspoken agreement to ignore poverty in their society.
• Elegant economy - means that Cranford's economy is seen as refined and tasteful, and spending money is seen as vulgar.

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Strong section of industrials who still imagine that men can be mere machines and are at their best as machines if they are mere machines are already menacing what they call “useless” education. They deride the classics, and they are mildly contemptuous of history, philosophy, and English. They want our educational institutions, from the oldest universities to the youngest elementary schools, to concentrate on business or the things that are patently useful in business. Technical instruction is to be provided for adolescent artisans; bookkeeping and shorthand for prospective clerks; and the cleverest we are to set to “business methods”, to modern languages (which can be used in correspondence with foreign firms), and to science (which can be applied to industry). French and German are the languages, not of Montaigne and Gorthe, but of Schmidt Brothers, of Elberfeld and Dupont et Cie., of Lyons. Chemistry and Physics are not explorations into the physical constitution of the universe, but sources of new dyes, new electric light filaments, new means of making things which can be sold cheap and fast to the Nigerian and the Chinese. For Latin there is a Limited field so long as the druggists insist on retaining it in their prescriptions. Greek has no apparent use at all, unless it be as a source of syllables for the hybrid names of patent medicines and metal polishes. The soul of man, the spiritual basis of civilization- what gibberish is that?

1. What kind of education does the writer deal with?
The writer deals with the type of education that emphasizes practical skills and knowledge over subjects such as the classics, history, philosophy, and English.

2. What kind of education does the writer favour? How do you know?
The writer is critical of this type of education and instead favors a more well-rounded education that includes the study of the classics, history, philosophy, and English. This can be inferred from the writer's use of language and tone when discussing the subjects that the industrialists view as "useless."

3. Where does the writer express most bitterly his feelings about the neglect of the classics?
The writer censoriously said at the end of paragraph that the use of Latin is limited only for the medications and Greek is limited only for naming medicines and metal polishes. These are writer’s most bitter expressions about the neglect of the classics.

4. Explain as carefully as you can the full significance of the last sentence.
A civilized society is a balance of all institutions such as education, religion, and politics working within its confines. The limitation of the institution of education with things related only to business and industries would erode the intellectual capacity of humans. It means that the greed for making profit would make man a machine and his intellect a thirst for money. Therefore, the last sentence sums up all the discussion of writer that "spiritual basis of civilization," that is man intellect, has become run-of-the-mill.

5. Explain the underlined words and phrases in the passage.

• Industrials – refers to a group of people who work in industry and may hold a certain view on education. \
• “Useless” education – refers to the education that is not considered practical or useful by some people.
• Patently useful – means obviously useful.
• Adolescent artisans – refers to young people who are learning a trade or skill.
• Prospective clerks – refers to people who are planning to work as clerks.
• Limited field – refers to a narrow range of opportunities or use.
• Hybrid names – refers to names that are made up of elements from different languages.
• Gibberish – refers to language that is meaningless or difficult to understand.

Read the following passage carefully and answer all the questions given at the end.
These phenomena, however, are merely premonitions of a coming storm which is likely to sweep over the whole of India and the rest of Asia. This is the inevitable outcome of a wholly political civilization which has looked upon man as a thing to be exploited and not as a personality to be developed and enlarged by purely cultural forces. The people of Asia are bound to rise against the acquisitive economy which the West have developed and imposed on the nations of the East. Asia cannot comprehend modern Western capitalism with its undisciplined individualism. The faith which you represent recognizes the worth of the individual, and disciplines him to give away all to the service of God and man. Its possibilities are not yet exhausted. It can still create a new world where the social rank of man is not determined by his caste or colour or the amount of dividend he earns, but by the kind of life he lives, where the poor tax the rich, where human society is founded not on the equality of stomachs but on the equality of spirits, where an untouchable can marry the daughter of the king, where private ownership is a trust and where capital cannot be allowed to accumulate so as to dominate the real producer of wealth. This superb idealism of your faith, however, needs emancipation from the medieval fancies of theologians and logists? Spiritually, we are living in a prison house of thoughts and emotions which during the course of centuries we have woven round ourselves. And be it further said to the shame of us - men of older generation - that we have failed to equip the younger generation for the economic, political and even religious crisis that the present age is likely to bring. The whole community needs a complete overhauling of its present mentality in order that it may again become capable of feeling the urge of fresh desires and ¡deals. The Indian Muslim has long ceased to explore the depths of his own inner life. The result is that he has ceased to live in the full glow and colour of life, and is consequently in danger of an unmanly compromise with forces which he is made to think he cannot vanquish in open conflict. He who desires to change an unfavourable environment must undergo a complete transformation of his inner being. God changes not the condition of a people until they themselves take the initiative to change their condition by constantly illuminating the zone of their daily activity in the light of a definite ideal. Nothing can be achieved without a firm faith in the independence of one's own inner life. This faith alone keeps a people's eye fixed on their goal and save them from perpetual vacillation. The lesson that past experiences has brought to you must be taken to heart. Expect nothing from any side. Concentrate your whole ego on yourself alone and ripen your clay into real manhood if you wish to see your aspiration realized.

1. What is the chief characteristic of the modern political civilization?
The chief characteristic of modern political civilization is that it views mankind as something to be exploited rather than a personality to be developed and shaped by cultural forces.

2. What are possibilities of our Faith which can be of advantage to the world?
The faith which recognizes the worth of individuals and infuses the quality of philanthropy can be advantageous to the world. This faith strives to create an egalitarian society where benevolence and character of an individual are valued well above their materialistic status.

3. What is the chief danger confronting the superb idealism of our Faith?
For centuries, the Asian residents have confined themselves to the spiritual thoughts and emotions. They have not inculcated their younger generation with ideas to take steps to improve their situation and resolve any crisis pragmatically. These inactions and medieval fancies of theologians and logicians posit danger to the superb idealism of the Asian faith.

4. Why is the Indian Muslim in danger of coming to an unmanly compromise with the forces opposing him?
Lack of introspection in the life of an Indian Muslim lays him open to the attack of his enemy. The inability to contemplate inhibits him to live his life to the fullest; hence, he is compelled to make compromise with the opposing forces.

5. What is necessary for any achievement?
Apart from the lessons of past experiences, believe in one’s faith and transformation of one inner-self through introspection is the fundamental ingredient of any achievement.

6. Explain the following expressions as used in the passage.

• acquisitive economy - refers to an economy where the goal is to acquire as much wealth and property as possible through exploiting others.
• undisciplined individualism - refers to the idea that individuals are not disciplined in their pursuit of their own self-interest.
• superb idealism - refers to a high and noble ideal or goal.
• unmanly compromise - refers to a compromise that is not in keeping with the ideal of being a strong, courageous, and honorable man.
• perpetual vacillation - refers to a state of being constantly indecisive or uncertain.

7. Suggest an appropriate title to the passage.
Way to Utopia: Faith and Introspection

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
It is very nature of helicopter that is great versatility is found. To begin with, the helicopter is the fulfillment of tone of man’s earliest and most fantastic dreams. The dream of flying – not just like a bird – but of flying as nothing else flies or has ever flown. To be able to fly straight up and straight down – to fly forward or back or sidewise, or to hover over and spot till the fuel supply is exhausted.
To see how the helicopter can do things that are not possible for the conventional fixed-wing plane, let us first examine how a conventional plane “works”. It works by its shape – by the shape of its wing, which deflects air when the plane is in motion. That is possible because air has density and resistance. It reacts to force. The wing is curved and set at an angle to catch the air and push it down; the air, resisting, pushes against the under surface of the wing, giving it some of its lift. At the same time the curved upper surface of the wing exerts suction, tending to create a lack of air at the top of the wing. The air, again resisting, sucks back, and this give the wing about twice as much lift as the air pressure below the wing. This is what takes place when the wing is pulled forward by propellers or pushed forward by jet blasts. Without the motion the wing has no lift.

1. Where is the great versatility of the helicopter found?
The great versatility of helicopter is found in the nature of its motion, its flying of straight up and straight down, in its forward, backward or sidewise movement, or in its ability to hover over and spot till the fuel supply is exhausted.

2. What is the dream of flying?
The dream of flying is flying like nothing else flies or has ever flown. Flying freely in every degree forward, backward, sideways, up and down without any restraint.

3. What does the wing of the conventional aircraft do?
The wing deflects air when the plane is in motion, because air has density and resistance and it reacts to force.

4. What does the curved upper surface of the wing do?
The curved upper surface of the wing exerts suction, which tends to create a lack of air at the top of the wings.

5. What gives the wing twice as much lift?
The curved upper surface of the wing exerts suction, which tends to create a lack of air at the top of the wings, which makes it possible for resisting air to get sucked back and gives the wing about twice as much lift as the air pressure below the wing.

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
“And still it moves,” the words of Galileo, murmured when the tortures of the Inquisition had driven him to recant the Truth he knew, apply in a new way to our world today. Sometimes, in the knowledge of all that has been discovered, all that has been done to make life on the planet happier and more worthy, we may be tempted to settle down to enjoy our heritage. that would, indeed, be the betrayal of our trust.
These men and women of the past have given everything – comfort, time, treasure, peace of mind and body, life itself – that we might live as we do. The challenge to each one of us is to carry on their work for the sake of future generations.
The adventurous human mind must not falter. Still must we question the old truths and work for the new ones. Still must we risk scorn, cynicism, neglect, loneliness, poverty, persecution, if need be. we must shut our ears to easy voice which tells us that human nature will never alter as an excuse for doing nothing to make life more worthy.
Thus, will the course of the history of mankind go onward, and the world we know move into a new splendour for those who are yet to be.

1. What made Galileo recant the Truth he knew?
Galileo recanted the Truth he knew because of the tortures of the Inquisition.

2. What is the heritage being alluded to in the first paragraph?
The heritage being alluded to in the first paragraph is the knowledge and progress that has been discovered and made to improve life on the planet.

3. What does the 'betrayal of our trust' imply?
The phrase "betrayal of our trust" implies that if society were to settle down and enjoy the progress and knowledge that has been achieved without continuing to work towards improving the world for future generations, it would be a failure in fulfilling the obligations of those who came before.

4. Why do we need to question the old truths and work for the new ones?
It is important to continue to question old truths and work for new ones in order to continue to progress and improve the world for future generations. Continuously questioning and challenging old ideas ensure that they are still valid.

5. Explain the words or expressions as highlighted/underlined in the passage.

• Inquisition – refers to the Roman Catholic Church's judicial system which was used to suppress and punish those who held beliefs that were deemed to be heretical or a threat to the Church.
• The Planet – a celestial body that revolves around the sun and, in this case, "the earth."
• Falter – means to lose strength, confidence or resolution.
• Cynicism – is a belief that people are motivated by self-interest and that they are generally not honest or trustworthy.
• Those who are yet to be – refers to future generations.