Words you should know

1. Jingoist: One who boasts about his patriotism and favors a warlike foreign policy. In 1877, British Prime Minister Disraeli sent the fleet to Gallipoli to slow up the Russians. A singer wrote a ditty called “By Jingo” in honor of that action.

2. Lothario: rake; seducer; lover. Lothario was an amorous character in an eighteenth-century play. The Fair Penitent.

3. Maverick: one who acts independently. Samuel Maverick was a Texas rancher who refused to brand his cattle as others were doing.

4. Nemesis: Agent of retribution; just punishment. In Greek mythology, the goddess Nemesis punished pretentiousness with her swords and avenging wings.

5. Philanderer: one who makes love insincerely; one who engages in passing love affairs. The word comes from the Greek philandros (“man loving”) but gained its current usage because many English playwrights gave the name to their romantic leads.

6. Philippic: Bitter verbal attack. Philip II of Macedon wanted to make Greece into a monarchy. He was opposed by the great orator, Demosthenes, who denounced Philip in devastating speeches that came to be known as philippics.

7. Procrustean: designed to secure conformity; drastic. An ancient Greek robber named Procrustes tied his victims to a bed and then, to make them fit the bed, stretched the short ones and hacked off the limbs of the taller ones.

8. Protean: changeable; taking on different forms. In Greek mythology, Proteus was a sea god who could change his appearance at will.

9. Pyrrhic victory: a victory that is exceptionally costly. Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in 279 B.C. but his losses were terribly heavy.

10. Quixotic: romantically idealistic; impractical. The Spanish novelist, Cervantes, brought this word into our language when he wrote Don Quixote. His hero went forth foolishly to tilt against windmills and help the downtrodden.

11. Saturnine: sluggish; gloomy; grave. The planet Saturn is so far form the sun that it was thought to be cold and dismal.

12. Solecism: substandard use of words; violation of good manners. This word derives form the Greek inhabitants of the colony of Soloi who used a slangy dialect.

13. Spoonerism: an unintentional exchange of sounds. Reverend Spooner of New College, Oxford occasionally twisted his words around when he got excited so that “conquering kings: came out as “kinkering congs”

14. Sybarite: one who is fond of luxury and soft living. Sybaris was a fabulously wealthy Italian city, symbolic of the good life.

15. Tawdry: cheap; gaudy; showy. This word can be terraced to St. Audrey. Scarves called “St. Audrey’s laces” were sold in England where the local people changed the pronunciation to tawdry. The quality of the scarves, which at first was good, deteriorated, when they were mass produced for the peasant trade.

16. Acidulous: somewhat acid or sour

17. Baleful: deadly; sinister.

18. Bellicose: warlike; of a quarrelsome nature

19. Bilious: bad-tempered; bitter. It comes form the French word bilis (“bile”), the fluid secreted by the liver

20. Bumptious: arrogant; disagreeably conceited.

21. Captious: critical; quick to find fault; quibbling.

22. Churlish: boorish; surly. This adjective comes from “churl,” the old word for a peasant.

23. Complaisant: willing to please; tending to consent to others’ wishes.

24. Contrite: crushed in spirit by a feeling of guilt.

25. Convivial: festive; sociable.

26. Craven: cowardly

27. Debonair: courteous, gracious and having a sophisticated charm; suave; urbane. In Old French the words were de bon aire (“of a good race or breed”)

28. Dyspeptic: grouchy; gloomy; a person who suffers from dyspepsia or indigestion.

29. Lachrymose: sad; mournful; inclined to shed many tears.

30. Neurasthenic: having emotional conflicts that lead