Structure and Written expression
[SIZE="5"][B]Structure and Written expression[/B][/SIZE]
[B]Class # 01[/B] [SIZE="4"][COLOR="DarkRed"][B]Problem with verbs[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE] [B]Generalizations : Main Verbs[/B] In english , a sentence must have a main verb. A sentence may or may not have an auxiliary verb. [B]Problem 1 : Missing main verb[/B] Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and a main verb [QUOTE]Structure : S + V[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]expression : The sound of the dryer (s) bothers (v) my concentration (o)[/QUOTE] Avoid using an-ing form , an infinitive , an auxiliary verb , or another part of speech instead of a main verb. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : The prettiest girl in our class with long brown hair and brown eyes Correct : The prettiest girl in our class has long brown hair and brown eyes Incorrect : In my opinion , too soon to make a decision Correct : In my opinion , It is too soon to make a decision Incorrect : The book that I lent you having a good bibliography. Correct : The book that I lent you has a good bibliography. [B]Problem 2 : Verb that require an infinitive in the complement[/B] Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive in the complement . agree appear arrange ask claim consent decide demand deserve expect fail forget hesitate hope intend learn manage mean need offer plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend threaten wait want [QUOTE]Structure : S + V + C (infinitive) + M[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : We (s) had planned (v) to leave (c) day before yesterday (m)[/QUOTE] Avoid using an-ing form after the verb listed . Avoid using a verb word after want [B]Example : [/B] Incorrect : He wanted speak with Mr . brown Correct : He wanted to speak with Mr . brown Incorrect : We demand knowing our status Correct : We demand to know our status Incorrect : The didnt intend to buying a car Correct : The didnt intend to buy a car [B]Problem 3 : Verbs that require an-ing form in the complement [/B] Remember that the following verbs require an - ing form in the complement : admit appreciate avoid complete consider delay deny discuss enjoy finish keep mention miss postpone practice quit recall recommend reqret risk stop suggest tolerate understand [QUOTE]Structure : S + V + C (-ing) + M[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : He (s) enjoys (v) traveling (c) by plane (m)[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed Forbid may be used with either an infinitive or an -ing complement , but forbid form is not idiomatic. [B]Example :[/B] Incorrect : She is considering not to go Correct : She is considering not going Incorrect : We enjoyed talk with your friend Correct : We enjoyed talking with your friend Incorrect : Hank completed the writing his thesis this summer Correct : Hank completed writing his thesis this summer [B]Problem 4 : Verb phrases that require an - ing form in the complement [/B] Remember that the following verb phrases require an -ing form in the complement approve of be better off cant help count on do not mind forget about get through insist on keep on look forward to object to think about think of [QUOTE]Structure : S + V ph + C (-ing) + M[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : She (s) forgot about (v ph) canceling (c) her appointment (m)[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive after the verb phrases listed . Avoid using a verb word after look forward to and object to. Remember that the verb phrase BE likely does not require an -ing form but requires an infinitive in the complement. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : She is likely knowing Correct : She is likely to know Incorrect : Lets go to the movie when you get through to study Correct : Lets go to the movie when you get through studying Incorrect : I have been looking forward to meet you Correct : I have been looking forward to meeting you [B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Click [URL="http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/english-precis-composition/grammar-section/10091-sentence-structure.html"]here[/URL] to explore another part.[/COLOR][/B] |
Class # 2
[SIZE="4"][B]Problems with Tense[/B][/SIZE]
[B]Problem 1 : Irregular past forms[/B] Remember that past forms of the following irregular verbs are not the same as the participles : [B]Verb Word----------------Past Form----------------Participle[/B] Be --------------------------- was / were ----------------been Beat ------------------------ Beat -------------------------Beaten Become --------------------Became --------------------Become Begin ----------------------- Began ----------------------Begun Bite --------------------------Bit ----------------------------Bitten Blow ------------------------ Blew -------------------------Blown Break -----------------------Broke ------------------------broken Choose ---------------------chose-------------------------chosen come ----------------------- came -------------------------come do ---------------------------- did ---------------------------- done draw -------------------------drew --------------------------drawn drink -------------------------drank ----------------------- drunk drive -------------------------drave ------------------------ driven eat ---------------------------ate --------------------------- eaten fall --------------------------- fell ---------------------------- fallen fly --------------------------- flew -------------------------- flown forget ----------------------- forgot ----------------------- forgotten forgive------------------------forgave --------------------- forgiven freeze -----------------------froze ------------------------- frozen get ----------------------------got -------------------------gotten or got give --------------------------gave ------------------------ given go --------------------------- went ------------------------ gone grow ------------------------ grew ------------------------ grown hide -------------------------- hid ------------------------- hidden know ------------------------knew ----------------------- known ride -------------------------- rode ----------------------- ridden run --------------------------- ran -------------------------- run see -------------------------- saw ------------------------ seen shake --------------------- shook ---------------------- shaken show -----------------------showed -------------------- shown shrink ----------------------shrank --------------------- shrunk sing ------------------------ sang ----------------------- sung speak ----------------------spoke ---------------------- spoken steal ------------------------ stole ----------------------- stolen swear ---------------------- swore ---------------------- sworn swim ----------------------- swam ---------------------- swum take ------------------------ took ------------------------ taken throw ----------------------- threw ----------------------- thrown wear ------------------------ wore ------------------------ woven write ------------------------ wrote ---------------------- written [B]Irregular verbs[/B] The verbs in roman type are verbs which are not very common in modern english but may be found in literature. When a verb has two possible forms and one is less usual than the other, the less usual one will be printed in roman. [B]Verb Word----------------Past Form----------------Participle[/B] Abide ------------------------ Abode --------------------- Abode Arise ------------------------ Arose ---------------------- Arisen Awake ---------------- Awoke/ Awaked ------------- Awoken / Awaked Bear ------------------------- Bore ----------------------- Borne Beat ------------------------- Beat ----------------------- Beaten Become -------------------Became-------------------- Become Befall ------------------------ Befell --------------------- Befallen Beget ----------------------- Begot --------------------- begotten begin ----------------------- Began -------------------- begun bend ------------------------ bent ---------------------- bent bereave -------------------Breaved ------------------ Bereaved / bereft Beseech ----------------- besought ------------------ Besought bet ---------------------- betted / bet ---------------- betted / bet bid (=command)--------- bade ----------------------- bidden bid (=offer)------------------ bid ------------------------- bid bind ------------------------- bound ---------------------- bound bite -------------------------- bit ------------------------- bitten bleed ----------------------- bled ----------------------- bled blow ------------------------ blew ----------------------- blown break ---------------------- broke ---------------------- broken breed ----------------------- bred ----------------------- bred bring ---------------------- brought --------------------- brought build ----------------------- built ------------------------- built burn ------------------ burned / burnt ------------------ burned / burnt buy ----------------------- bought ----------------------- bought cant ----------------------- could ------------------------ be able catch --------------------- caught ---------------------- caught choose ------------------- chose ----------------------- chosen cleave ----------------- clove / cleft ------------------- cloven / cleft cling ----------------------- clung ------------------------ clung dare ------------------- dared / durst ------------------ dared / durst dig ------------------------- dug --------------------------- dug do -------------------------- did ---------------------------- done draw ----------------------- drew --------------------------- drawn dream ------------- dreamed / dreamt --------------- dreamed / dreamt drive ----------------------- drove ------------------------- driven fall --------------------------- fell --------------------------- fallen feel -------------------------- felt --------------------------- felt find ------------------------- found ------------------------- found fly --------------------------- flew --------------------------- flown forget --------------------- forgot ------------------------- forgotten forsake ----------------- forsook ------------------------ forsaken girl -------------------- girded / girt --------------------- girded / girt give ----------------------- gave --------------------------- given grow --------------------- grew --------------------------- grown hang ----------------- hanged / hung ----------------- hanged / hung have ----------------------- had --------------------------- had hide ----------------------- hid --------------------------- hidden know ---------------------- knew ------------------------- known lay -------------------------- laid -------------------------- laid Lead ----------------------- led --------------------------- led leave ----------------------- left --------------------------- left lie --------------------------- lay --------------------------- lain lose ------------------------ lost -------------------------- lost make --------------------- made ------------------------- made may ----------------------- might ------------------------ mean ----------------- meant / ment ----------------- meant / ment meet ----------------------- met ------------------------- met ride ------------------------- rode ------------------------- ridden ring ------------------------- rang ------------------------- rung run ------------------------- ran ---------------------------- run saw ---------------------- sawed ------------------------ sawed / sewn shake ------------------- shook ------------------------- shaken shall --------------------- should shoot ---------------------- shot -------------------------- shot sing ------------------------ sang ------------------------- sung sit --------------------------- sat --------------------------- sat sleep ----------------------- slept ------------------------ slept show ---------------------- showed --------------------- shown speak -------------------- spoke ------------------------ spoken spring -------------------- sprang ----------------------- sprung strive ----------------------- strove ---------------------- striven swim ----------------------- swam --------------------- swum take ------------------------ took ------------------------- taken teach ---------------------- taught ---------------------- taught tear ------------------------- tore -------------------------- torn think ---------------------- thought --------------------- thought throw ---------------------- threw ------------------------ thrown thread ---------------------- trod ------------------------- trodden / trod understand ------------ understood ------------------ understood wake ------------------ waked / woke ----------------- waked / woken weep ----------------------- wept ------------------------ wept will ------------------------- would win ------------------------- won ------------------------- won write ----------------------- wrote ----------------------- written [QUOTE]Structure : S + V (past)[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : The concert (s) began (v) at eight o ` clock.[/QUOTE] Avoid using a participle instead of a past for simple past statements [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : They done it very well after they had practised Correct : They did it very well after they had practised Incorrect : Before she run the computer program , She had checked it out with her supervisor. Correct : Before she ran the computer program , She had checked it out with her supervisor. Incorrect : My nephew begun working for me about ten years ago. Correct : My nephew began working for me about ten years ago. |
Class # 3
[COLOR="Sienna"][SIZE="4"][B]Modals[/B][/SIZE][/COLOR]
Modals are auxiliary , they are used with main verbs to give additional meaning to main verbs . The most common modals are listed below , along with some of the additional meanings that they add to main verbs . Can = Possibility , ability , permission Could = Possibility , ability in the past may = Probability , permission might = probability must = necessity , logical conclusion shall = future with emphasis should = advice , obligation , prediction will = future would = condition [B]Problem 1 : Modal + verb word[/B] Remember that a modal is used with a verb word . A verb word is the dictionary form of the verb . In some grammar books , the verb word is called the bare (uncovered) infinitive because it appears without the word to . Verb words are very important in many patterns, they are used most often with modals. [QUOTE]Structure : S + modal + verb word [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : They (s) might (modal) visit (vw) us[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after a modal. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : After u show me the way , I can to go by myself Correct : After u show me the way , I can go by myself Incorrect : Our friends might stopping to see us on their way to california Correct : Our friends might stop to see us on their way to california Incorrect : The flight should to be on time Correct : The flight should be on time Incorrect : I would , if there is time , liking to make a phone call. Correct : I would , if there is time , like to make a phone call. [B]Problem 2 : Logical conclusion ~ events in the past.[/B] Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by the verb word have and a participle expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happened in the past . Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion about something that happened in the past. for instance , " here is a message on my dest ". It may be concluded that . " my friend must have called me last night". [QUOTE]Structure : S + must have + participle + past time[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : She must have left early in the morning[/QUOTE] Avoid using should or can instead of must . Avoid using a verb word instead of have and a participle when referring to events in the past. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : The streets are wet ; It should have rained last night Correct : The streets are wet ; It must have rained last night Incorrect : This pen won`t write ; It can have run out of ink (in the past) Correct : This pen won`t write ; It must have run out of ink (in the past) Incorrect : The ring that i was looking at is gone ; someone else must buy it Correct : The ring that i was looking at is gone ; someone else must have bought it [B]Problem 3 : Logical conclusion ~ events in the present[/B] Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by be and an-ing form or an adjective expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that is happening now. [QUOTE]Structure : S + must be + -ing + present time[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : My friend must be calling now[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Structure : S + must be + adjective + present time [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : He must be upset now[/QUOTE] Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form after must be. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : The line is busy ; someone should be using the telephone now Correct : The line is busy ; someone must be using the telephone now Incorrect : He is talking walk ; he must have felt better now Correct : He is talking walk ; he must be feeling better now Incorrect : Sarah must get a divorce (now) because her husband is living in an apartment Correct : Sarah must be getting a divorce (now) because her husband is living in an apartment [B]Problem 4 : Logical conclusions ~ events that repeat[/B] Remember that must is a modal. Must is followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence . The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly [QUOTE]Structure : S + must + verb word + repeated time[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : My friend must call often[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after must . [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : The light is always out in her room at ten o` clock ; she must have go to bed early every night Correct : The light is always out in her room at ten o` clock ; she must go to bed early every night Incorrect : Our neighbours must having alot of money because they are always taking expensive trips Correct : Our neighbours must have alot of money because they are always taking expensive trips Incorrect : Her english is very good ; she must spoken it often Correct : Her english is very good ; she must speak it often |
Class # 4
[B]Problem 1 : Knowledge and ability ~ know and know how[/B]
Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge [QUOTE]Structure : S + know + noun [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I know the answer[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive after know Remember that know how followed by an infinitive expresses ability [QUOTE]Structure : S + know + how + infinitive [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I know how to answer the question[/QUOTE] [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : If she knew to drive , she would lend her car Correct : If she knew how to drive , she would lend her car Incorrect : Do u know to type ? Correct : Do u know how to type ? Incorrect : Untill he came to the US to study , he didnt know to cook Correct : Untill he came to the US to study , he didnt know how to cook [B]Problem 2 : Past custom ~ used to and be used to[/B] Remember that used to is similar to a modal. Used to with a verb word means that a custom in the past has to continued . [QUOTE]Structure : S + used to + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : He used to live in the country[/QUOTE] Avoid using a form of be after the subject , Avoid using the incorrect form use to. Remember that BE used to with an -ing form means to be accustomed to [QUOTE]Structure : S + BE + used to + -ing form[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : He was used to living in the country[/QUOTE] Avoid using a form to be after used to . Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form . Avoid using the incorrect form use to. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : I used to was studing at the university of southern california before i transferred here Correct : I used to study at the university of southern california before i transferred here OR I was used to studing at the university of southern california before i transferred here Incorrect : We use to go to the movies quite frequently Correct : We used to go to the movies quite frequently OR We were used to going to the movies quite frequently [B]Problem 3 : Advisability ~ had better[/B] Had better is similar to a modal. Although had appears to be a past but in case of had better expresses advice for the future . [QUOTE]Structure : S + had better + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : U had better go to the doctor[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive or a past form of a verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using dont instead of not [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : U had better to hurry if u dont want to miss the bus Correct : U had better hurry if u dont want to miss the bus Incorrect : We had better made reservations so that we will be sure of getting a good table Correct : We had better make reservations so that we will be sure of getting a good table Incorrect : U had better dont go alone Correct : U had better not go alone [B]Problem 4 : Preference ~ would rather [/B] Remember that the phrase would rather is similiar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be a past, It expresses preference in present and future time. [QUOTE]Structure : S + would rather + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I would rather drive[/QUOTE] Negative sense [QUOTE]Structure : S + would rather + not + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I would rather not drive[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : She told me that she`d rather not to serve on the committee Correct : She told me that she`d rather not serve on the committee incorrect : If u dont mind , I`d rather not going Correct : If u dont mind , I`d rather not go Incorrect : Greg would rather has a pepsi than a beer Correct : Greg would rather have a pepsi than a beer [B]Problem 5 : Preference for another ~ would rather that[/B] Remember that when the preference is for another person or thing , would rather that introduces a clause . The other person or thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is past tense , the preference is for present or future time [QUOTE]Structure : S + would rather + that + S + verb (past)[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I would rather that you drove[/QUOTE] Avoid using a present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb . Avoid using should and a verb word instead of a past verb. Negative [QUOTE]Structure : S + would rather + that + S + didn`t + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I would rather that u didn`t drive[/QUOTE] Avoid using don`t instead of didn`t [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : I`d rather that u dont do that Correct : I`d rather that u dint do that Incorrect : The dean would rather that students make appointments instead of dropping by. Correct : The dean would rather that students made appointments instead of dropping by. Incorrect : We`d rather that u should come tommorrow Correct : We`d rather that u came tommorrow [B]Problem 6 : Negative imperatives [/B] Remember that an imperative is expressed by a verb word. [QUOTE]Structure : Please don`t + verb word [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : Please don`t tell anyone[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive instead of a verb word OR [QUOTE]Structure : Would u pleasse not + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : would u please not tell anyone[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive instead of a verb word . Avoid using dont after would u please. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : Would u please dont smoke Correct : please dont smoke OR Would u please not smoke Incorrect : Would u please not to be late Correct : Please dont be late OR Would u please not be late |
Class # 5
[SIZE="4"][B][COLOR="Olive"]Causative[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE]
Causatives are main verbs that cause people or machines to do things or cause things to change They are listed below in order of the most forceful to the least forceful [B]make get have let help[/B] [B]Problem 1 : Causative " Make " [/B] Remember that make can be used as a causative. In a causative , a person does not perform an action directly . The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it. [QUOTE]Structure : S + make + some one + verb word [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : His mother made him take his medicine[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : S + make + some thing + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I made the machine work[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with make. [B]Examples : [/B] Incorrect : She made the baby to take a nap Correct : She made the baby take a nap Incorrect : Prof rogers didn`t make us typed up our lab reports. Correct : Prof rogers didn`t make us type up our lab reports. Incorrect : Patsy makes everyone doing his share around the house. Correct : Patsy makes everyone do his share around the house. [B]Problem 2 : Causative "GET"[/B] Remember that GET can be used as a causative. In a causative , a person does not perform an action directly. GET has less force and authority than MAKE. [QUOTE]Structure : S + get + some one + infinitive [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : Let`s get ralph to go with us[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : S + get + some thing + participle [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : Let`s get our car fixed first.[/QUOTE] Avoid using a verb word instead of an infinitive after a person in a causative with GET. Avoid using a verb word instead of an participle after things in a causative with GET. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : Do u think we can get karen takes us to San Diego ? Correct : Do u think we can get karen to take us to San Diego ? Incorrect : Noor got her mother`s wedding dress to alter so that it fit perfectly . Correct : Noor got her mother`s wedding dress altered so that it fit perfectly . [B]Problem 3 : Causative " HAVE "[/B] Remember that HAVE can also be used as a causative. In a causative . a person does not perform an action directly. Have has even less force and authority than Get. [QUOTE]Structure : S + have + some one + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : My english teacher had us give oral reports[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : S + have + some thing + participle[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I want to have this book renewed please.[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of verb word after a person in a causative with HAVE. Avoid using verb word or an infinitive instead of participle after a thing in a causative with HAVE. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : Shazia had a tooth fill Correct : Shazia had a tooth filled Incorrect : They had their lawyer to change their will Correct : They had their lawyer change their will Incorrect : I like the way u had the beautician done your hair Correct : I like the way u had the beautician do your hair [B]Problem 4 : Causative " LET "[/B] Remember that Let can also be used as a causative. In a causative . a person does not perform an action directly.With Let , a person gives permission for another person to do it. [QUOTE]Structure : S + Let + some one + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : His sister let him go to school[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : S + Let + some thing + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I am letting this machine cool[/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of verb word after a person or thing in a causative with LET. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : Prof Shah let us to write a paper instead of taking a final exam. Correct : Prof Shah let us write a paper instead of taking a final exam. Incorrect : When i was learning to drive , my dad let me using his car Correct : When i was learning to drive , my dad let me use his car Incorrect : Don`t let that bothers you Correct : Don`t let that bother you [B]Problem 5 : Causative " HELP "[/B] Remember that HELP can be used as a causative. In a causative . a person does not perform an action directly. With Help , a person assists another person to do it. [QUOTE]Structure : S + Help + some one + verb word / infinitive[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : He is helping me type / to type my paper.[/QUOTE] Avoid using an -ing form instead of a verb word or infinitive after a person in a causative with HELP. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : Her husband always helps her that she does the laundry. Correct : Her husband always helps her do / to do the laundry. Incorrect : My teacher helped me getting this job Correct : My teacher helped me get / to get this job |
Class # 6
[SIZE="5"][COLOR="Blue"][B]Conditionals[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE]
Conditionals are statements with if or unless. They are opinions about the conditions (circumstances) that unfluence results, and opinions about the results. There are two kinds of conditionals . In most grammar books , they are called real or factual conditionals and unreal or contrary-to-fact conditionals. Factual conditionals express absolute , scientific facts , probable results , or possible results. Contrary-to-fact conditionals express improbable or impossible results. [B]Problem 1 : Factual conditions ~ absolute , scientific results[/B] Remember that absolute conditionals express scientific facts. Will and a verb word expresses the opinion that the results are absolutely certain. [QUOTE]Structure : If + S + V (present) + , + S + V (present) [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : If a catalyst is used , the reaction occurs more rapidly[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : If + S + V (present) + , + S + will + verb word [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : If a catalyst is used , the reaction will occur more rapidly[/QUOTE] Avoid using will and a verb word instead of the present verb in the clause after if. [B]Examples[/B] Incorrect : If water freezes , it has become a solid Correct : If water freezes , it becomes a solid OR If water freezes , it will become a solid Incorrect : If light strikes a rough surface , it diffused Correct : If light strikes a rough surface , it diffuses OR If light strikes a rough surface , it will diffuse [B]Problem 2 : Factual conditionals ~ probable results for the future[/B] Remember that will and a verb word expresses the opinion that the results are absolutely certain. In order of more to less probable , use the following modals: Will , Can , May. [QUOTE]Structure : If + S + V (present) + , + S + will / may / can + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : If we find her address , we will write her[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : S + will / may / can + verb word + if + S + V (present)[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : We will write her if we find her address.[/QUOTE] Avoid using the present verb instead of a modal and a verb word in the clause of result. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : If u put too much water in rice when u cook it , it got sticky Correct : If u put too much water in rice when u cook it , it will get sticky OR It will get sticky If u put too much water in rice when u cook it . [B]Problem 3 : Factual Conditionals ~ possible results[/B] Remember that although a past verb is used , the opinion is for future time . In order of most possible to least possible, use the following modals : would could might [QUOTE]Structure : If + S + V (past) + , + S + would / could / might + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : If we found her address , we would / could / might right her[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : S + would / could / might + verb word + If + S + V (past)[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : We would / could / might write her if we found her address[/QUOTE] Avoid using would and a verb word instead of a past verb in an "if" clause. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : If Jim`s family meet karen , I m sure that they would like her Correct : If Jim`s family met karen , I m sure that they would like her OR I m sure that they would like karen If Jim`s family met her. Incorrect : If she would eat fewer sweets , she would lose weight Correct : If she ate fewer sweets , she would lose weight OR She would lose weight If she ate fewer sweets. [B]Problem 4 : Factual Conditionals ~ probable changes in past results[/B] Remember that the speaker or writer is expressing an opinion about the results of the past under different conditions or circumstances. In order of the most to the least probable , use of the following modals : Would Could Might [QUOTE]Structure : If + S + had + participle + , + S + would / could / might + have + participle[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : If we had found her address , we would / could / might have written her[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : S + would / could / might + have + participle + If + S + had + participle [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : we would / could / might have written her If we had found her address [/QUOTE] Avoid using would have and a participle instead of had and a participle . Avoid using have as a participle. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : If we had the money , we would have bought a new stereo system Correct : If we had had the money , we would have bought a new stereo system OR We would have bought a new stereo system If we had had the money Incorrect : If her mother let her , Annie would have stayed longer Correct : If her mother had let her , Annie would have stayed longer OR Annie would have stayed longer If her mother had let her [B]Problem 5 : Contrary-to-fact conditionals ~ impossible results were[/B] Remember that the verb BE is always were in contrary-to-fact conditionals. [QUOTE]Structure : If + S + were [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : If the party were on Friday , we could go[/QUOTE] Avoid changing were to agree with the subject in contrary-to-fact statements. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : If Barbara was really my friend , she would call me once in a while Correct : If Barbara were really my friend , she would call me once in a while Incorrect : This appartment be perfect if it were a little larger Correct : This appartment would be perfect if it were a little larger OR if this appartment were a little larger , it would be perfect [B]Problem 6 : Contrary-to-fact conditionals ~ changes in conditions unless[/B] [QUOTE]Structure : S + V + unless + she + V [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : Laila won`t return unless she gets a scholarship[/QUOTE] Remember that there is a subject and verb that determines the change in conditions after the connector unless Avoid deleting unless from the sentence ; avoid deleting either the subject or the verb from the clause after unless. [B]Examples : [/B] Incorrect : I can`t go I don`t get my work finished Correct : I can`t go unless I get my work finished Incorrect : They are going to get divorce unless he stopping drugs Correct : They are going to get divorce unless he stops taking drugs |
Class # 7
[SIZE="5"][B]Wishes[/B][/SIZE]
Wishes are desires, usually for change. The verb is used before a clause that expresses the desired change. [B]Problem 1 : Wishes ~ events in the past[/B] Remember that although the verb WISH is in present tense , this pattern refers to desires in the past. [QUOTE]Structure : S + Wish (present) + that + S + had / could have / would have + participle[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I wish that you had / could have / would have called yesterday[/QUOTE] [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : Sam and tanya wish that they not gotten married so young. Correct : Sam and tanya wish that they had not gotten married so young. OR Sam and tanya wish that they would not have gotten married so young Incorrect : I wish that I subscribed to a newspaper a long time ago. Correct : I wish that I had subscribed to a newspaper a long time ago. Or I wish that I would have subscribed to a newspaper a long time ago. Or I wish that I could have subscribed to a newspaper a long time ago. [B]Problem 2 : Wishes ~ events in the present and future[/B] Remember that although the verb WISH is in present tense, this pattern refers to desires for present and future events. Remember that would expresses choice. Could means that there are conditions that influence the choice [QUOTE]Structure : S + Wish (present) + that + S + Could / would + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I wish that u could / would call tommorrow[/QUOTE] Avoid using will instead of could and would. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect :We wish that u will change your mind about leaving tommorrow Correct : We wish that u would / could change your mind about leaving tommorrow Incorrect : She wishes that they are having another baby next year. Correct : She wishes that they would / could have another baby next year [B]Problem 3 : Contrary-to-fact wishes ~ events that repeat[/B] Remember that although the verb WISH is in the present tense , this pattern refers to desires for customs and events that repeat. [QUOTE]Structure : S + Wish (present) + that + S + V (past)[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I wish that u called everyday[/QUOTE] Avoid using this pattern to express desires in the past. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : I wish that we see the Rileys more often Correct : I wish that we saw the Rileys more often (we do not see Rileys often) Incorrect : Susie wishes that she goes to school with her big brother Correct : Susie wishes that she went to school with her big brother ( Susie doesnt go to school with her big brother) [B]Problem 4 : Contrary -to-fact Wishes ~ impossible results were[/B] Remember that the verb BE is always were in wishes that are impossible. [QUOTE]Structure : S + Wish (present) + that + S + were[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : I wish that the party were on friday[/QUOTE] Avoid changing were to agree with the subject. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : I wish that it was true Correct : I wish that it were true (it is not true) Incorrect : She wishes that the trip is over Correct : She wishes that the trip were over |
Class # 8
[SIZE="5"][B][COLOR="Indigo"]Subjunctives[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE]
Some verbs , nouns and expressions require a subjunctive. A subjunctive is a change in the usual form of the verb. A subjunctive is often a verb word in english. [B]Problem 1 : Importance ~ Subjunctive verbs[/B] Remember that the following verbs are used before that and the verb word clause to express importance ask demand desire insist prefer propose recommend request require suggest urge [QUOTE]Structure : S + V + that + S + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : Mr. Ali prefers that she speak with him personally[/QUOTE] Avoid using a present or past verb instead of verb word. Avoid using a modal before the verbword [B]Note :[/B] The verb insist may be used in non-subjunctive patterns in the past tense. For instance : He insisted that I was wrong [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect :The doctor suggested that she will not smoke Correct : The doctor suggested that she not smoke incorrect : She insisted that they should give her a receipt Correct : She insisted that they give her a receipt [B]Problem 2 : Importance ~ nouns derived from subjunctive verbs[/B] Remember that the following nouns are used in this pattern : demand insistence preference proposal recommendation request requirement suggestion [QUOTE]Structure : noun + that + S + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : The recommendation that we be evaluated was approved[/QUOTE] Avoid using a present or past verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using a modal before the verb word, [B]Example :[/B] Incorrect : He complied with the requirement that all graduate students in education should write a thesis. Correct : He complied with the requirement that all graduate students in education write a thesis. Incorrect : She ignored the suggestion that she gets more exercise. Correct : She ignored the suggestion that she get more exercise. [B]Problem 3 : Importance ~ impersonal expressions[/B] Remember that the following adjectives are used in impersonal expressions essential imperative important necessary [QUOTE]Structure : It is + adjective + infinitive[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : It is important to verify the data[/QUOTE] OR [QUOTE]Structure : It is + adjective + that + S + verb word[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : It is important that the data be verified[/QUOTE] Avoid using a present verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using a modal before the verb word. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : It is not necessary that u must take an entrance examination to be admitted to an american university Correct : It is not necessary to take an entrance examination to be admitted to an american university or It is not necessary that u take an entrance examination to be admitted to an american university Incorrect : It is imperative that u are on time Correct : It is imperative to be on time or It is imperative that u be on time |
Class # 9
[SIZE="5"][COLOR="DarkGreen"][B]Infinitives[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE]
An infinitive is to + the verb word [B]Problem 1 : Purpose ~ infinitives[/B] Remember that an infinitive can express purpose. It is a short form of in order to. [QUOTE]Structure : S + V + C + infinitive (purpose) [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Expression : Sara takes vitamins to feel better[/QUOTE] Avoid expression purpose without the word to in the infinitive. Avoid using for instead of to. [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : Wear several layers of clothing for keep warm Correct : Wear several layers of clothing to keep warm Incorrect : David has studied hard the succeed Correct : David has studied hard to succeed |
Class # 10
[SIZE="5"][B][COLOR="Purple"]Passives[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE]
A Passive changes the emphasis of a sentence. Usually in a passive, the event or result is more important than the person who causes it to happen [B]For Instance :[/B] Why? Because the person born, the person known , and the person or thing left are the important parts of the sentences. [B][U]Problem 1 : Passives ~ word order[/U][/B] Remember that in a passive sentence the actor is unknown or not important. The subject is not the actor. Passive sentences are also common iin certain styles of scientific writing [B][QUOTE]Structure : S + Be + Participle[/QUOTE][/B] [B][QUOTE]Expression : State university is located at the corner of college and third[/QUOTE][/B] [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold Correct : My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold ( It is the ring , not the person who made the ring , that is important ) Incorrect : References not used in the examination room. Correct : References are not used in the examination room. ( It is references , not the persons using them , that is important ) [B][U]Problem 2 : Passives ~ Agent[/U][/B] Remember that in a passive sentence , the actor is unknown or not important. The subject is not the actor The actor in a passive sentence is called the agent [B][QUOTE]Structure : Passive + by + person / machine[/QUOTE][/B] [QUOTE][B]Expression : This report was written by Phil[/B][/QUOTE] Avoid using for or from instead of by [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : The decisions on cases like this are made from Administrator Correct : The decisions on cases like this are made by Administrator Incorrect : The car was inspected for customs Correct : The car was inspected by customs [B][U]Problem 3 : Necessity for repair or improvement ~ NEED[/U][/B] Remember that NEED may express necessity for repair or improvement [B][QUOTE]Structure : S + Need + -ing form[/QUOTE][/B] [QUOTE][B]Expression : This paragraph needs revising[/B][/QUOTE] Avoid using an infinitive instead of an -ing form [QUOTE][B]Structure : S + Need + to be + Participle[/B][/QUOTE] [QUOTE][B]Expression : This paragraph needs to be revised[/B][/QUOTE] Avoid using an -ing form iinstead of a participle [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : His car needs to fix Correct : His car needs fixing or His car needs to be fixed Incorrect : The rugs needs cleaned before we move in Correct : The rugs needs cleaning before we move in Or The rugs needs to be cleaned before we move in [B][U]Problem 4 : Believe and Knowledge ~ anticipatory it[/U][/B] Remember that an anticipatory it clause expresses belief or knowledge. Anticipatory means before. Some it clauses that go before main clauses are listed here. It is believed It is hypothesized It is known It is said It is thought It is true It is written [B][QUOTE]Structure : Anticipatory it + that + S + V [/QUOTE][/B] [B][QUOTE]Expression : It is believed that all mammals experience dreams[/QUOTE][/B] Avoid using an -ing form , a noun , or an infinitive instead of a subject and verb after an anticipatory it clause . [B]Examples :[/B] Incorrect : It is generally known that she leaving at the end of the year Correct : It is generally known that she is leaving at the end of the year Incorrect : It is believed that a horse shoe bringing good luck Correct : It is believed that a horse shoe brings good luck |
09:35 AM (GMT +5) |
vBulletin, Copyright ©2000 - 2024, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.