The Greatest” civilization before ours was the Greek. They, too, lived in a dangerous
world. They were a little, highly civilized people, surrounded by barbarous tribes and always threatened by the greatest Asian power, Persia. In the end they succumbed, but the reason they did was not that the enemies outside were so strong, but that their spiritual strength had given way. While they had it, they kept Greece unconquered. Basic to all Greek achievements was freedom. The Athenians were the only free people in the world. In the great empires of antiquity — Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Persia — splendid though they were, with riches and immense power, freedom was unknown. The idea of it was born in Greece, and with it Greece was able to prevail against all the manpower and wealth arrayed against her. At Marathon and at Salamis overwhelming numbers of Persians were defeated by small Greek forces. It was proved there that one free man was superior to many submissively obedient subjects of a tyrant. And Athens, where freedom was the dearest possession, was the leader in those amazing victories. Greece rose to the very height, not because she was big, she was very small, not because she was rich, she was very poor, not even because she was wonderfully gifted. So doubtless were others in the great empires of the ancient world who have gone their way leaving little for us. She rose because there was in the Greeks the greatest spirit that moves in humanity, the spirit that sets men free.” (255 words / 3 = 85 words)

ANS

RISE AND FALL OF GREEK CIVILIZATION

Greek civilization was one of the greatest in history. At that time, many other powers were superior in size, wealth, and magnificence than Greeks. Despite smaller in size, the people of Greece were able to defeat the strong and magnanimous force of aggressors. The convictions of Greeks on freedom of spirit and dignity of humanity were the real factor behind the rise of their civilization. Therefore, as soon as they lost such principle of the liberty of human consciousness, the downfall of them took place. (85 words)

please i have a question:
what is the criteria of counting the words in a paragraph?
i mean is there any rule that "on,is ,a ,of" etc,cant be counted??
regards

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~Miss zoologist~

yes.... "a" is to be counted as word. Similarly, "on", "of" would be counted as words.....

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Lo! man is in a state of loss. (Al-Asr:103:2) And every small and great thing is recorded. (Al-Qamar:54:53) And guard yourselves against a day in which ye will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full that which it hath earned, and they will not be wronged. (Al-Baqara:2:281)

As far as rule or criteria is concerned regarding the counting of words in precis.... I don't know any formal written material specific to CSS but I am telling you according to MS WORD method of counting the total number of words in a document.

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Lo! man is in a state of loss. (Al-Asr:103:2) And every small and great thing is recorded. (Al-Qamar:54:53) And guard yourselves against a day in which ye will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full that which it hath earned, and they will not be wronged. (Al-Baqara:2:281)

1. Make a précis of the given passage and suggest a suitable heading (20 +5)

Basically, psychoses and neuroses represent man’s inability to maintain a balanced or equated polarity in conducting his life. The ego becomes exclusively or decidedly one sided. In psychoses there is a complete collapse of the ego back into the inner recesses of the personal and collective unconsciouses. When he is repressed toward fulfilling some life goal and where he is further unable to sublimate himself toward another goal, man regresses into goal structures not actually acceptable to himself or to the society. Strong emotional sickness of the psychotic type is like having the shadow run wild. The entire psyche regresses to archaic, animal forms of behaviors. In less severe forms of emotional sickness there may be an accentuated and overpowering use of one of the four mental functions at the expense of the other three. Either thinking, feeling, intuiting or seeing may assume such a superior role as to render the other three inoperative. The persona may become so dominant as to create a totally one-sided ego, as in some forms of neurotic behavior. All in all, whatever the type of severity of the emotional disorder, it can be taken as a failure of the psyche to maintain a proper balance between the polarities of life. Essentially, psychoses and neuroses are an alienation of the self from its true goal of self actualization. In this sense the culture is of no consequence. Emotional disorder is not a question of being out of tune with one’s culture so much as it is of being out of tune with one’s self. Consequently, neurosis is more than bizarre behavior, especially as it may be interpreted by contemporaries in the culture. This interpretation avoids the sociological question of what is a mental disorder, since form of behavior which is acceptable in one culture may be considered neurotic in other culture. To Jung, the deviation from cultural norms is not the point. The inability to balance out personal polarities is. (325) / 3 = 108.33

ANS:

Misconception about Psychotic Disorders

Psychoses and Neurosis are divergence from self as well as society. The personality sets in a disharmonious relation with the world and becomes wild in its behavior. Consequently, one becomes so erratic in such disorders that people relate these abnormalities with deviance from the cultural norms; however, the truth is opposite to this common belief and perception. A conduct of psychotic disorder might be tolerable in one culture but be weird in another. Therefore, experts do not believe in association of culture and psychotic disorders. According to them, the incapacity of equating self with the realities of life is the real cause of the psychotic disorders. (106 words)

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Lo! man is in a state of loss. (Al-Asr:103:2) And every small and great thing is recorded. (Al-Qamar:54:53) And guard yourselves against a day in which ye will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full that which it hath earned, and they will not be wronged. (Al-Baqara:2:281)

The best aid to give is intellectual aid, a gift of useful knowledge. A gift of knowledge
is infinitely preferable to a gift of material things. There are many reasons for this. Nothing becomes truly one’s own except on the basis of some genuine effort or sacrifice. A gift of material goods can be appropriated by the recipient without effort or sacrifice; it therefore rarely becomes his own and is all too frequently and easily treated as a mere windfall. A gift of intellectual goods, a gift of knowledge, is a very different matter. Without a genuine effort of appropriation on the part of the recipient there is no gift. To appropriate the gift and to make it one’s own is the same thing, and ‘neither moth nor rust doth corrupt’. The gift of material goods makes people dependent, but the gift of knowledge makes them free. The gift of knowledge also has far more lasting effects and is far more closely relevant to the concept of ‘development.’ Give a man a fish, as the saying goes, and you are helping him a little bit for a very short time, teach him the act of fishing, and he can help himself all his life. Further, if you teach him to make his own fishing net, you have helped him to become not only self-supporting, but also self-reliant and independent, man and businessman. This, then should become the ever-increasing preoccupation of aid-programmes to make men self-reliant and independent by the generous supply of the appropriate intellectual gifts, gifts of relevant knowledge on the methods of self-help. This approach, incidentally, has also the advantage of being relatively cheap, of making money go a long way. For POUNDS 100/- you may be able to equip one man with certain means of production, hut for the same money you may well be able to teach and hundred men to equip themselves. Perhaps a little ‘pump priming’ by way of material goods will in some cases, be helpful to speed the process of development. (E. F. Schumacher) (341 words / 3 = 113.66 approx. 114)

ANS

Schumacher said that the best aid for someone was the gift of knowledge. No one could truly possess anything unless doing some endeavors. Material gifts might easy to take but they were not genuinely in possession because of the lack of any exertion to get them. Moreover, a gift of knowledge would be of no avail to anyone without doing any intellectual struggle for it. Endeavored intellectual gifts would make one independent, self-sustained, and self-confident. To gift a thing as help would be a temporary measure; however, to teach how to get such thing would be a perpetual reward. Nevertheless, a little material aid along with necessary guidance for self-sustenance would stimulate the progress. (114 words)

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Lo! man is in a state of loss. (Al-Asr:103:2) And every small and great thing is recorded. (Al-Qamar:54:53) And guard yourselves against a day in which ye will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full that which it hath earned, and they will not be wronged. (Al-Baqara:2:281)

The touring companies had set up their stages; when playing for towns-folk and not for the nobility in the large inn yards where the crowd could sit or stand around the platform and the superior patrons could seat themselves in the galleries outside the bedrooms of the inn. The London theatres more or less reproduced this setting, though they were usually round or oval in shape and stage was more than a mere platform, having entrances at each side, a curtained inner stage and an upper stage or balcony. For imaginative Poetic drama this type of stage had many advantages. There was no scenery to be changed, the dramatist could move freely and swiftly from place to place. Having only words at his command, be had to use his imagination and compel his audience to use theirs. The play could move at great speed. Even with such limited evidence as we possess, it is not hard to believe that the Elizabethan audience, attending a poetic tragedy or comedy, found in the theatre an imaginative experience of a richness and intensity that we cannot discover in our own drama. (188 words / 3 = 62.66)
ANS

Superiority of Elizabethan Theater over Modern Drama

Earlier touring companies set up their stages in the courtyard of hotels. Later on, in Elizabethan period, London theaters were organized upon the layout of earlier stages. However, the simplicity of London theatres did not shadow the performance of the actors and the progress of the drama. In fact, at that time the audience greatly enjoyed the fascinating play that lacked in today's drama. (64 words)

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Lo! man is in a state of loss. (Al-Asr:103:2) And every small and great thing is recorded. (Al-Qamar:54:53) And guard yourselves against a day in which ye will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full that which it hath earned, and they will not be wronged. (Al-Baqara:2:281)

Besant describing the middle class of the 9th century wrote " In the first place it was for more a class apart. "In no sense did it belong to society. Men in professions of any kind (except in the Army and Navy) could only belong to society by right of birth and family connections; men in trade—bankers were still accounted tradesmen—could not possibly belong to society. That is to say, if they went to live in the country they were not called upon by the county families and in the town they were not admitted by the men into their clubs, or by ladies into their houses… The middle class knew its own place, respected itself, made its own society for itself, and cheerfully accorded to rank the deference due."

Since then, however, the life of the middle classes had undergone great changes as their numbers had swelled and their influence had increased.

Their already well –developed consciousness of their own importance had deepened. More critical than they had been in the past of certain aspects of aristocratic life, they were also more concerned with the plight of the poor and the importance of their own values of society, thrift, hand work, piety and respectability as examples of ideal behavior for the guidance of the lower orders. Above all, they were respectable. There were divergences of opinion as to what exactly was respectable and what was not. There were, nevertheless, certain conventions, which were universally recognized: wild and drunker behaviors were certainly not respectable, nor were godlessness or avert promiscuity, not an ill-ordered home life, unconventional manners, self-indulgence or flamboyant clothes and personal adornments. (282 words) / 3 = (94 words)

Middle class of the 9th century

Besant said that in the 19th century, the society was a place only for the nobles of high birth or military affiliations. Such a society of high class was adamant to isolate other classes of people by denying any relation with them. In such circumstances, middle class made their own society and established some unique ethical values. Gradually, as their population increased, their values critical of flamboyant and indolent life of aristocrats became more emphatic and they became more concerned about poor. They upheld unanimously some principles for a decent and modest life. (93 words)

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Lo! man is in a state of loss. (Al-Asr:103:2) And every small and great thing is recorded. (Al-Qamar:54:53) And guard yourselves against a day in which ye will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full that which it hath earned, and they will not be wronged. (Al-Baqara:2:281)

When the French revolution passed into the Terror, and especially when the republic changed a defensive into an aggressive war, Wordsworth lost his trust in immediate social reform. He turned more and more to abstract meditation on man and society, chiefly under the guidance of William Godwin—a period of dry intellectualism that went against the grain. He suffered from the suppression of his feelings, from being momentarily deaf to “the language of the sense.” Besides, his analysis of men’s motives soon convinced him that the evils he fought against were not so much the results of social forms as of something inherent in man’s nature. A man of commanding intellect may be wantonly cruel and vicious; he may use all the powers of logic for his detestable ends; reason is non-moral; the wicked “spin motives out of their own bowels.” Hence, a wellnigh absolute, though transient, pessimism, which vented itself in his play The Borderers. If the traditional bonds of morality are relaxed, the fixed rules of our actions or the intuitive guidance of the feelings repudiated, then full scope is given to bold, intelligent, bad men; then are the well-meaning blinded and betrayed to abominable deeds. Then is the Terror possible. Scarcely any hope of betterment is left. The kind-hearted Girondin Marmaduke will be an easy prey to the villainous Montagnard Oswald. (224/3 = 74.66)

ANS:

Wordsworth's insight into innate cruelty of man

Wordsworth lost hope of any social development during French revolution. In that period of intellectual decay, his thinking became more philosophical than realistic. With his deep insight upon origin of evil, he realized that it did not arise out of social circumstances; however, evil resided in man's nature. Moreover, without moral and ethical obligations, a wise and brave leader could become wicked and sinful. Ultimately, fear and pessimism would prevail everywhere in society. (74 words)

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Lo! man is in a state of loss. (Al-Asr:103:2) And every small and great thing is recorded. (Al-Qamar:54:53) And guard yourselves against a day in which ye will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full that which it hath earned, and they will not be wronged. (Al-Baqara:2:281)

A vast majority of the people in the world cherishes democracy and mostly have experienced democratic deficit in their countries. The desire to have a democratic and participatory political system does not necessarily mean that such a political order will come into existence.
Pressing a button cannot start democracy. It is a process whish the people initiate by conscious decisions and sustain it by subscribing to its principles in theory and practice. Though democracy pertains to governance and political management, it cannot endure without a supportive socio cultural environment. The basic principle of participatory governance and political pluralism must also reflect at the societal level.
This does not necessarily mean that you hold back on democracy until the people have fully imbibed democratic values in their personal life and societal interaction. A democratic political system can never be established if you insist on the precondition of the people becoming fully democratic in their personal life and societal interaction.
Democratic norms and values are acquired over time through experience. The people subscribe to them when they learn through experience that they can change the rulers by their votes and that the democratic political order offers a better framework for addressing multifaceted political, social and economic problems. People become democratic by experiencing democracy.
Democratic process and institutions must function over time. These would require midcourse correction in the light of experience. However, periodic interruption of the political process have to be avoided if democracy is to become viable.
At the minimalist level democracy implies electoral democracy and open and competitive elections where all interests get fair opportunity to contest the elections. It also implies universal suffrage and some basic freedoms to the people.
The maximum or liberal democracy goes beyond fair and free election. It emphasizes the supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law, independence of the judiciary, fundamental political and civil rights, political and civic pluralism and adequate protection of the rights and interests of minorities. 327/3=109 words

Establishing Democracy

Having only desire to possess democracy is futile. Democracy is persistent and pragmatic activity that depends on collective efforts for realistic circumstances. Moreover, restraining democracy on pretext for achieving the required conditions is not an effective approach. People get used to democracy by involving and practicing it. Since the democratic institutions need a stable system where they could be continuously adjusted according to the democratic norms; therefore, free will of people and voting process are helpful for maintaining an independent democratic system. Besides, sanctity and observance of rule of state; belief in fundamental human rights; disposition for a multicultural cohesive society; are all sine qua non of democracy. (108)

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Lo! man is in a state of loss. (Al-Asr:103:2) And every small and great thing is recorded. (Al-Qamar:54:53) And guard yourselves against a day in which ye will be brought back to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full that which it hath earned, and they will not be wronged. (Al-Baqara:2:281)