Title : 1)history through literature
2) basis of history
3) foundation of history
Author says history could easily be understood through the books which the people used to study at that time but unfortunately most of the famous literary authors like john keats got fame after their death. This shows people like to study old books as compare to the new ones. (54 words)
Your comments are most welcome.

Make the précis of the following passage

it is often said that literature is an index, indeed the principal index, of the soul of an age, and that to understand the spirit of any historical period, we should look first of all to the books that were being read by the people of the time. It is, however much too easy to suppose that the books we today value and associate with a particular period were valued in an equal degree by the writer`s contemporaries. In point of face, literary repute of the kind which ultimately establishes a work as a classic is very often of slow growth. John keat`s poem remained almost unknown to his own generation. It was only among the second generation after his dealth that his genius became widely recognized. It is important to remember that a great part of the reading done in any age is of the better books of a rather older generation.


Titles :

1) history through literature
2) foundation of history
3) founders of history

Author says history could easily be understood through the books which the people used to study at that time but unfortunately most of the famous literary authors like john keats got fame after their death. This shows people like to study old books as compare to the new ones. (54 words)
Your comments are most welcome.

Old is gold ?
As a matter of fact, even a good literature may not get applause it deserves from the very time it was written in. Books written back then might not have had that much of importance as they got after few generations. Hence it is much advised to read an excellent material from the past

NO LAUGHING SINCE THIS MY 1st ATTEMPT

A delicate balance between conflicting demands at different levels of mind is what maintains sanity.This is the function of ego.When either ego stops functioning at the level of consciousness or different defence stategies fail to fill the void of ego,mental illnesses ranging from psychosis to neurosis result.Again in these disorders one mental capability dominates at expense of others.Therefore a person is unable to make balanced judgment.In the ultimate analysis mental disorders represent cessation of efforts towards realization of self.Thus seemingly abnormal overt behaviour in a particular culture may not necessarily represent a mental illness.

A delicate balance between conflicting demands at different levels of mind is what maintains sanity.This is the function of ego.When either ego stops functioning at the level of consciousness or different defence stategies fail to fill the void of ego,mental illnesses ranging from psychosis to neurosis result.Again in these disorders one mental capability dominates at expense of others.Therefore a person is unable to make balanced judgment.In the ultimate analysis mental disorders represent cessation of efforts towards realization of self.Thus seemingly abnormal overt behaviour in a particular culture may not necessarily represent a mental illness.

An Extract from International Civil Service Exams
A tree fungus could provide green fuel that can be pumped directly into tanks, scientists say.The organism, found in the Patagonian rainforest, naturally produces a mixture of chemicals that is remarkably similar to diesel. "This is the only organism that has ever been shown to produce such
an important combination of fuel substances," said the plant scientist from Montana State University who led the work. "We were totally surprised to learn that it was making a plethora of hydrocarbons." In principle, biofuels are attractive replacements for liquid fossil fuels used in transport that generate greenhouse gases. The European Union has set biofuel targets of 5.75% by
2010 and 10% by 2020. But critics say current biofuels scarcely reduce greenhouse gas emissions and cause food price rises and deforestation. Producing biofuels sustainably is now a target and this latest work has been greeted by experts as an encouraging step. The fungus, called
Gliocladium roseum and discovered growing inside the ulmo tree (Eucryphia cordifolia) in northern Patagonia, produces a range of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules that are virtually identical to the fuel-grade compounds in existing fossil fuels. Details of the concoction, which the scientist calls "mycodiesel", will be published in the next issue of the journal Microbiology. "The
results were totally unexpected and very exciting and almost every hair on my arms stood on end," said the researcher. Many simple organisms, such as algae, are already known to make chemicals that are similar to the long-chain hydrocarbons present in transport fuel but none produce the explosive hydrocarbons with the high energy density of those in mycodiesel. The researcher in charge of this project said that the chemical mixture produced by his fungus could be used in a modern diesel engine without any modification. Another advantage of the G. roseum fungus is its ability to eat up cellulose. This is a compound that, along with lignin, makes up the cell walls in plants and is indigestible by most animals. As such, it makes up much of the organic waste currently discarded, such as stalks and sawdust. Converting this plant waste into useful fuels is a major goal for the biofuel industry, which currently uses food crops such as corn and has been
blamed for high food prices. Normally, cellulosic materials are treated with enzymes that first convert it to sugar, with microbes then used to ferment the sugar into ethanol fuel. In contrast, G.roseum consumes cellulose directly to produce mycodiesel. Although the fungus makes less mycodiesel when it feeds on cellulose compared to sugars, new developments in fermentation
technology and genetic manipulation could help improve the yield. In fact, the genes of the fungus are just as useful as the fungus itself in the development of new biofuels. "Fungi are very important
but we often overlook these organisms," a fungus expert at Swansea University, said: "This is the first time that a fungus has been shown to produce hydrocarbons that could potentially be exploited
as a source of fuel in the future. Concept-wise, the discovery and its potential applications are
fantastic. However, more research is needed, as well as a pilot study to determine the costs and
benefits. Even so, another potential supply of renewable fuel allows us to diversify our energy
sources and is certainly an exciting discovery." The executive director of the National Energy
Research Centre also welcomed the discovery but noted it is at its earliest stage of development.
"This appears another encouraging discovery that natural processes are more capable of producing
materials of real value to mankind than we had previously known. It's another piece of evidence
that there is real potential to adapt such processes to provide energy sources that can help reduce
our need for, and dependence on, fossil fuels." The next stage for this breakthrough research will
be to refine the extraction of mycodiesel from the fungus. This requires more laboratory work to
identify the most efficient ways to grow the organism and, perhaps, genetic modification of the
fungus to improve yields. If successful, this new technology will then need to be tested in a largescale
demonstration plant to solve any problems in scaling up to commercial production. This
discovery also raises questions about how fossil fuels were made in the first place. The accepted
theory is that crude oil, which is used to make diesel, is formed from the remains of dead plants
and animals that have been exposed to heat and pressure for millions of years. But if fungi like this
are producing mycodiesel all over the rainforest, they may have contributed to the formation of
fossil fuels.
2

Imaginative v/s Political poetry
The imaginative poetry is a gist of large public events and very much different from individual actions. The poet being affected from these public activities and having different feeling for them as compare to individual acts, has to rely on social communicative sources to cover these happenings by giving his own touch regardless of others' opinions.
Unlike shake spear, a political poet not being imaginative compiles present activities. His creative work does not accomplish due to inadmissible causes. Poet does such poetry from selecting a domain of large possibilities with accurate sense, and includes unnecessary issues being not imaginative. Further more, he puts a lot of his opinions by excluding others’. That’s what political poetry is all about trying to reshaping its history in our age.

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I don't want to be the looser...

IS THIS good for prepation that i study all past papers of all subjects complurory and optional which i selected .any noe who give me information about this ...please ..

Literature represents the prevalent paradigms of an era & books are the best tool for its understanding. Earning the stature of classic is a slow process as John Keats & his work were honored by the second generation after his death. Older books are of more value irrespective of reader’s age.

Please every body evaluate my precise

Write precise of the following paragraphs.

Objectives pursued by, organizations should be directed to the satisfaction of demands resulting from the wants of mankind. Therefore, the determination of appropriate objectives for organized activity must be preceded by an effort to determine precisely what their wants are. Industrial organizations conduct market studies to learn what consumer goods should be produced. City Commissions make surveys to ascertain what civic projects would be of most benefit. Highway Commissions conduct traffic counts to learn what constructive programmes should be undertaken. Organizations come into being as a means for creating and exchanging utility. Their success is dependent upon the appropriateness of the series of acts contributed to the system. The majority of these acts is purposeful, that is, they are directed to the accomplishment of some objectives. These acts are physical in nature and find purposeful employment in the alteration of the physical environment. As a result utility is created, which, through the process of distribution, makes it possible for the cooperative system to endure.

Before the Industrial Revolution most cooperative activity was accomplished in small owner managed enterprises, usually with a single decision maker and simple organizational objectives. Increased technology and the growth of industrial organization made necessary the establishment of a hierarchy of objectives. This is turn, required a division of the management function until today a hierarchy of decision makers exists in most organizations.

The effective pursuit of appropriate objectives contributes directly to organizational efficiency. As used here, efficiency is a measure of the want satisfying power of the cooperative system as a whole. Thus efficiency is the summation of utilities received from the organization divided by the utilities given to the organization, as subjectively evaluated by each contributor.

The functions of the management process is the delineation of organizational objectives and the coordination of activity towards the accomplishment of these objectives. The system of coordinated activities must be maintained so that each contributor, including the manager, gains more than he contributes.(345)

Solution:
Title: "importance of objectives for an organization"

Precise: The objectives are crucial for every organization. The objectives of organization must be to satisfy the demands of the humanity. For this, knowing of the objectives’ purposes are pivotal. To know their objectives organization should make every possible effort. Organization’s success relies on acts of achievement’s objectives. These acts can be to gain meaningful employment in the competitive environment that is the source of utility. Before industrialization owners were the maker of decisions, so objectives were simple. But modern technology and increase of industrial organizations, led the top to bottom flow of the objectives. The effectiveness of the objectives contributes the efficiency of the organization. Managements should portray their aims, to gain objective’s purposes and more than what was contributed.