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In studying the breakdowns of civilizations, the writer has subscribed to the conclusion – no new discovery! – that war
has proved to have been the proximate cause of the breakdown of every civilization which is known for certain to have
broken down, in so far as it has been possible to analyze the nature of these breakdowns and to account for their
occurrence. Like other evils, war has an insidious way of appearing not intolerable until it has secured such a
stranglehold upon the lives of its addicts that they no longer have the power to escape from its grip when its deadliness
has become manifest. In the early stages of a civilization’s growth, the cost of wars in suffering and destruction might
seem to be exceeded by the benefits accruing from the winning of wealth and power and the cultivation of the “military
virtues”; and, in this phase of history, states have often found themselves able to indulge in war with one another with
something like impunity even for the defeated party. War does not begin to reveal its malignity till the war-making
society has begun to increase its economic ability to exploit physical nature and its political ability to organize manpower;
but, as soon as this happens, the god of war to which the growing society has long since been dedicated proves
himself a Moloch by devouring an ever larger share of the increasing fruits of man’s industry and intelligence in the
process of taking an ever larger toll of life and happiness; and, when the society’s growth in efficiency reaches a point
at which it becomes capable of mobilizing a lethal quantum of its energies and resources for military use, then war
reveals itself as being a cancer which is bound to prove fatal to its victim unless he can cut it out and cast it from him,
since its malignant tissues have now learnt to grow faster that the healthy tissues on which they feed.
In the past, when this danger-point in the history of the relations between war and civilization has been reached and
recognized, serious efforts have sometimes been made to get rid of war in time to save society, and these endeavours
have been apt to take one or other of two alternative directions. Salvation cannot, of course, be sought anywhere except
in the working of the consciences of individual human beings; but individuals have a choice between trying to achieve
their aims through direct action as private citizens and trying to achieve them through indirect action as citizens of
states. A personal refusal to lend himself in any way to any war waged by his state for any purpose and in any
circumstances is a line of attack against the institution of war that is likely to appeal to an ardent and self-sacrificing
nature; by comparison, the alternative peace strategy of seeking to persuade and accustom governments to combine in
jointly resisting aggression when it comes and in trying to remove its stimuli before hand may seem a circuitous and
unheroic line of attack on the problem. Yet experience up to date indicates unmistakably, in the present writer’s
opinion, that the second of these two hard roads is by far the more promising.

Precis:

Nothing can be discovered in the breakdown of civilizations. The civilizations that have broken down, war is the potential cause. The people, who once want war, lose control over. War comes calmly and shows its destruction on bigger scale. A growing civilization often faces treason from its states when it receives more than benefits from war. In the early stages of war, harm is not unbearable but when it spreads out, it demands all the resources to be used, becoming even more dangerous and now becomes necessary to get out of it to save society from its ever increasing harm.
Some serious efforts have been made in the past to keep society safe from war and rather utilize this energy in other directions or fields. Efforts for safety are needed to make on every person of society who has the capability to achieve for himself and for the state also. Governments of states should come on table to eliminate the possibility of war rather than letting the individuals take decision themselves as the state needs their support not rhetoric.