Originally Posted by WaqasAhmed

you may consult any book of English Grammar. Keeping in view the shortage of time, i would recommend that you go for any English grammar book written for B.A. Students. This approach worked for me.

Originally Posted by Afshan Choudary

Bro i read Oxford English grammar that was recommended in B. A .. its not like that i don't basic rules of English... i am engineering student n we ppl are really duffer in languages...i guess i need a gud teacher who point out my mistakes...but do to shortage of tym and due to uncertainty of law n order situation in KHI, i cant go outside...even i learn from u...thanks for ur time...

Originally Posted by Engr Shahid

Make a precise of the following passage in about one third of its length and suggest a suitable heading. CE-1995

When you see a cockroach or a bed-hug your first reaction is one of disgust and that is immediately, followed by a desire to exterminate the offensive creature. Later, in the garden, you see a butterfly or a dragonfly, and you are filled with admiration at its beauty and grace.

Man’s feelings towards insects are ambivalent. He realizes that some of them for example, - flies and cockroaches arc threats to health. Mosquitoes and tsetse flies have in the past sapped the vitality of entire tribes or nations. Other insects are destructive and cause enormous losses. Such arc locusts, which can wipe out whole areas of crops in minutes; and termites, whose often insidious ravages, unless checked at an early stage, can end in the destructing of entire rows –of houses.

Yet men’s ways of living may undergo radical changes if certain species of insects were to become extinct. Bees, for example, pollinate the flowers of many plants which are food sources. In the past, honey was the only sweetening agent known to man in some remote parts of the world. Ants, although they bite and contaminate man’s food are useful scavengers which consume waste material that would otherwise pollute the environment.

Entomologists who have studied insect fossils believe them to have inhabited the earth for nearly 400 million years. Insects live in large numbers almost everywhere in the world, from the hottest deserts and the deepest caves to the peaks of-high mountains and even the snows of the
polar caps.

Some insect communities are complex in organizations, prompting men to believe that they possess an ordered intelligence. But such organized behaviour is clearly not due to - developed brains. If we have to compare them to humans, bee and ant groups behave like extreme totalitarian societies. Each bee or ant seems to have a determined role to play
instinctively and does so without deviation.

The word “instinct” is often applied to insect behaviour. But some insect behaviour appears so clear that one tends to think that some sort of intelligence is at work. For example, the worker bee, upon relating to the hive after having found a new source of nectar, communicates his discovery by a kind of dance which tells other bees the direction and distance away of the nectar.
Word=381


PRECISE

Man dislikes Cockroach, Bed Bugs and other insects. Whenever he interacts, he kills them. In contrast, he pleased with the beauty of Butterfly and Dragonfly. Some insects are harmful to human e.g. locust wipe out crops, termites pours the base of the houses and viral diseases by flies has vanished the complete nations at once. Some insect are useful for food to human being like Bees and Ant. Existence of insects dates back to 400 million years ago. They found in every nook and corner of the world. They live in organized way like Totalitarian society, in which everybody has defined role to play. Insects also possess intelligence, which is evident from Bee’s way of dancing to inform others about the distance of newly found nectar.

Word=125

Title: Man and Insects

Plz Check

Originally Posted by WaqasAhmed

Objectives pursued by, organizations should be directed to the satisfaction of demands resulting from the wants of mankind. Therefore, the determination of appropriate objectives for organized activity must be preceded by an effort to determine precisely what their wants are. Industrial organizations conduct market studies to learn what consumer goods should be produced. City Commissions make surveys to ascertain what civic projects would be of most benefit. Highway Commissions conduct traffic counts to learn what constructive programmes should be undertaken. Organizations come into being as a means for creating and exchanging utility. Their success is dependent upon the appropriateness of the series of acts contributed to the system. The majority of these acts is purposeful, that is, they are directed to the accomplishment of some objectives. These acts are physical in nature and find purposeful employment in the alteration of the physical environment. As a result utility is created, which, through the process of distribution, makes it possible for the cooperative system to endure.

Before the Industrial Revolution most cooperative activity was accomplished in small owner managed enterprises, usually with a single decision maker and simple organizational objectives. Increased technology and the growth of industrial organization made necessary the establishment of a hierarchy of objectives. This is turn, required a division of the management function until today a hierarchy of decision makers exists in most organizations.

The effective pursuit of appropriate objectives contributes directly to organizational efficiency. As used here, efficiency is a measure of the want satisfying power of the cooperative system as a whole. Thus efficiency is the summation of utilities received from the organization divided by the utilities given to the organization, as subjectively evaluated by each contributor.

The functions of the management process is the delineation of organizational objectives and the coordination of activity towards the accomplishment of these objectives. The system of coordinated activities must be maintained so that each contributor, including the manager, gains more than he contributes.




Importance of Organizational Objectives
Organizational objectives should be backed up by the wants of mankind. Organizations are born to create and deliver benefits and their success is dependent upon the physical actions which are taken on the environment of their operation to create these benefits. The industrial revolution has changed the decision making process and now-a-days a hierarchy of decision makers exists. Powerful quest of meeting the organizational objectives adds up to its capacity to satisfy wants of the system. It is then responsibility of the management to carefully lay down the objectives for the organization and take necessary actions to achieve these objectives so that a contributor gains more than his contributions.

Originally Posted by virgoan

.Make a precise of the following passage in about one third of its length and suggest a suitable heading. (20)

It was not from want of perceiving the beauty of external nature but from the different way of perceiving it, that the early Greeks did not turn their genius to portray, either in colour or in poetry, the outlines, the hues, and contrasts of all fair valley, and hold cliffs, and golden moons, and rosy lawns which their beautiful country affords in lavish abundance.

Primitive people never so far as I know, enjoy when is called the picturesque in nature, wild forests, beetling cliffs, reaches of Alpine snow are with them great hindrances to human intercourse, and difficulties in the way of agriculture. They are furthermore the homes of the enemies of mankind, of the eagle, the wolf, or the tiger, and are most dangerous in times of earthquake or tempest. Hence the grand and striking features of nature are at first looked upon with fear and dislike.

I do not suppose that Greeks different in the respect from other people, except that the frequent occurrence of mountains and forests made agriculture peculiarly difficult and intercourse scanty, thus increasing their dislike for the apparently reckless waste in nature. We have even in Homer a similar feeling as regards the sea, --- the sea that proved the source of all their wealth and the condition of most of their greatness. Before they had learned all this, they called it “the unvintagable sea” and looked upon its shore as merely so much waste land. We can, therefore, easily understand, how in the first beginning of Greek art, the representation of wild landscape would find no place, whereas, fruitful fields did not suggest themselves as more than the ordinary background. Art in those days was struggling with material nature to which it felt a certain antagonism.

There was nothing in the social circumstances of the Greeks to produce any revolution in this attitude during their greatest days. The Greek republics were small towns where the pressure of the city life was not felt. But as soon as the days of the Greeks republics were over, the men began to congregate for imperial purposes into Antioch, or Alexandria, or lastly into Rome, than we seek the effect of noise and dust and smoke and turmoil breaking out into the natural longing for rural rest and retirement so that from Alexander’s day …… We find all kinds of authors --- epic poets, lyricist, novelists and preachers --- agreeing in the precise of nature, its rich colours, and its varied sounds. Mohaffy: Rambles in Greece
Plz check my precis of the above passage.

Precis:
The early Greeks had different thaughts of nature, and that is why the disliked the vastness of nature.They were fear of animals, forests and seas. The fear was not unusual while the differnce of early men with the latter men was that the they started to consider beauty of nature mere wasteful. They did not enjoy by utilizing them, as a result they were ignorant of their worthy. in the latter case, men built great buildings, indeed they became tired of smoke.As a result they enjoy the nature and even adapt nature and produced great works.

Originally Posted by Naila K

One of the most ominous and discreditable symptoms of the want of candour in present-day sociology is the deliberate neglect of the population question. It is or should be transparently clear that if the State is resolved, on humanitarian grounds, to inhibit the operation of natural selection, some rational regulation of population, both as regards quantity and quality, is
imperatively necessary. There is no self-acting adjustment, apart from starvation, of numbers to the means of subsistence. If all natural checks are removed, a population in advance of the optimum number will be produced, and maintained at the cost of a reduction in the standard of living. When this pressure begins to be felt, that section of the population which is capable of reflection, and which has a standard of living which may be lost, will voluntarily restrict its numbers, even to the point of failing to replace deaths by an equivalent number of new births; while the underworld, which always exists in every civilised society the failures and misfits and derelicts, moral and physical will exercise no restraint, and will be a constantly increasing drain upon the national resources. The population will thus be recruited, in a very undue proportion, by those strata of society which do not possess the qualities of useful citizens.

The importance of the problem would seem to be sufficiently obvious. But politicians know that the subject is unpopular. The unborn have no votes. Employers like a surplus of labour, which can be drawn upon when trade is good. Militarists want as much food for powder as they can get. Revolutionists instinctively oppose any real remedy for social evils; they know that every unwanted child is a potential insurgent. All three can appeal to a quasi-religious prejudice, resting apparently on the ancient theory of natural rights, which were supposed to include the right of unlimited procreation. This objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or childless priests; but it is held with such fanatical vehemence that the fear of losing the votes which they control is a welcome excuse for the baser sort of politician to shelve the subject as inopportune. The Socialist calculation is probably erroneous; for experience has shown that it is aspiration, not desperation, that makes revolutions. (375 words)

POPULATON EXPLOSION & ITS IMPACTS
The undermining of ‘population explosion’ problem in sociology is unfortunate. If state is to take some steps to address the issue it should focus both upon its quality & quantity aspects. For if nothing is done, starvation is destined & quality of living will be reduced. At such instance more prosper part of society would try to maintain its standard of living by largely restricting its number, while less fortunate would continue unhindered resulting in incompetent human resource & further increasing the burden upon national resources.
The problem is very much understood but a politician desire of larger voter base, employers want for cheap labor and obsession for larger armies have weakened the issue. Experience shows that its was motivation not the numbers that created wonders. (126 words)