Make a precis of the following passage :

It is often said that literature is an index, indeed the principal index, of the soul of an age, and that to understand the spirit of any historical period, we should look first of all to the books that were being read by the people of the time. It is, however much too easy to suppose that the books we today value and associate with a particular period were valued in an equal degree by the writer`s contemporaries. In point of face, literary repute of the kind which ultimately establishes a work as a classic is very often of slow growth. John keat`s poem remained almost unknown to his own generation. It was only among the second generation after his dealth that his genius became widely recognized. It is important to remember that a great part of the reading done in any age is of the better books of a rather older generation.

(152 words)

Precis:
Literature is one of the most important indicators of past. It is difficult to say that the book that are read and valued today were valued equally in past. It is because Reputation grows very slowly. The poet John keat became popular in the second generation he was anonymous to his own generation. (52 words)

ENGLISH PRECIS AND COMPOSITION 2007


Q#1 Make a précis of the given passage and suggest a suitable heading.

The author of a work of imagination is trying to effect us wholly, as human beings, whether he knows it or not; and we are affected by it, as human beings, whether we intend to be or not. I suppose that everything we eat has some effect upon us than merely the pleasure of taste and mastication; it affects us during the process of assimilation and digestion; and I believe that exactly the same is true of any thing we read.
The fact that what we read does not concern merely something called our literary taste, but that it affects directly, though only amongst many other influences , the whole of what we are, is best elicited , I think, by a conscientious examination of the history of our individual literary education. Consider the adolescent reading of any person with some literary sensibility. Everyone, I believe, who is at all sensible to the seductions of poetry, can remember some moment in youth when he or she was completely carried away by the work of one poet. Very likely he was carried away by several poets, one after the other. The reason for this passing infatuation is not merely that our sensibility to poetry is keener in adolescence than in maturity. What happens is a kind of inundation, or invasion of the undeveloped personality, the empty (swept and garnished) room, by the stronger personality of the poet. The same thing may happen at a later age to persons who have not done much reading. One author takes complete possession of us for a time; then another, and finally they begin to affect each other in our mind. We weigh one against another; we see that each has qualities absent from others, and qualities incompatible with the qualities of others: we begin to be, in fact, critical: and it is our growing critical power which protects us from excessive possession by anyone literary personality. The good critic- and we should all try to critics, and not leave criticism to the fellows who write reviews in the papers- is the man who, to a keen and abiding sensibility, joins wide and increasingly discriminating. Wide reading is not valuable as a kind of hoarding, and the accumulation of knowledge or what sometimes is meant by the term ‘a well-stocked mind.’ It is valuable because in the process of being affected by one powerful personality after another, we cease to be dominated by anyone, or by any small number. The very different views of life, cohabiting in our minds, affect each other, and our own personality asserts itself and gives each a place in some arrangement peculiar to our self.
445 /3 = 148.333 (approx. 149 words Precis required)

Title: Extensive reading develop critical judgement in poetry.
Precis:Poetry affects the minds of readers whether it is tasteful or not. Youngest get more persuaded to the poetry than the adults or mature person. It is because a young is in the stage of developing personality and his mind has space and get persuaded by the broader personality of the poet. An author manipulates the mind of the person for certain time of span and he gets impacted by several poets. After it he gets critical thoughts because of immense reading of different poets .He compares the authors with others with their missing and unmatchable qualities. Broad reading is valuable not owing to the storing of knowledge .it is valuable because it protects from to be dominated by a specific author. Authors’ differing opinions about life remain in the minds and person's own personality enforces to give a specific position to each opinion of the authors. (148)

From Plato to Tolstoi art has been accused of exciting our emotions and thus of disturbing the order
and harmony of our moral life. “Poetical imagination, according to Plato, waters our experience of lust and
anger, of desire and pain, and makes them grow when they ought to starve with drought. “Tolstoi sees in art a
source of infection. “Not only in infection,” he says, “a sign of art, but the degree of infectiousness is also the
sole measure of excellence in art.” But the flaw in this theory is obvious. Tolstoi suppresses a fundamental
moment of art, the moment of form. The aesthetic experience – the experience of contemplation – is a
different state of mind from the coolness of our theoretical and the sobriety of our moral judgment. It is filled
with the liveliest energies of passion, but passion itself is here transformed both in its nature and in its
meaning. Wordsworth defines poetry as “emotion recollected in tranquility”. But the tranquility we feel in
great poetry is not that of recollection. The emotions aroused by the poet do not belong to a remote past. They
are “here”-alive and immediate. We are aware of their full strength, but this strength tends in a new direction.
It is rather seen than immediately felt. Our passions are no longer dark and impenetrable powers; they
become, as it were, transparent. Shakespeare never gives us an aesthetic theory. He does not speculate about
the nature of art. Yet in the only passage in which he speaks of the character and function of dramatic art the
whole stress is laid upon this point. “The purpose of playing,” as Halmet explains, “both at the first and now,
was and is, to hold, as, twere, the mirror up to nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image,
and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure.” But the image of a passion is not the passion
itself. The poet who represents a passion does not infect us with this passion. At a Shakespeare play we are not infected with the ambition of Macbeth, with the cruelty of Richard III, or with the jealousy of Othello. We
are not at the mercy of these emotions; we look through them; we seem to penetrate into their very nature and
essence. In this respect Shakespeare’s theory of dramatic art, if he had such a theory, is in complete agreement
with the conception of the fine arts of the great painters and sculptors.



ART: THE PRINT MARKED ON THE MIND OF READER

From Plato to Tolstoy, everyone has accused art of playing with emotions. According to Plato, poetical imagination catalyses our baser feelings of lust, anger, desire and pain. According to Tolstoy, excellence of art is defined by how much it corrupts the feeling of a person. But the writer disagrees with this narrative. The experience of reader is different from experience of writer. Wordsworth defines poetry as emotions recollected in calmness. But the reader cannot recollect them. The reader can image them but cannot feel the way the writer does. In Hamlet, Shakespeare describes the purpose of art as creating an image in the mind of the reader. As in Shakespeare's play, we can understand the emotions of different characters but we do not reflect them. The writer declares the Shakespeare's theory of dramatic art in harmony with works of great fine artists.

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No matter what anybody says , words and ideas can change the world.

Literature is the demonstrator of the past and books demonstrate the literary taste of that time. But books associated with past do not show all things of past. Some books are also revealed after the time of writing, as like in the case of Keats. Books also entertained the coming generations.
Importance of Litrature
Total Words=51

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Ae Allah Pak Mujhe Mehnat Krne Ki Tofeeq Atta Farma. Ameeen

Culture, in human societies, has two main aspects; an external, formal aspect and an inner, ideological aspect. The external forms of culture, social or artistic, are merely an organized expression of its inner ideological aspect, and both are an inherent component of a given social structure. They are changed or modified when this structure is changed or modified and because of this organic link they also help and influence such changes in their parent organism. Cultural Problems, therefore, cannot be studied or understood or solved in isolation from social problems, i.e. problems of political and economic relationships. The cultural problems of the underdeveloped countries, therefore, have to be understood and solved in the light of the larger perspective, in the context of underlying social problems. Very broadly speaking, these problems are primarily the problems of arrested growth; they originate primarily from long years of imperialist – Colonialist domination and the remnants of a backward outmoded social structure. This should not require much elaboration European Imperialism caught up with the countries of Asia, Africa or Latin America between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some of them were fairly developed feudal societies with ancient traditions of advanced feudal culture. Others had yet to progress beyond primitive pastoral tribalism. Social and cultural development of them all was frozen at the point of their political subjugation and remained frozen until the coming of political independence. The culture of these ancient feudal societies, in spite of much technical and intellectual excellence, was restricted to a small privileged class and rarely intermingled with the parallel unsophisticated folk culture of the general masses. Primitive tribal culture, in spite of its child like beauty, had little intellectual content. Both feudal and tribal societies living contagiously in the same homelands were constantly engaged in tribal, racial, and religious or other feuds with their tribal and feudal rivals. Colonialist – imperialist domination accentuated this dual fragmentation, the vertical division among different tribal and national groups, the horizontal division among different classes within the same tribal or national group. This is the basic ground structure, social and cultural, bequeathed to the newly liberated countries by their former over lords


TOPIC IMPERIALISM AND COLONIZATION; A HALT IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT


The culture of any country is its society dependent, thus social problems of any underdeveloped country are the acid test for its cultural development. The base of social unbalance in any country is the imperialism or colonization, which has occurred there earlier, like in Africa, Asia and Latin America between 16th to 19th centuries. These barbaric rules produced tribal and feudal societies,which caused a halt in social and cultural development. These odd societies not only remained in isolation from rest of social environment, but also challenged their contemporaries. Therefore, in result class system took birth,which is the very cause of social destruction. Thus culture and society are the drivers of development of any country.

total word = 356
required words = 116

please check and comment

Besant describing the middle class of the 9th century wrote " In the first place it was for more a class apart. "In no sense did it belong to society. Men in professions of any kind (except in the Army and Navy) could only belong to society by right of birth and family connections; men in trade—bankers were still accounted tradesmen—could not possibly belong to society. That is to say, if they went to live in the country they were not called upon by the county families and in the town they were not admitted by the men into their clubs, or by ladies into their houses… The middle class knew its own place, respected itself, made its own society for itself, and cheerfully accorded to rank the deference due."

Since then, however, the life of the middle classes had undergone great changes as their numbers had swelled and their influence had increased.

Their already well –developed consciousness of their own importance had deepened. More critical than they had been in the past of certain aspects of aristocratic life, they wee also more concerned with the plight of the poor and the importance of their own values of society, thrift, hand work, piety and respectability thrift, hand work, piety and respectability as examples of ideal behavior for the guidance of the lower orders. Above all they were respectable. There were divergences of opinion as to what exactly was respectable and what was not. There were, nevertheless, certain conventions, which were universally recognized: wild and drunker behaviors were certainly not respectable, nor were godlessness or avert promiscuity, not an ill-ordered home life, unconventional manners, self-indulgence or flamboyant clothes and personal adornments.

TOPIC: MIDDLE CLASS; A SELF ORIENTED FRAGMENT OF SOCIETY


Earlier in 9th century, society was not fragmented into middle class, because social status was only granted in terms of profession and family background. Then soldiers and traders the major representatives of this class lived in other countries, where they were unimportant. Thus, middle class is the self emerged society. It groomed itself to great extent due to its fair demeanor like social values, work, respect, care for poor e.t.c. Therefore, it attracted various masses towards itself, because people were fed up with various social destructive activities. Thus, middle class became integral part of social system.

total words=282
required=94

Precis of 2008
Title: Purpose of organizational objectives
Organizational objectives are indirectly related to the human wants. So these human wants are determined before making the objectives. The purpose of organizations is to strive for satisfaction which can be obtained by suitable series of acts. And when satisfaction is created it is retained in the system by distributional process. It is necessary in the revolutionized industrial sector to make a hierarchy of objectives which can only be followed by various management functions. In an organization, objectives are directly linked to its efficiency and this efficiency is the sum of satisfaction. The function of management is to achieve the objectives and to maintain the coordination among different activities to get maximum profit.

2012 past paper

One of the most ominous and discreditable symptoms of the want of candour in present-day sociology is the deliberate neglect of the population question. It is or should be transparently clear that if the State is resolved, on humanitarian grounds, to inhibit the operation of natural selection, some rational regulation of population, both as regards quantity and quality, is
imperatively necessary. There is no self-acting adjustment, apart from starvation, of numbers to the means of subsistence. If all natural checks are removed, a population in advance of the optimum number will be produced, and maintained at the cost of a reduction in the standard of living. When this pressure begins to be felt, that section of the population which is capable of reflection, and which has a standard of living which may be lost, will voluntarily restrict its numbers, even to the point of failing to replace deaths by an equivalent number of new births; while the underworld, which always exists in every civilised society the failures and misfits and derelicts, moral and physical will exercise no restraint, and will be a constantly increasing drain upon the national resources. The population will thus be recruited, in a very undue proportion, by those strata of society which do not possess the qualities of useful citizens.

The importance of the problem would seem to be sufficiently obvious. But politicians know that the subject is unpopular. The unborn have no votes. Employers like a surplus of labour, which can be drawn upon when trade is good. Militarists want as much food for powder as they can get. Revolutionists instinctively oppose any real remedy for social evils; they know that every unwanted child is a potential insurgent. All three can appeal to a quasi-religious prejudice, resting apparently on the ancient theory of natural rights, which were supposed to include the right of unlimited procreation. This objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or childless priests; but it is held with such fanatical vehemence that the fear of losing the votes which they control is a welcome excuse for the baser sort of politician to shelve the subject as inopportune. The Socialist calculation is probably erroneous; for experience has shown that it is aspiration, not desperation, that makes revolutions.

Precis:
The inconsideration of population question is something intentional in sociology. To evolve the process of natural selection, the government should introduce measures on welfare, to maintain the quality and quantity. The population growth and resources are inversely proportional to each other. The elite strata of society keeps its birth to an equivalent number of death while the poor strata is not being able to restricts its abnormal birth. This results in increasing the quantity of citizens instead of quality. Politicians have no concern with the increasing population, they only need votes and cheap labour force. Revolutionists have not find any solution of social evils; they knew that every undesired child is biased and extremist. The socialist assessment is incorrect and history proved that ambitions make revolution not discouragement.(130 words)
Title: Neglect of the population question