2012 past paper

One of the most ominous and discreditable symptoms of the want of candour in present-day sociology is the deliberate neglect of the population question. It is or should be transparently clear that if the State is resolved, on humanitarian grounds, to inhibit the operation of natural selection, some rational regulation of population, both as regards quantity and quality, is
imperatively necessary. There is no self-acting adjustment, apart from starvation, of numbers to the means of subsistence. If all natural checks are removed, a population in advance of the optimum number will be produced, and maintained at the cost of a reduction in the standard of living. When this pressure begins to be felt, that section of the population which is capable of reflection, and which has a standard of living which may be lost, will voluntarily restrict its numbers, even to the point of failing to replace deaths by an equivalent number of new births; while the underworld, which always exists in every civilised society the failures and misfits and derelicts, moral and physical will exercise no restraint, and will be a constantly increasing drain upon the national resources. The population will thus be recruited, in a very undue proportion, by those strata of society which do not possess the qualities of useful citizens.

The importance of the problem would seem to be sufficiently obvious. But politicians know that the subject is unpopular. The unborn have no votes. Employers like a surplus of labour, which can be drawn upon when trade is good. Militarists want as much food for powder as they can get. Revolutionists instinctively oppose any real remedy for social evils; they know that every unwanted child is a potential insurgent. All three can appeal to a quasi-religious prejudice, resting apparently on the ancient theory of natural rights, which were supposed to include the right of unlimited procreation. This objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or childless priests; but it is held with such fanatical vehemence that the fear of losing the votes which they control is a welcome excuse for the baser sort of politician to shelve the subject as inopportune. The Socialist calculation is probably erroneous; for experience has shown that it is aspiration, not desperation, that makes revolutions.

Precis:
The inconsideration of population question is something intentional in sociology. To evolve the process of natural selection, the government should introduce measures on welfare, to maintain the quality and quantity. The population growth and resources are inversely proportional to each other. The elite strata of society keeps its birth to an equivalent number of death while the poor strata is not being able to restricts its abnormal birth. This results in increasing the quantity of citizens instead of quality. Politicians have no concern with the increasing population, they only need votes and cheap labour force. Revolutionists have not find any solution of social evils; they knew that every undesired child is biased and extremist. The socialist assessment is incorrect and history proved that ambitions make revolution not discouragement.(130 words)
Title: Neglect of the population question

There are hundreds of superstitions which survive in various parts of the country, and
the study of them is rather amusing. We are told, for example, that it is unlucky to point
to the new moon or to look at it through glass, but if we bow nine times to it we shall
have a lucky month.
Now suppose you tell a scientist that you believe in a certain superstition - let us say, that
the howling of a dog is a sign of death. The scientist will immediately require evidence
before he can accept your belief. He will want figures to prove it. It will be useless to
quote two or three cases; he will want hundreds. He will want also to know (a) if it ever
happens that the howling of dogs is not followed by a death, (b) if ever a person's death is
predicted by the howling of dogs. The answer to the former question is in the affirmative,
and to the latter in the negative. Your superstition will not bear investigation. It may
impress an ignorant person; but it cannot face the light of facts. Your case would not cany
conviction in a court of law.
Apart from this process of testing by results, any intelligent man will want to know ihe
"reason why". What connection can there be between a howling dog and an approaching
death? Can it be cause and effect? Can it be that the dog has a gift of foreseeing such
events? Or is the dog the instrument employed by some uncanny power that moves
invisibly in our midst?

Precis


Superstitions hold their place in many parts of the country. People carry different beliefs about different superstitions. They link up these superstitions with different good and bad consequences. Science, however, does not support these wordily information and always asks for its validity through facts and figures. Scientists, before accepting a certain superstition as true information will look upon the tested results. Even a sound individual might ask the reason for which a specific superstition is said to have some specific consequences.

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There's only one growth strategy: work hard. William Hague

Seniors and specially those who have passedce 2013 composition paper are requested to check my precis

Human nature has two main aspects an externalaspect and inner ideological aspect.the external forms are an organized expression of its structure.they are inherent and controlled components of the society. They have influence on their parental organism. Cultural problems are associated with social problems in the underdeveloped countries. These problems cannot be resolved with it. These problems were generated from the British government in Asia related to surrender growth. They developed societies with old.custom of modern feudal culture. These remained still until political independence. These are involved in tribal, racial and religious rivalries. The vertical and horizontal division emerged by clonialist imperialists. This is the basic structure of new liberal countries by their previous Lords.

Title
Human culture and social relations

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