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Old Friday, December 15, 2017
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Default Help needed with Essay! please

outline:
1. introduction
2. body
a. social
i. bad image internationally
ii. lack of jobs and education
iii. atmosphere of fear (APS 2014)
b. political
i. strained relationships with countries
ii. political dependence.
iii. sovereignty
c. economic
i. lack of jobs
ii. industry effected
iii. loss of infrastructure
iv. economic aid economic dependence.
3. recommendations
i. inclusive society
ii. new jobs and education
iii. role of media
iv. stronger civil society.
v. stronger institutions
vi. protect sovereignty
vii. provision of eocnomic development
viii. provison of peace and confidence.
4. conclusion.
Terrorism: biggest threat to Pakistan
Terrorism is the illegitimate use of violence and intimidation in pursuit of attaining political gains. terrorists are non-state actors who induce fear and anxiety in the population. They exert their political influence to achieve their goals. Terrorism is a non-traditional security threat, which threatens the survival and development of sovereign states and human kind. It has become a major threat to international security in the post 9/11 world. Post colonial world has witnessed the advent of many forms of terrorism including ethnic and separatist. Ethnic terrorism is violence motivated by ethnic hatred. Ethnic terrorists demand more political representation and share in resources. Ethnic and separatist terrorism causes greater difficulty for the state as use of force results in broader support for insurgency. Ethnic terrorism motivates separatist movements. Separatist or nationalist terrorists are also motivated by nationalism and seek to form self determination in some form. This ranges from gaining more autonomy or establishing a separate sovereign state. Another form of terrorism that has garnered support from almost every part of the world has emerged in the post cold war world is Islamic terrorism. Islamic terrorists misinterpret Quran and Sunnah to justify their actions. Their actions are motivated by the desire to establish a Caliphate that is ruled by Shariah Law.
Pakistan is one of the states most affected by terrorism. Ethnic, separatist and Islamic terrorism are the major form of terrorism faced by Pakistan. They have threatened the basic human rights of the society. Terrorism has claimed 60,000 lives in Pakistan and 12.8 billion dollars in economy since 2001. The 16-year long war on terror has resulted in a refugee crisis and hundreds of thousands of people are internally displaced. Terrorism has affected the social, political and economic structure of Pakistan and is indeed the major threat faced by Pakistan.
Social fabric of Pakistan has been tarnished by inequality, intolerance and poverty. Ethnic and religious groups in Pakistan are marginalized due to lack of representation and share in resources. Balochs feel neglected due to little to no say in the resources produced in their region, Baluchistan. Baluchistan provides Sui gas to the whole country however, only 14 towns in Baluchistan have access to Sui gas. Quetta the capital of the province got access to sui gas in 1970. This is also against the constitution of Pakistan (article 158) according to which the province in which a natural resource is found has precedence in the use of that resource. Shi’ite are the largest minority group in Pakistan constituting more than 25% of the population. However, they are targeted for their religious believes and are subjected to bomb attacks, target killings and kidnapping. Pakistan’s official Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) published in the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2015–2016 states that 39% of Pakistanis live in multidimensional poverty. Resultantly, some individuals resort to extreme measures and join terrorist organizations that are either motivated by religious or ethnic ideologies. Inequality, intolerance and poverty has helped terrorist groups in recruiting individuals.
Pakistani society has been gravely affected by terrorism. Terrorists have threatened the basic human rights of the community. According to South Asia Intelligence Review 22,008 civilians have lost their lives in terrorist attacks since 2003. Terrorist attacks have decreased remarkably due to Zarb e Azab but 519 civilians still lost their lives in 2017. Since every place is a potential target for the terrorist the population lives in an environment of fear. After 2014 shooting in Army Public School that resulted in the death of 141 children students, schools were closed due to potential threat of another attack. Schools have been closed many times due to the threat. Pakistan is among the countries most affected by terrorism. A 2014 global study by London-based Institute for Economics and Peace ranked Pakistan third on the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) list. The image of the country has also been tarnished internationally. Most common things associated with the country are terrorism, radicalization and lack of security. Pakistan is generally considered as a militarized state that is involved in Islamic extremism. This results in resentment within the society. Pakistani citizens are often denied visas from western countries and subjected to long hours of interrogations at the airports. Terrorism has also resulted in poverty due to lack of opportunities. They are caused by destruction of infrastructure of lack of foreign investment or industry.
Pakistan since its independence has had a very rocky political system. In its 70 years history it has faced 4 coups and none of the civilian Prime Minister has ever completed his term. They were either removed by the court or military due to low economic growth, corruption and extreme political agitation. Corruption is one of the major causes of resentment towards the government. According to 2016 results of Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International, Pakistan ranks 116th place out of 176 countries. Rigging in elections is very common. The 2013 elections were also subjected to controversy resulting in decreased credibility of the government. The governments have also been corrupted while appointing individuals on important posts. They have resorted to nepotism and favoritism rather than credentials. However, the politicians are not held accountable for their actions. This results in resentment towards the institutions and the government.
Political instability and lack of institutional independence also pushes individuals further away. People are further cast off due to the deteriorating law and order situation. Pakistan has created laws and norms but lacks the ability to implement them. Security threats such as mobile snatching, bomb blasts, kidnap, target killing have become a reality of life in Pakistan. The lack of confidence in police and judiciary leads to resentment towards the government. Corruption in the law enforcement agencies is also an enormous factor for antipathy. All these factors combined lead an individual to take extreme measures. Political instability in Baluchistan and the governments inability to solve the grievances of the Baluch people have led them to join the Baluchistan liberation army.
Terrorism has deeply affected the political stability of Pakistan. Terrorism has resulted in strained relationships with neighbouring countries. In many instances Chinese citizens working in Pakistan have been abducted and killed. There are 15,000 Chinese citizens working in Pakistan due to CPEC and their safety is the biggest concern of Beijing. Two Chinese citizens were abducted in June 2017 in broad daylight in Islamabad, the responsibility was later claimed by ISIS. However, Chinese government declared their support for the Pakistani government and its efforts to fight terrorism. Nonetheless,this could in future result in strained relationships and effect the economic investments. Nevertheless, the relationship with India has been strongly affected by the terrorist attacks conducted by Taliban and other extremist groups on Indian soil.
Terrorism challenges the state sovereignty. According to Stephen D. Krasner sovereignty can be understood in four different ways; domestic sovereignty, interdependence sovereignty, international legal sovereignty and Westphalian sovereignty. Terrorism threatens interdependence sovereignty which is actual control of movement across state’s borders. Terrorists move across Pakistan and Afghanistan border without government authorizations. It also threatens Westphalian sovereignty which is lack of other authority over the state other than domestic authority. In other words, no non-state actor can act inside the boundaries of the state. However, terrorists do function inside the territory of Pakistan. Therefore, challenges the sovereignty of Pakistan.
The politically instable Pakistan has been struggling with economy too. Terrorism has affected Pakistan’s economy extensively and at one point brought Pakistan to the brink of being a failed state. Economics has a cyclical effect on terrorism the reasons that cause terrorism are also the affects of terrorism. Terrorism has decreased the economic growth. The economic growth was 2.83% during President Zardari’s tenure. This was due to the lack of foreign investment and industry. Due to electricity shortage and deteriorating law and order situation a lot of the industry was either closed or moved to other countries. The national exports are declining at an average rate of five percent. Tourism industry has also been affected by terrorism. Tourism in Chitral, Swat and other Northern Areas had to shut down due to the presence of some radical organizations and their orthodox manners. An NTA is a warning issued by a government to prevent its citizens from visiting certain countries; this warning has been issued by the government along with other foreign bodies against regions in Pakistan. Terrorism has also resulted in the loss of infrastructure which has a huge impact on the economy of Pakistan. Furthermore, the economy is not independent and depends highly on foreign aid.
Pakistan’s official Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) published in the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2015–2016 states that 39% of Pakistanis live in multidimensional poverty. The poverty levels have decreased since 2004 but the levels are diverse for different regions for example poverty in urban areas is 9.4% while in rural areas it is 54.6%. the poverty levels are not just calculated by the income and wealth alone, but it also encompasses the deprivation people experience regarding education, health services, standard of living etc. Therefore, the poverty level is different for all the provinces. The report also showed that the poverty levels have increased in Baluchistan and Sindh. Economic deprivation results in resentment which could lead to people taking extreme measures.
Pakistan has suffered greatly due to terrorism, but the problem can be eradicated by introducing some reforms. The lives of common people should be improved by introducing industry that will provide jobs for the people. Educational reforms should be introduced across the country. The grievances of marginalised people in Baluchistan and Sindh should be realized and solved diplomatically rather than using force. Law and order situation should be improved by provision of speedy justice. The officials should be made accountable in order to ensure the faith of public in the judicial system is not compromised. Media should also play its role in educating people and modernizing the masses.
Pakistan should also work on making its institutions stronger and independent. A checks and balance system should be in place in order to make sure everyone is held accountable. Sovereignty should be protected by making the borders more secure and by improving intelligence. Pakistan ought to stop meddling in other countries problems and should solve its internal problems first. For Pakistan to be secure peace must be restored in Afghanistan, both governments should work together and share intelligence. Pakistan should prepare a counter narrative for the population against terrorism. In order to improve image internationally Pakistan must use diplomacy.
Terrorism can not be defeated until and unless the economic grievances are solved. To end economic depravity Pakistan should exploit all the natural resources it has. Pakistan is the second largest producer of dates but most of them rot on the trees. If peace and confidence is restored the international trade will surely increase. Government should subsidize small business and ought to make economic development its biggest goal.
Pakistan has been affected by many problems none is bigger than terrorism. It has affected the social, political and economic fabric of Pakistan. It has claimed 60,000 lives in Pakistan since 2001. Lack of opportunities and marginalization results in people joining extremist groups. Terrorism has created an atmosphere of fear and increased people’s grievances. It has further marginalized the society. Terrorism has resulted in loss of foreign investment and tourism. This has resulted in the increase in unemployment and increase in poverty. Terrorism has also caused political instability in Pakistan. It has strained relationships with neighbouring countries. Terrorism could potentially harm Pakistan China relationship in the future which will have a harmful affect on CPEC. Sovereignty of the state is also harmed by terrorism as terrorist can come in the state and leave without the permission of the state. Injustice is prevalent in Pakistan with many people are wrongfully convicted. Corruption is also a major cause for the resentment of people. Terrorism has resulted in decreased economic activity. Increased economic deprivation, injustice, inequality and political instability are some of the many affects of terrorism making it one of the major threat to Pakistan and its prosperity.
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