Title :Personality

Introduction
A-What we call personality or character is a highly complex product of integrative process, aprocess which may go wrong and may be largely undone at any stage.
B-Totality of character attributes and behaviour of a person.
Body
A-Individual attributes
1-Achievement attributes
2-Emotional attitudes
3-Energy level
4-Intellectual factor
5-Material attitude
6-Maturity
7-phisological atttributes
8-Physical attributes
9-Risk taking
10-Task performance
B-Determinants of personality
1-Biological
2-Cultural
3-Familiar&Situational
C-Dimentions of personality
1-Extraversion
2-agreeableness
3-Conscientiousness
4-Neuroticism
5-Openness
D-Traits of personality
1-Cardinal traits
2-Central traits
3-Secondary traits
E-Theories of personality
1-Type theory of personality
2-Trait theory of personality
3-Psycodynamic theory of personality
4-Phenomenological theory of personality
Conclusion
A-Individual differences in personality are universal in which that they are found in all human population.













Personality is defined as the totality of character attributes and behavioral traits of a person.Almost everyday we describe and assess the personalities of the people around us. Whether we realize it or not, these daily musings on how and why people behave as they do are similar to what personality psychologists do.

While our informal assessments of personality tend to focus more on individuals, personality psychologists instead use conceptions of personality that can apply to everyone. Personality research has led to the development of a number of theories that help explain how and why certain personality traits develop.
The unique pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be distinguished from other people.
These theories generally provide ways of describing personal characteristics and behavior, establish an overall framework for organizing a wide range of information, and address such issues as individual differences, personality development from birth through adulthood, and the causes, nature, and treatment of psychological disorders.
Perhaps the earliest known theory of personality is that of the Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 400 B.C.), who characterized human behavior in terms of four temperaments, each associated with a different bodily fluid, or "humor." The sanguine, or optimistic, type was associated with blood; the phlegmatic type (slow and lethargic) with phlegm; the melancholic type (sad, depressed) with black bile; and the choleric (angry) type with yellow bile. Individual personality was determined by the amount of each of the four humors. Hippocrates' system remained influential in Western Europe throughout the medieval and Renaissance periods. Abundant references to the four humors can be found in the plays of Shakespeare, and the terms with which Hippocrates labeled the four personality types are still in common use today. The theory of temperaments is among a variety of systems that deal with human personality by dividing it into types. A widely popularized (but scientifically dubious) modern typology of personality was developed in the 1940s by William Sheldon, an American psychologist. Sheldon classified personality into three categories based on body types: the endomorph (heavy and easy-going), mesomorph (muscular and aggressive), and ectomorph (thin and intellectual or artistic).
A major weakness of Sheldon's morphological classification system and other type theories in general is the element of oversimplification inherent in placing individuals into a single category, which ignores the fact that every personality represents a unique combination of qualities. Systems that address personality as a combination of qualities or dimensions are called trait theories. Well-known trait theorist Gordon Allport (1897-1967) extensively investigated the ways in which traits combine to form normal personalities, cataloguing over 18,000 separate traits over a period of 30 years. He proposed that each person has about seven central traits that dominate his or her behavior. Allport's attempt to make trait analysis more manageable and useful by simplifying it was expanded by subsequent researchers, who found ways to group traits into clusters through a process known as factor analysis. Raymond B. Cattell reduced Allport's extensive list to 16 fundamental groups of inter-related characteristics, and Hans Eysenck claimed that personality could be described based on three fundamental factors: psychoticism (such antisocial traits as cruelty and rejection of social customs), introversion-extroversion, and emotionality-stability (also called neuroticism). Eysenck also formulated a quadrant based on intersecting emotional-stable and introverted-extroverted axes.
Twentieth-century views on personality have been heavily influenced by the psychodynamic approach of Sigmund Freud. Freud proposed a three-part personality structure consisting of the id (concerned with the gratification of basic instincts), the ego (which mediates between the demands of the id and the constraints of society), and the superego (through which parental and social values are internalized). In contrast to type or trait theories of personality, the dynamic model proposed by Freud involved an ongoing element of conflict, and it was these conflicts that Freud saw as the primary determinant of personality. His psychoanalytic method was designed to help patients resolve their conflicts by exploring unconscious thoughts, motivations, and conflicts through the use of free association and other techniques. Another distinctive feature of Freudian psychoanalysis is its emphasis on the importance of childhood experiences in personality formation. Other psychodynamic models were later developed by colleagues and followers of Freud, including Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Otto Rank (1884-1939), as well as other neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), and Erik Erikson.
Another major view of personality developed during the twentieth century is the phenomenological approach, which emphasizes people's self-perceptions and their drive for self-actualization as determinants of personality. This optimistic orientation holds that people are innately inclined toward goodness, love, and creativity and that the primary natural motivation is the drive to fulfill one's potential. Carl Rogers, the figure whose name is most closely associated with phenomenological theories of personality, viewed authentic experience of one's self as the basic component of growth and wellbeing. This experience together with one's self-concept can become distorted when other people make the positive regard we need dependent on conditions that require the suppression of our true feelings. The client-centered therapy developed by Rogers relies on the therapist's continuous demonstration of empathy and unconditional positive regard to give clients the self-confidence to express and act on their true feelings and beliefs. Another prominent exponent of the phenomenological approach was Abraham Maslow, who placed self-actualization at the top of his hierarchy of human needs. Maslow focused on the need to replace a deficiency orientation, which consists of focusing on what one does not have, with a growth orientation based on satisfaction with one's identity and capabilities.
The behaviorist approach views personality as a pattern of learned behaviors acquired through either classical (Pavlovian) or operant (Skinnerian) conditioning and shaped by reinforcement in the form of rewards or punishment. A relatively recent extension of behaviorism, the cognitive-behavioral approach emphasizes the role cognition plays in the learning process. Cognitive and social learning theorists focus not only on the outward behaviors people demonstrate but also on their expectations and their thoughts about others, themselves, and their own behavior. For example, one variable in the general theory of personality developed by social learning theorist Julian B. Rotter is internal-external orientation. "Internals" think of themselves as controlling events, while "externals" view events as largely outside their control. Like phenomenological theorists, those who take a social learning approach also emphasize people's perceptions of themselves and their abilities (a concept called "self-efficacy" by Albert Bandura). Another characteristic that sets the cognitive-behavioral approach apart from traditional forms of behaviorism is its focus on learning that takes place in social situations through observation and reinforcement, which contrasts with the dependence of classical and operant conditioning models on laboratory research.
Aside from theories about personality structure and dynamics, a major area of investigation in the study of personality is how it develops in the course of a person's lifetime. The Freudian approach includes an extensive description of psychosexual development from birth up to adulthood. Erik Erikson outlined eight stages of development spanning the entire human lifetime, from birth to death. In contrast, various other approaches, such as those of Jung, Adler, and Rogers, have rejected the notion of separate developmental stages.
An area of increasing interest is the study of how personality varies across cultures. In order to know whether observations about personality structure and formation reflect universal truths or merely cultural influences, it is necessary to study and compare personality characteristics in different societies. For example, significant differences have been found between personality development in the individualistic cultures of the West and in collectivist societies such as Japan, where children are taught from a young age that fitting in with the group takes precedence over the recognition of individual achievement. Cross-cultural differences may also be observed within a given society by studying the contrasts between its dominant culture and its subcultures (usually ethnic, racial, or religious groups).
An old proverb states that a tiger cannot change its stripes. Individual attributes, for the most part, are that part of our personality that cannot be altered much. We cannot become more intelligent, but we can become more educated. We cannot become more attentive, or less impatient, or more optimistic. These are physical characteristics that are determined by our brain structure and our body chemistry. Drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, etc. can affect our brain chemistry and our personality. Some changes are reversible, but others are permanent and may result in addiction, flashbacks, hallucinations, and other abnormal conditions. Strokes and head injuries can also cause personality changes.
INDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES CHARACTERISTICS
POSITIVE + NEGATIVE -
i1. Achievement attitudes - degree of motivation. persistent, ambitious, obsessive easy-going, moderate, unmotivated
i2. Emotional temperament - emotions that rule our lives. confident, stable, calm, relaxed, patient insecure, erratic, angry, dissatisfied, impatient
i3. Energy level - pace of our daily life. active, energetic, fast passive, lethargic, slow
i4. Intellectual factors - characteristics of our minds. alert, inquisitive, intelligent inattentive, dull-witted
i5. Material attitudes - how we regard our environment. frugal, thrifty, materialistic spendthrift, wasteful, spiritual
i6. Maturity - our level of experience and wisdom. mature, knowledgeable, wise immature, inexperienced, ignorant
i7. Philosophical attitudes - our ways of thinking. optimistic, positive, flexible pessimistic, negative, inflexible
i8. Physical attributes - how we regard our body. youthful, healthy, strong, sane old, sick, weak, mentally sick
i9. Risk attitudes - degree of concern for oneself. conservative, cautious, calculating adventurous, impulsive, daring, drug user
i10. Task performance - attitudes toward problem solving. organized, accurate, skillful, methodical error-prone, disorganized, blunderer, careless
How motivated are you to reach your goal? Are you indifferent or are you obsessive? Sometimes personal goals do not become evident until age 25 or 30. Once you decide to have a family, further your professional career, or establish a business, you have a different degree of motivation than before you made this decision. Whereas you may have been indifferent before, your new perspective of life motivates to reach your goals. Or, if you have already achieved some of your goals, it may be more important to relax and enjoy life. In this case, your zest for accomplishment may diminish.
Ambitious and moderate people are often incompatible because they have different perceptions of what is important. The ambitious person feels that he cannot waste time on trivial things, and the moderate individual will be more contemplative and not make as much effort to achieve goals. A persistent person matched with a moderate or easy-going person will tend to nag. Nobody likes to hear "Why don't you do this? Why don't you do that?" over and over again.
How patient are you? Do you get restless when you have to wait? How do you react to frustration? Does your temper explode when your car is not delivered on time from the auto shop or do you try to look for alternatives calmly? Your emotional temperament is a measure of the degree and duration of your outbursts of frustration and of your ability to remain calm under pressure. If you are irascible, you are likely to do and say things that will ruin a relationship. Many relationships end with the phrase "If that is what you think, then it is over!". Relationships endure better when the reaction to an unpleasant surprise is more logical and less emotional. However, an extreme disappointment or an unfortunate accident can cause great emotional grief that cannot be controlled. Two angry and impatient people are more likely to get into a fight than an angry and a patient person. A habitually angry person and a calm person cannot have a very good relationship even if the calm person tries to adapt to the angry person.
Do you like physical activities and sports, or would you rather sit down in a theater? Do you like to spend an hour at the gym or is it enough for you to walk around the block? Your energy level determines the rhythm of your life. Some people get up early and have already done many things before breakfast while others would rather stay in bed and sleep late. Human dynamos and slow, passive people can only frustrate each other. The energetic individual needs to be active to be happy. The slow individual will be miserable and exhausted with an active life style. Can such opposites manage to make good partners? Yes, but only if they do things separately. This can be completely unacceptable to a person with great libido because it demands mutual participation. Partners with similar levels of energy can have more satisfying relationships.
Intelligent gentleman seeks dumb blonde for a serious relationship. Not very likely! Successful relationships require similar levels of intellect. When we have a personal problem, we need someone who can understand us. A dull-witted person may be very kind and loving, but this may not be enough for an alert, intelligent person. Intelligent persons understand each other better. Persons with lower intellect will feel more at ease with a person of their own caliber; they will not feel dumb or intimidated.
If you are of average intelligence, you should not be looking for a genius. You will end up in second place. Your decisions will always be subjected to analysis by a greater intellect that will make you feel inferior. Relationships between people with different intellectual levels generally end up like a parent/child relationship.
Are you economical or extravagant? Do you prefer to save for the future or would you rather spend what you have now? Do material possessions matter to you, or are you more interested in spiritual pursuits? Many relationships fail because of conflicts about money and possessions. "You make twice as much money as I do, why do we have to split the expenses half and half?", "I am the wife and you are supposed to support me.", "Why do you give so much money to your mother when I don't have anything to wear?"
Financial advisors and marriage counselors suggest that you discuss financial matters and obligations before you get married. The average marriage in the United States lasts an average of 7 years (it is not "till death do us part"). Your plans should include a prenuptial agreement that describes what each will take in case of a divorce. This is particularly important for second marriages when there are substantial assets or children from previous marriages. You should also agree on how to handle expenses when both people work, when one loses a job, or when the woman becomes pregnant and cannot work. You also need to discuss about savings goals, life insurance, wills, and revocable trusts. Agree on how previous debts will be handled. Marriage makes you legally responsible for your partner's debts. Are you uncomfortable talking about divorce and finances before getting married? You don't need to do it, but be prepared for unpleasant surprises.
Maturity is a personality attribute that describes good judgement. Do you do something without thinking about the consequences? Are your actions well thought out and premeditated? Maturity cannot be equated to education, but education provides maturity. Maturity is the ability to judge whether something is safe or dangerous, good or evil, or prudent or foolish. It is said that wise people learn from the mistakes of others, whereas fools learn from their own mistakes.
Can two people of different maturity levels have a successful relationship? As stated earlier, the relationship may work if the mature person has the patience to teach the inexperienced person and the inexperienced person is willing and able to learn. These are typical teacher/student relationships. The inexperienced person may initially feel inferior to the mature person, but as long as the level of intelligence is compatible, the relationships may be successful. In the long term, these relationships have the risk of failing when the inexperienced person matures and demands an equal relationship with the partner. At this point the person who had previously been superior may resent the change of status.
Are you optimistic or pessimistic? Is the glass half full or half empty? Do you think that we are animals that have evolved on the earth as an accident of nature, or do you think that man was put on earth by a Divine Creator? Are you willing to consider changing your point of view? To what degree are you willing to fight to defend your point of view? Why do you think that you are right? The philosophical attitude of our personality develops from our education and our internal conception of how the world works. A positive philosophical attitude gives you hope when life is hard, whereas a negative attitude may even lead you to suicide.
How likely is it that two people with different philosophical attitudes are compatible? The chances are very small. Most relationships between people of different religions reach a crisis when it is time to educate their children. "Should we raise the children as Jews, Muslims, Christians, etc.?", "Should the children go with me to church with me and to the mosque with you?", "Will you change your religion for me? If you love me enough you will convert to my religion." So many people have been killed in the name of religion over the centuries that it is very evident that successful relationships cannot exist between people of different creeds. Even if your partner supports you, his or her family may object to your beliefs. You will not be a whole family.
As partners, optimists and pessimists face similar problems, but the tensions surface in different ways. An optimist may feel that he has a new business opportunity that will be financially rewarding, whereas a pessimist is sure that the investment money will be wasted without any results. In the end, they will fight about money. Successful relationships require similar philosophical attitudes.
The physical attributes of your personality are a combination of your age and your physical fitness. Some people at age 50 are ready for the grave, whereas some in their 80's may be getting ready for a party. You are as young as you feel. Can an older person have a successful relationship with a younger person? The answer is yes, unless the age difference is very great. The average life expectancy in the United States is 84. If there are no health problems, age is not a deterrent to a good relationship. If you are thinking of raising a family, it is better that you and your partner are both young. This will give you time to raise the children and put them through school until they are independent.
When one of the persons is healthy and the other one is sick, the healthy person has to understand the level of effort that will be needed to take care of the sick person. This is not an obligation that should be taken lightly and it can stress the relationship. If a person has a mental illness, it is seldom possible to have successful relationship. The sane partner will always have doubts about whether offensive behavior or actions from the other person are intentional or a result of the illness.
Hundreds of automobile accidents happen every day. You are taking a risk when you drive to work. You need to pay for your house and your food, so you take the risk every day. You do this not because you lack maturity, but because for you it is a necessity. You try to minimize your risk of injury by using seat belts and driving carefully. You are a cautious person. What about the person who goes mountain climbing or diving for the weekend? Is he or she more adventurous or daring? How about the hang glider or amateur pilot?
The level of risk of an activity can be assessed by asking your life insurance agent how much the insurance will cost for a diver, a pilot, etc. The death rates associated with each activity are a real measure of the risk. If you do something knowing that it is dangerous, you are a risk taker. If you know that the casino always makes a profit and you gamble anyway, you are a risk taker. If you smoke, drink alcohol excessively, or take drugs, you are a risk taker even if you think that you will not be harmed by your actions. The statistics are not in your favor.
Can two people with different risk attitudes have a successful relationship? Not always. People who are cautious do not like the stress of taking risks, whereas the risk-takers find it boring to do something less exciting.
Task performance describes the accuracy and organization with which we solve problems. Methodical people organize and schedule their work to know which things will be done when. Disorganized people do not have systematic ways of approaching problems and may not be able to solve some problems. Error-prone and disorganized people do not have much in common with accurate, methodical people. Relationships between these individuals are subject to stress because the disorganized person cannot meet the expectations of the methodical person. Disorganized persons are not neat and this is irritating to methodical persons. It is possible for a disorganized person to become more organized, but this requires great effort and changing established habits.

Hereditary: Personality may be hereditary, that is, transmitted from parents to their children through genetics. Research done on animals has suggested this theory; however, there is inconclusive proof whether this theory may work with humans. It is more likely that only human temperament is transmitted through genetics.
Brain: Psychologists find it difficult to empirically relate brain physiology to personality. However, from the electrical stimulation of the brain, they have realized that a better understanding of human personality may come from the study of the brain.
Physical Features: Physical characteristics of a person have a tremendous influence on his/her personality. Physical characteristics may include height, weight, attractiveness, skin color, gender, etc.

Culture may be considered to play an influential role in the development of one's personality, psychologists have not found conclusive proof of this concept. Nevertheless, cultural influences on one's personality may he vast. A person within a culture is expected to behave in a certain way that is acceptable to the whole community.

Social processes such as our interaction with our parents during childhood may have a great influence on our personalities. When we interacted with our parents, we picked up their behavior. In face, there is empirical evidence that the environment parents create at home shapes their child's personality. For example, a child brought up in a violent home may grow up to be aggressive.

Personality researchers have proposed that there are five basic dimensions of personality. Evidence of this theory has been growing over the past 50 years, beginning with the research of D. W. Fiske (1949) and later expanded upon by other researchers including Norman (1967), Smith (1967), Goldberg (1981), and McCrae & Costa (1987).

The "big five" are broad categories of personality traits. While there is a significant body of literature supporting this five-factor model of personality, researchers don't always agree the exact labels of each dimension. However, these five categories are usually described as follows:
Extraversion includes characteristics such as excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness.
Agreeableness includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors.
Conscientiousness include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors. Those high in conscientiousness tend to be organized and mindful of details.
Neuroticism trait tend to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness.
Openness features characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests.
These dimensions represent broad areas of personality. Research has demonstrated that these groupings of characteristics tend to occur together in many people. For example, individuals who are sociable tend to be talkative. However, these traits do not always occur together. Personality is a complex and varied and each person may display behaviors across several of these dimensions.

Free will doesn't fit very well with science. It seems to require "supernatural" involvement in the natural world. But we really don't have to be "above" the natural world in order to have a degree of freedom within that world.

The baby begins life nearly as intimately connected with his or her world as in the womb. As we develop from babies into adults, we gradually separate ourselves from the world. Our interior causal processes - especially mental processes - become increasingly independent of the causal processes outside of us. A gap develops that allows us to be influenced by outside situations, but not necessarily determined by them.


This gap is like a large river: The man on the opposite bank can wave and jump and yell all he wants -- he cannot directly affect us. But we can listen to him or interpret his semaphore signals. We can treat his antics as information to add to all the information we have gathered over our lives, and use that information to influence our decisions -- influence, but not cause.

By the end of life, some of us are nearly impervious to what others think about us, can rise above nearly any threat or seductive promise, can ignore nearly any kind of urge or pain. We are still determined - but little in our immediate situation is more than information we utilize in making our decisions. This may not be free will in the absolute sense, but it is certainly self-determination.

Well, unfortunately, Personality is not yet a science, at least not in the sense that Biology or Chemistry are sciences. In those fields, although there is disagreement about details and the latest findings, there is a common body of knowledge that few people in the field argue about. Not so, obviously, in Personality.

Very good effort. Coverage is comprehensive, the only thing which can beautify your outline more is to reorder your outline. Try to rearrange it in a logical order. Create synergy in it. You have touched maximum angles of this topic. Good work.

dear i know tht theories of personality should come first i did in essay it after introdutory paragraph and i learn how to make outlines from USA university style of outlines







Essay Outline Sample [Template]




Introduction
Get the reader's attention by asking a leading question; relay something enticing about the subject in a manner that commands attention. Start with a related quote, alluring description, or narration.

State the thesis, the causes and effects to be discussed; comparison of subject X and subject Y; your position on the issue; your proposal if applicable; and the main points that will develop your argument.



Body
First Point, Assertion, Explanation
Supporting evidence (examples, facts, statistics, quoted authorities, details, reasons, examples)
Supporting evidence

Second explanation
Support
Support

Third explanation
Support
Support

Fourth explanation (continue as above with additional explanations as needed.)
Support
Support

Your proposal (if applicable)

Address opposing viewpoints




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Conclusion
Show how explanations (causes) are logical reasons producing the effects discussed; review subject X and subject Y; reiterate your assertion and proposition (if applicable). Reemphasize your thesis in a fresh way, showing how your have achieved your purpose. If you intend to draw to a conclusion about one subject over the other, emphasize that point.

Deal with opposing views unless done above in Section F.

Appeal to the reader to see how you have come to a logical conclusion.

Make a memorable final statement.



Sample Outline



Title "The Benefits of Running"

Introduction
Running is becoming an extremely popular sport for all ages.
Running is a great form of exercise because it helps people control their weight, develop muscles, and improves mental and physical performance.
Body
Weight control
Aids self-control
Burns calories
Encourages a healthy diet
Suppresses appetite
Muscular Development
Improves tone
Enhances contours
Increases strength
Improves endurance
Psychological well-being
Aids sleep
Inhibits depression
Intensifies vitality
Conclusion
Benefits of running make it an excellent exercise.
People who want to improve their health should consider running.
Outline Template

Title ______________________________

Introduction
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Body
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Conclusion
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Guys are u kidding? This is more of a research paper than an essay. You are supposed to write an essay which is to be read by an English professor not by a sociologist. Again no offence intented.

__________________
Mudassar Gondal

Well, yes... too much technicality is beyond me. Specially with such a vast range of topics we cant be so much technical in each of them. I think essay should be argumentative, cover all aspects and written in simple language. Facts should be there but not to flaunt the knowledge but to complement the essay.

plz check my essay on personality i m very much confused because some are saying that it is looking like research paper of sociology .Tell me what would be argumentative essay on personality because topic is associated with human interaction.reply fast.

dear princess,

i will not be able to find time to check the entire essay at the moment. but i'll give you some general suggestions.

i have passed a cursory glance over your essay and i also agree with the fellows who think that it looks like a research paper. your essay contains subheadings and uneven paragraphs and that makes it look like a research paper. in my humble opinion, an essay should consist of paragraphs of uniform length. for example, 15-17 paragraphs with each paragraph of 9-11 sentences. and the essay must contain a proper conclusion.

you have a relatively good english expression. you will hopefully score will if you improve your pattern.

and yes, it's better to invite comments from everyone rather than specifying one single member. i am just one of the humble lot. there are better fellows out there who might be hesitating to share their observations.

regards,

__________________
"The race is not over because I haven't won yet."

Adil Memon
Police Service of Pakistan (P.S.P)
37th Common Training Program

Its really a surprise for me that even qualifiers have said that this material looks like an exellent essay. For sure they havent gone through it. Some of the members have rightly suggested that its too long and quite vague as well and even donot leave any impression.

Adil Memon has very rightly said that his cursory glance and even I have did the same and find following flaws in it.

First comes to your Outline for me it should go like this.

Plz sorry to say but it me it seems more like a copy paste material then your self effort. Even you havent organized it in a proper order. Being Master's in Applied Psychology I have felt that you have messed up all the concept. Here I would like to add an excerpt from your so called essay that will tell you how carelessly you have made it. I have made my comments side by side.

Dear members its really a surprise that you all have commented so negligently. Those who come here consider it an institution so if you are short of time dont try to add up your posts just leave it for the time when you could answer it honestly or someone else who could spare time.

__________________
"When Allah leads you to the edge of the cliff, Trust Him Fully, only 1 of 2 things will happen either He will catch you when you fall or He will teach you how to fly"

Ms.Naqvi,
A.O.A.
Oho!itna ghusa!I mean itna mind to shaid examiner bi na karay.Ziada say ziada fail kar day ga candidate ko.Any how,if u think it is all about plagiarism,then its a serious issue and it should be looked into.
I had praised the essay(that u dont even agree that it z an essay)with the comments that ''provided the essay is a self-creativity of the author of the essay''.Dont u think it was a sugar-coated criticism and there was something in it to ponder especially for the said writer.

The technicality is a separate issue.yes,the essay should be written from a lay man's perspective.But the topic became technical when it was taken from psychology's point of view.And since every body is not a master in applied psychology so ppl were not in a position do discuss it from that perspective.
you came late and till that time a lot had already been discussed.

you raised certain critical points but with a slightly harsh tone.However, plagiariasm if there is any,deserved the harsh treatment.

With regards,
ASAD

__________________
If you fail to plan,you plan to fail

AOA,
@Asad
Sir your point is not valid when u said that it was a harsh critcism. She is good in english so she said it 4 the good of her.(no offence)
I think there should b some one to evaluate our essays critically.
Blunders which r stated in her post r often neglected by the students.
Organization, coherence, conciseness, symetry of paragrphs, avoidence of verbose language,
sticking to one point in one paragraph,
avoidence of irrelevent issues that have no link to the orignal topic_these all r some of the principals wich one should not ignore while writting an essay .
One more thing there r hundreds of thousands of people who r researching in different fields but every one of them can not write a good essay, because its an art not a research paper.
@Miss Naqvi
we have read ur posts in precis section , where u have a great contribution.
Why r u dormant now a days.plz come up again with fresh zeal to help us in learning _how to write a good essay.
Regards