great nations win without fighting

previtising higher education....................?

i wrote in fever of it

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It does`nt matter who we are: what matters, is our plan

'Violence is last refuge of Incompetent'

Here is my Topic with some points of outline, dont remember the exact outline:

Women sportspersons are new ambassadors of the soft image of Pakistan

Intro
Sports played by the Women in Pakistan
Pakistani Women Cricket Team
Pakistani Women Hockey Team
Pakistani Women Kabaddi Team
Pakistani Female Mountain Climbers
Pakistani Females Squash, Tennis Players
Problems Faced by the Women Sportpersons at Family level
Problems Faced by the Women Sportspersons at Domestic level
Problems Faced by the Women Sportspersons at International Level
Why Pakistan Needs Soft Image?
How Women sportspersons are Building Soft Image of Pakistan?
Achievements by the Women sportspersons of Pakistan!
Titles Won by female sports players
Steps taken by Govt to promote women sportspersons
steps taken at individual level to promote female players
Sugesstions to Promote Female Sports Players
Separte Sports Boards
Separte Grounds
Separte Sports Fundings
Proper Media Coverage
Family support
Govt level steps
Sports Festivals
Talent Hunt Events
Proper Coachings for International level events
Examples of Western Countries
Female Sportspersons can build more soft image of Pakistan
Conclusion

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There Is Only One Thing That Makes a Dream Impossible To Achieve - The Fear Of Failure

I wrote on " Can meaning be fixed?"

My outline was"

Introduction

Need for man to fix meaning
- for understanding world
- for communication

methods for fixing meaning
- language
- sounds
- sights

Limits to fixing meaning
- Abstract words such as terrorism can not be defined with consensus
- fixing meaning depends upon observer as much as on object
-concept of cultural relativisim

Critical analysis
- same thing can have more than one meaning

Conclusion:

My essay:

When a child is born, his mind is like a tabula rasa: a clean slate on which nothing is written. Its blank and open for experience to inscribe meaning on it. He can see things around him, can hear voices, and can feel the comfort and pain of touch, but to him all these things make no sense. Everything is strange, and everyone is a stranger in this strange world where he is to spend rest of his life.
It is only later that he starts distinguishing between different things. He learns how his mother is different from all other strangers. He learns that tipping of the bed will hurt him. Gradually, by sight and touch, he begins to realize the difference between lying in a cradle and his mother's lap, or lets say, the difference between the touch of his mother and someone's else. The gradual understanding of this world that develops in his mind, is nothing but a process of fixing meaning. Things that were all same and alien to him, gradually becomes meaningful because the young mind starts fixing meaning to this world.
Why do man fix meaning? what are the things to which meaning can be fixed? and what makes him fix meaning? These are the questions that are vital for our understanding of the world and our mind. It forces us to question not only the limits of our understading, but if the understanding we have developed of this world is absloute. In other worlds, it makes us think that can meaning be fixed and if meaning is fix?


Man's quest of fixing meaning can be traced back to time immemorial. Form the cave arts that archelologist discovers today, it seems that the earliest means by which man learned to fix meaning was through paintings. These paintings, usually dealing with subjects such as hunting, travelling and wars, shows that from very early stages of his evolution, man has learned to preserve thoughts by sight. By trying to draw, what he saw, he tried to fix meaning to these drawings. Later it was only these drawings that evolved into written script. The heleoglyphics of Egyptian ear and that of babylonian time shows that the early written language was but an improvision on drwaings and symbols that were fixed for different objects.
Even before writen script, man has learned to fix meaning. Historians believe that these early meanings he fixed were on to the sounds. According to some historians, the grunts and cries made during pain, joy, anger and before fight by the early man are the earliest form of expression and language. The grunts and cries for different feelings were produced in a particular manner, and by repeatedly producing same cries under same feeling, man fixed meaning to these cries.
The main purpose behind fixing meaning for man was to communincate his feelings and thoughts with other members of his family. This is not something peculiar to man alone. Animals too, for commmunication, produce certain sounds which gives a particular message, or a clue, to the others around them. But the amount of meaning fixed by animals is limited--as reflected by the rudimentary nature of their language.
The development of writen and oral language was but an instrument for communication. The symbols of these languages of early men carried meaning. For thoughts to be encoded and understood by the interpreter in th right way, it was necessary for these symbols to have same meaning, because if the meaning of a word for one person was different from that of another it would have been impossible for two to communicate. Take, for example, the meaning of the word "red" in english. For the users of the language, the word " red" carries same meaning i.e a particular type of color. If it was not so, and if everyone had a different meaning fixed to this word, communication would have been impossible. Its usage would have provoked different meaning in each individuals head which would have made sharing of thoughts and ideas limitlessly difficult. Thus, for the purpose of communication, man from very early time, learned to fix meaning.
Another purpose of fixing meaning to the world was to understand it. As with the child for whom the world have no meaning when he first opens his eyes, so is with the man who have no meaning for things. To understand the world, to distingusih one object from another, and to construct upon thoughts man have to fix meaning to things around him. Consider an example of two men, one learned and educated, while the other less fortune. The difference that we find in both, arising from their difference in knowledge, is due to different levels of meaning they have fixed to this world. An educated man can distingusih between democracy and tyranny, because he has fixed meaning to these two systems of governance. He knows if the water body in front of him is a sea or an ocean, he can distingusih an oak from popular, and so on and so forth because each of these things carry different meaning to him. His reasoning is more precise, and his thoughts more particular. This precision in him comes but due to the meaning that he has fixed to different things. Without fixing meaning, man's understanding about the world would have been very limited.
To fix meaning, man today has developed different methods. The most primitive and most widely used one is that of language. There are some 200,000 words in english language with each word carrying its own meaning. Some words can be distingusihed more easily, while the difference in others is but very little. To assure that same meaning is fixed to the same word, we have developed dictionaries. These dictionaries explain if the meaning understood by a person of a particular word is same as that held in common among the standard users of the language. In law, and science, where it is more important to clear oneself about the meaning of a term, separate sections explaining meaning of the words used in text are given. In philosophy and literature too, before theorizing, most of the wiriters abide by the convention of fixing and elaborating on the meaning of the word. This explains that man have developed language as an effective tool for fixing meaning.
But the formal language that the man use to communicate is not the only means through which he has fixed meaning. Rather, he has attached symbolic meanings to different things he observe around him. A smile on a face have meaning. Tears in the eyes also have meaning as does wrinkled forehead. Sometimes the meaning of these non-written and non-spoken words is more powerful and universal than the formal language. It is powerful because it is more expressive of the emotions that such expressions reflects while its more universal bucause it is not dependent on an artifical system of symobls and signs. But these expressions can only carry limited meaning. For complex and abstract thoughts, there is always a need of a proper language.


Fixing meaning, by now seems a natural process, in which every man is unconciously but continuously involved. It seems that man's survival without fixing meaning to the world, would have been impossible for two reasons. First, that man being a social animal is in constant need of communicating his thoughts and ideas to others and second, because without fixing meaning his experience would have caried no meaning. Primarily for these two reasons man fix meaning. But in thinking on these lines, it is assumed that the meaning fixed by man is always absloute. Or in other words, an object of observation carry same meaning to every individual. Furthermore, it is assumed that every thought, every feeling and every imagination can be fixed meaning to. Simple meanings could be expressed without words, but more abstract ideas are dependent on language. These assumptions that naturally are kept in mind are ill-founded and shows the very limitations of fixing meaning.
Complex terms, that are conceptual and are the product of abstract reasoning, are difficult to explain and even more difficult for men to agree upon. Take the example of the word terrorism- a word so relevant today but with no fixed meaning. To some a gun-wielding, revolutionary is a terrorsit, while to others, the very man is a freedom fighter. It has also been observed that a person who is first conceived as terrorist by a group of people is later recognized by the same group as a freedom fighter. Nelson Mendela, for example, who was barred for 22 years on charges of sabotage and terrorism was later recognized by the same white ruling minority of South Africa as one of the greatest struggler for human freedom and equality. This all shows that despite being engaged in a continuous process of fixing meaning, man has not fixed meaning to everything. And even if he have done so, the meaning is not fix in time and space.
This difference in meaning is not restricted to abstruse terms alone, but simple symbols and gestures can also convey different meaning to different people. Cultural analysts and sociologists tells how things that have a same meaning in one culture can have an entirely different meaning in an other society. This is termed as cultural relativisim. Red, which is a color of love in west is a color of war in japan; owl, which represents stupidity in India is a symbol of wisdom in west; and, thin and smart female figures that are popular definition of beauty in America, represents poverty and uglyness Maritania. Same things are interpreted differently in different cultures which shows that meaning can not be fixed. It depends as much on the observer and his past experience as does on the object of observation and because different people, societies and cultures experience different things, they all have different meaning for same thing.
Another important aspect that can be observed here is that things have different levels of meaning. An object does not have single, but many meanings, each unfolding itself at different level of abstraction. Red, for example, does not only carry a meaning of a color alone. Rather, as discussed earlier, also carry meaning of war or love at greater levels of abstractions. Similarly, owl, and being thin have an obvious or immediate meaning and an indirect and abstract meaning. To better understand it, think about "merecedes". The meaning and feelings that it is going to provoke in ones head will not only be that of a car. Rather luxury, expensive, comfort, and durable are some of the meaning that will likely pop-up in ones head. This all shows, that it is presumptious to assume that a single object only have a sigle meaning. These meanings, that lies at the greater levels of abstraction are more personal. They depend on ones' experience and understanding of the world and are subjective. Thus, it seldom happens that meaning at this level of abstraction is same for every individual.

To coclude, it can be said that man have fixed meaning to many things around him. This natural process of fixing meaning helps him in understanding the world and in sharing his thoughts with others. But an object have more than one meaning. Where meaning that are immediate can be fixed with a certain level of objectivity, meanings that lies at greater depths of abstraction are difficult to fix. They depend on observer as much as on the object of observation. It is also because of this subjectivity of meaning that one can say that though meaning can be fixed to some crude levels of observation, but as we climb the ladder of abstraction, fixing and expressing meaning gets more and more difficult.


Seniors please comment

Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent

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"When nothing is sure, everything is possible."
Margaret Drabble

Privatization of higher education-generating knowledge or making more money for the opulent....
in all the three attempts i went for the education related topics and was satisfied with my performance.

i did last one violence wala

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Mayoos tou woh ho,jiska RABB na ho...!

"The Great nations win without fighting"

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"Our Greatest Glory is not in never failing, but in rising up every time we fail."

I attempted


"Women sportspersons as new ambassadors of soft image of Pakistan"





OUTLINE



1) Introduction



2) Importance of women sports and Image of Pakistan



3) How women sportspersons can contribute in softening the image of Pakistan



4) Why image of Pakistan is needed to be softened



5) Outcome of encouraging women sports and image of Pakistan



6) Conclusion