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Default EDS Notes for CSS-2015--UNIVERSE (complete)

SOLAR SYSTEM

I have collected these notes from different sources, I hope they will help you a lot in solving this portion Inshallah...


Questions asked in Past :

1. The world is shrinking and the universe is expanding. Explain (CSS-1971)

2. List the planet in the solar system, in order of their distance from the sun? (CSS-1973)

3. Why is the color of the sky blue? (CSS-1974)

4. Define Earth, Venus, Mercury and Mars? (CSS-1979)

5. How are the planets different from the stars? (CSS-1981)

6. Write short note on Early Bird? (CSS-1982)

7. Name any five planets which revolve round the sun? (CSS-1986)

8. In space travel, the unit of distance is ‘light-year’ what does it mean? (CSS-1983)

9. What are satellites? (CSS-1984)

10. What are planets? Name the known planets? (CSS-1987)

11. What do you know about milky way? (CSS-1987)

12. Which is the smallest planet in the solar system? (CSS-1989)

13. Lunar eclipse occurs only at about the time of full moon while solar eclipse never occurs on full moon days. Explain. Why? (CSS-1990)

14. How is twinkling of stars explain? (CSS-1993)

15. Write short note on Solar System (CSS-1193)

16. Describe briefly the Lunar Eclipse? (CSS-1994)

17. Define the term Light Year? (CSS-1996)

18. Explain the Solar System and the unique charactersitics which the sun and its planets have? (CSS1999)

19. How Solar and Lunar eclipse are caused? (CSS-1999)

20. Differentiate between Lunar eclipse and Solar eclipse? (CSS-1996)

21. Differentiate between star and planet? (CSS-1996)

22. Briefly describe the Solar system. Name its members, outline the main characteristics of any two members? (CSS1997)

23. Differentiate between Comet Meteor? (CSS-1998)
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SOLAR SYSTEM

• THE UNIVERSE:


The Branch of physical science, which deals with the nature of the Universe, its overall structure and origin, is called cosmology. Until the 17the century, the Universe was thought to be state, infinite and unchanging: this is called the Steady-State Theory. However, Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), an American astronomer showed in 1920s that the space between the galaxies is increasing and the Universe is therefore expanding like a balloon that is being inflated. The known Universe is finite and its edge lies at a distance of about 1024 km.


• BIG BANG THEORY:

According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe came into existence about 15 to 20 billions years ago when a cataclysmic explosion took place. The Echo of this big bang can still be heard in the form of microwave radio signal from space. This is also called as the 3K microwave background radiation first detected by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize. Before the birth of our Universe, there was no time, no matter and no space. All the energy and matter of the future cosmos were concentrated in a single point of energy. All the forces were unified in this single point and were in perfect harmony. By someway this harmony was disturbed and this triggered a catastrophic explosion, filling our space with every particle of matter hurled away from every other particle. Thus, this is how our universe exploded into life; and matter, space and time came into being.



• GALAXY:

Introduction:
Galaxy is a fundamental unit of the Universe. It consist of several hundred thousands of stars together which interstellar gas and dust.

Origin of Galaxies:
The galaxies resulted from the accumulation of gas on the proto-galaxies that were formed by density fluctuations and gravity instabilities in the expanding primordial fireball. It is thought that they originally consisted only of those elements formed in the big bang (mainly hydrogen and Helium).

Number of Galaxies:
The number of galaxies in the universe is estimated to be between 100 billion and a trillion (1011 to 1012). Each galaxy contains about 100 billion stars.

Classification:
Hubble classified the galaxies in 1924. According to his thesis, there are three types of galaxies, which are as under:

1-Elliptical galaxies: -

Elliptical galaxy (E) appear as luminous elliptical discs with a smooth distribution of light. Their surface brightness decreases outward from the center. Elliptical galaxies are further divided into EO-7, according to their aspect in the sky. For instance, EO types are seen faces on as circular discs, which E-7 types, are seen almost edge on.


2-Spiral Galaxies: -
Spiral Galaxies (S), in which spiral-shaped arms emerge directly from the center. Spiral galaxies are further divided into types a, a and c, depending on the extent of the ‘unwinding’ of the arms and on the relative clarity of the arms and the nucleus (center).


3-Irregular Galaxies: –

Irregular galaxies do not have a definite structure. However, two types are distinguished i.e. IrrI & IrrII.
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• THE MILKY WAY GALAXY

Introduction:
The Milky Way galaxy is our own galaxy, which is considered to be atypical spiral galaxy. It is about 75 thousand light years in diameter and is a member of the ellipsoidal so-called ‘Local Group’ of about 20 galaxies. Following are the main characteristics of the Milky Way galaxy.

Characteristics of Milky Way Galaxy:

The Milky Way galaxy is a spiral galaxy.
It is about 30 thousand parsecs (about 9 lacks million km) across.
There are more than 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
The region in space occupied by the Milky Way galaxy is called the galactic plane.
The sun is not present at the center of Milky Way.
The Milky Way Galaxy has three spiral arms, which are:
1.Orion arm
2.Perseus arm
3.Sagittarius arm
The sun revolves around the nucleus of the galaxy once in 225 million years. This duration is called the cosmic year.
The sun is not the largest star of the galaxy. It is medium sized star of the galaxy.
It is generally believed that the pearly band of Milky Way stretching across the sky is milk split from the breast of the goddess Juno.
The arms of the galaxy are known as galactic arms.
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• THE STARS:

Introduction:
Stars are those heavily body which produce energy by nuclear reactions. They are held in a stable state by balancing the outward radiation pressure by the inward gravitational force.

Characteristics of Stars:
Stars are self-luminous bodies, situated at great distance from the solar system.
They do not revolve round the sun.
They have their own light.
The sun is our nearest star while the next nearest star is Proximal Centauri, which is at a distance of about 40 million km from the earth.
The size of the stars varies considerably from super-giant stars, which are several hundred times larger than the sun, to dwarf stars that are much smaller than the earth.

Classification of Stars:

The popular method of classification of stars is stellar classification. According to this classification, the color of a star gives an indication of its temperature. So stars are classed according to their spectra in sequence of decreasing temperature. The types of stars according to the Henry Draper Stellar classification are.
Type O, B, A, F, G, K, M.

Kinds of Stars:

There are four kinds of stars, which are as under: -

1. Fixed Star: - Fixed Stars are those stars, which do not change their position in the sky. These are fixed and are known as dog stars.

2. Binary Stars: - Binary stars are those stars, which are in group of two stars. They revolve round a common center under mutual gravitational attraction.

3. Temporary Stars: -
Temporary stars are those stars, which suddenly flare up with great brightness and fade away after a short time. They are also called Nova.

4. Variable Stars: -
Variable stars are those stars whose brightness varies from time to time.
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• THE SOLAR SYSTEM:

The Solar system is a tiny part of a galaxy & consists of the sun and all the objects that travel around it. It includes the Earth and eight other planets, along the satellites that travel around most of them. It further includes Asteroids, Meteoroids, Comets, Interplanetary dust & interplanetary plasma. The planets are described in detail below: -


1. Mercury:


It is the rocky planet.

It is covered with holes called Craters.

It has no moon.

It has no atmosphere.

It is the nearest planet to the sun.

It is also the smallest planet of the solar system.

It is the fastest planet.

The temperature on mercury vary between 420 0C (7900F) in the day and -180 0C (-2900F) at nights.

Its distance from Sun is 58 million kms.

Its revolution period is 88 days.

Its rotation period is 58 days, 15 hours and 30 minutes.

Its radius is 2,433 kms and diameter is 4,878 kms.



2. Venus:
Apart from the moon, Venus is the brightest object in the sky. Venus can be seen with naked eye in the Morning or in the evening. Following are the main characteristics of the Venus.

It is the rocky planet.

It is also called morning star.

It is the brightest planet.

It has no moon.

It is the slowest rotating planet.

It is also the hottest planet.

It is the nearest neighbor of the earth in the solar system.

It has longest daytime. (225 Earth days).

It rotates from east to west as opposite to most other planets.

Its distance from the Sun is 108 million kms.

Its revolution period is 224.7/225 days.

Its rotation period is 243 days and 14 hours (longest day).

Its diameter is 12,102 kms.

It is wrapped in thick clouds of CO2 gas.


3. The Earth:
The earth is the largest and the densest of the four terrestrial planets. It is the most wonderful planet of the solar system. Following are the features of the Earth.

It is the rocky planet.

It is the densest planet.

It is also the watery and bios planet.

It has one moon.

Its two-thirds surface is covered with oceans.

The earth’s surface is rich in Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium etc.

It has atmosphere which contains 78% Nitrogen, and 21% Oxygen.

Its distance from the Sun is 150 million kms.

Its revolution period is 365 ¼ days.

Its rotation period is 23 hours, 56 minutes, 40 seconds.

Its diameter is 12756 km (7927 miles equatorial and 7900 miles polar diameter)


4. Mars:
Mars is the 4th planet of the solar system which is visible by a naked eye as abright red spot in the sky.

It is the rocky planet.

Mars is covered with red dust & is red planet.

It has two moons Phobos and Deimos.

Its average temperature is -53 0C.

Distance from the sun 228 million kms.

Revolution period 687 days.

Rotation period 24 h, 37 min and 22 sec.

Its diameter is 6794 kms.

It has an atmosphere composed almost entirely of CO2.


5. Jupiter:
It is the largest & heaviest planet of the solar system.

It is the fastest rotating planet.

It has 63 moons.

It has the largest number of satellites.

It has the shortest daytime. (10 hr).

It has a dense, cloudy atmosphere of hydrogen and helium.

Its distance from sun is 778 million kms.

Revolution period 12 years.

Rotation period 9h, 50min, and 30 sec. (smallest day)

Its diameter is 1, 24,800 kms.

Its diameter is eleven times greater than the earth’s diameter.

It has a rock-iron-ice core about 15, 000 km (9,000 miles) thick.

Jupiter radiates 67% more heat than it receives from the sun. This is mainly due to dissipation of the primordial heat of the planet.

It has 16 satellites.


6. Saturn:
In 1610, Galileo became the first person to look at Saturn through telescope.

It is the second largest planet.

It has brightest rings.

It has a magnificent system of rings.

It has 62 moons.

Distance from Sun 1427 million kms.

Revolution period 30 years.

Rotation period 10h, 14 mins.

The largest moon of Saturn is the Titan and it is the second-largest moon in the solar system. Titan is larger than the planet Mercury.

Its diameter is 1, 20, 000 km.

According to Guiness book of answers, Saturn has 18 known satellites.


7. Uranus:
When sky is very dark and very clear Uranus can be seen with the naked eyes. William Herschel discovered the planet in March 1787.

It is greenish planet.

It has 27 moons.

It has an atmosphere, which is dominated by hydrogen and helium.

Its distance from Sun is 2869.9 million kms.

Revolution period is 84 years.

Rotation period is 16h, and 10 mins.

Titania is the largest moon of Uranus.

Its diameter is 52, 400 km.

It has 15 known satellites.


8. Neptune:
The German astronomer Johann Galle discovered Neptune.

It is the coldest & blue planet.

It is the slowest to move around the sun.

It is known as the twin of Uranus due to their similarity of size, mass and composition.

Neptune has 13 moons that we know of. The largest moon is Triton.

Distance from Sun 4496, 6 million kms.

Revolution period 165 years (largest year)

Rotation period 18 hours.

Its diameter is 49,100 kms.


9. Pluto:
It is not considered as Planet now, but is classified as dwarf planet.
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• Asteroids:
Asteroids are also known as planetoids. These are small, irregularly shaped rocky objects which orbit the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are also known as the minor planets.
Basically the word Asteroid means “Starlike”. Ceres asteroid was the first to be discovered.
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• Meteorites:
Meteorites are small chunks of iron and rock thought to be resulted from collisions between asteroids. They also may be formed when comets disintegrate into fragments. Meteorites enter the earth’s atmosphere and become a meteor. A meteor is a “falling star” that is usually seen in the sky at night. A meteor will burn up from frictional heating as it enters the atmosphere. Most of the meteors burn up before they reach the earth. If they do not reach the ground they become meteorites. Meteorites can be seen at a distance of 70 miles from the earth. Meteorites are heavy objects, which weigh about 60 tons.
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• Comets:
Comets are those bodies, which revolve round the sun. They are mainly composed of ice and dust. Most comets have three parts, which are as under.

i) A solid centre.

ii) A head or round coma that surrounds the centre and consists of dust particles mixed with frozen water, frozen methane and frozen water, frozen methane and frozen ammonia.

iii) A long tails of dust and gases that escape from the head. Most comets stay near the solar system.

Other characteristics of comets are as under:

Comets are usually made up of ice and dust.
Millions of comets are present in the solar system.
Comet is usually about 10 km or 6 miles across.
Halley’s comet is the famous example.
Comets usually move around the sun in the elliptical orbits.

Hally’s Comet:- Halley’s Comet is named after the British astronomer Edmund Haley who calculated its orbit in 1705. The Halley’s Comet visits the sun every 76 years. It last visited the sun in 1986, but it passed very far from the Earth. It is predicted that Hally’s Comet will return in the year 2062.
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• The Sun:


Introduction:

The sun is the star, which is nearest to the earth. It is the center of our solar system. All planets revolve round it.

Following are the main features of the Sun.
Composition of the Sun:
The Sun composed of: -
Hydrogen 90%
Helium 8%
Other elements 2%

Temperature of the Sun:
The Sun is a hot gaseous mass whose surface temperature is very gigh. The temperature of the Sun is divided into the following two types:

Photosphere: - The surface temperature of the Sun is called as the photosphere, that is 6000o C.

 Chromosphere: - The interior temperature of the Sun is called Chromosphere, that is about 15 million degree C.

Characteristics of the Sun:
The Mass of the sun is 2*1030 tons.
The diameter of the Sun is 1.4 million kms.
Its mean distance from the earth is 149 million kms.
The average density of the sun is 1.4 gm/cc.
The main source of energy in the sun is Hydrogen, which is coveted into Helium by the process of nuclear fusion.
The Sun has 27 days solar rotation period and 11-years sunspot cycle.
The Sun is classified as a ‘yellow dwarf’ star of spectral types G2V.
The minimum distance between sun & the Earth is known as perihelion, which is 147,098,200 kms & the maximum distance between the sun, & the Earth is called aphelion, that is 152,097,900 kms.

Some Features of the Sun:

Sun Spots:
Sun spots are a number of dark patches on the surface of the sun. They are seen through a telescope with colored glass. They are funnel-shaped vortex through which gaseous matter streams spiral upwards and outwards. The sun spots vary greatly both in size and duration. Some of them disappear in the course of a few days, others survive for one or two revolutions of the sun. Large spots may be more than 100,000 miles in diameter.


Solar Wind:
Solar wind is composed of protons and electron, which are streams of electricially charged particles, which are emitted by the Sun.
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• The Moon:
Introduction:
The moon is the only natural satellite of the earth. It is 2nd largest satellite of the solar system. Its mass is 1/81 that of the Earth. Following are the main features of the moon.

Features of the Moon:

Average diameter of the moon is 3475 km (2159 miles)
Mass of the moon is 1.343x1019 tonnes.
The moon has no atmosphere, so there is a wide variation in temperature between 117oC (243oF) at the equator at midday and –163oC (-261oF) after nightfall.
The rotation period of the moon is 29 days, 7 hours and 43 minutes.
The moon is 81 times lighter than the Earth, that is why objects on the moon weight less.
The moon is a poor reflector than the Earth.
The most amazing features of the moon is the presence of craters which are the most conspicuous and most plentiful.
The moon is rich in chromium, Tianium, Scandium, Zironium and yetterbium.
The Average of density of the moon is 3.34 gm/cc.
The moon has different shapes at different times of the month which are known as the phases of the moon.
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