The animal kingdom divided into two sub kingdoms on the basis of presence or absence of backbone or vertebral column

(A) Invertebrates

Those animals which have no backbone or vertebral column they have following characteristics

Characteristics
• grater in numbers than the vertebrates
• some invertebrates have hard shell or other type of hard covering called exoskeleton
• A few invertebrates have a Skelton inside the body called endoskeleton.
Classification

• Phylum protozoa
• Phylum Porifera
• Phylum Coelenterata
• Phylum platyhelminthes
• Phylum nematode
• Phylum annelida
• Phylum mollusca
• Phylum arthropoda
• Phylum echnodermata


( P,P,C,P,N,A,M,A,E,)

(B) Vertebrates
Animals who Posses backbone or vertebral column
Five major classes of vertebrates

• Fishes

Fishes are aquatic animals, they have head trunk and tail, the organs of breathing are gills, they are cold blooded animals, most fishes lay egg in the water.
Amphibian

The animals have tendency of living in water as well as on land, they are cold blooded animals’ i-e Frogs, Toads and Salamanders

• Reptilian

Basically reptiles are creepers and first true land vertebrates , many reptiles live in water , their skin is dry, hard , and rough. They breathe by lungs i-e Dinosaurs, lizards, Crocodiles, and snakes , tortoises are best examples

• Birds(Aves)

They belongs to class Aves birds, main characteristics of birds
• The birds have feathers on their body
• They stand on two lags,
• Their limbs are modified into wings
• The Aves are divided into two large groups
1- Running birds
2- Flying birds

The birds which cannot flay but run very faster known as running birds, they have weak wings
The birds have tendency flaying known as flaying birds , their wings have feathers to flight and their pictorial muscles are very strong, the feet of such types of birds are webbed


• Mammals

These are warm blooded animals, having hair on their body and the female mammals nourish their young on their milk

Types of mammals

1- Egg laying mammals

These mammals lay eggs and feed their babies with milk, considered to be connecting link between reptiles and mammals , Duck Bill, and spiny aunt-eater are the best examples.
2- Pouched mammals

These mammals gives birth to under developed babies, their mother keeps them in a pouch on its belly until they developed properly, the mother feeds them in her milk, i-e Kangaroo, Opossum, and Kaola are the


3- Typical mammals

These are true mammals, whose baby completes its development in the body of mother, after the birth mother feed then her milk,

They are further divided into sub groups


• Insect eating mammals (Mole)
• Edentate mammals ( Pangolin)
• Rodent mammals ( Rat)
• Flaying mammals (Bat)
• Carnivorous mammals ( Sea lion)
• Hoofed mammals ( Rhinoceros)
• Trunked mammals (Elephant)
• Fish like mammals (whale fish)


Classification of some important animals

Name of mammals Location
• Blue whale Found in all oceans
• Panda China
• Dolphin in seas
• Kangaroo Australia
• Snow leopard Central Asia
• Yak Central Asia
• Llama South Africa
• Ibex wild mountain goat
Reptiles

• Cobra south Asia
• Alligator north America
• Tortoises water
• Rattle snake America

Birds
• Ostrich desert of Africa
• Penguin Antarctic regions
• Kiwi new Zealand
• Rhea south Africa
• Emu Australia
Fishes
• Shark found in all oceans
• Trout fresh water fish




Classification of plants

Characteristics
• There are about half of million spaces of plants on earth.
• The plants are animates which need air, light and water for their survival and growth
• The synthesis their food by the means of photosynthesis
• Water is very essential for their growth thy absorb ground water by means of roots


Plant kingdom
1- non-Green plants
2- green plants

Non-Green plants
Which do not have steam, root, and leaves, they lack chlorophyll so they cannot synthesize their food through photosynthesis i-e bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

Green plants
Plants which contains chlorophyll and synthesize their food through photosynthesis
They are further divided into two

1- flowering plants or Phanerogams
2- non-flowering plants or Cryptogams

Flowering plants
Those plants which contain seed , they are further divided into two

• Gymnosperms
Those flowering plants which contains naked and unprotected seeds
i-e Pine, Fir, Spur, and Cypress etc

Angiosperms
Whose seeds protected by a fruit or seedpod
i-e Grass, Crops, Vegetables, Fruit and Weeds



Non-flowering plants
Plants which do not have seed, or seedless plants
• They reproduce by spores
• They have long life
• They cannot grow to large size they generally have simple structure except Ferns
• They have no long fiber
i-e Moses, ferns, Algae

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