Universe:
The sum total of all the matter and energy that exists or has existed in both space and time is known as Universe. It came into being about 14 billion years ago with a cosmic explosion that hurled the matter in all directions.

The Most widely acceptable theory about the origin of world is Big Bang Theory.

The theory states that Universe came into existence from singularity. It was initially very small,hot and dense but with the passage of time it became cold expanse.

Initially there were no elementary particles like proton and neutron but the matter know as matter or anti matter, collided together creating pure energy. After few minutes when it started getting cold the protons and neutrons began to form. Then slowly over time these particles came together to form Hydrogen and small amounts of Helium. During the billion of years that followed, stars, planets and galaxies formed the Universe.

Types of Galaxies:
There are three type of galaxies:

1. Spiral --- disk shaped with a bulge in center and arms that spiral outwards as the galaxy rotates. Contain more middle-aged stars along with clouds of gas and dust.
2. Elliptical --- oval shape. Contain older stars along with very little gas and dust.
3.Irregular --- undefined shape. Contain lots of young stars, gas and dust.

Milky Way:
It is the large, spiral galaxy that includes our solar system. It contains 200-400 billion stars. It is also a part of "Local Group- a cluster of 3 dozens of galaxies".
Age: 14 billion years
Diameter: 100,000 light years
Distance from our Solar System: 30,000 light years
Revolution of Sun: 250 million years around the Milky Way
Major Arms: Pursues, Sagittarius, Centaurs, Cygnus
Arm of our Solar System: Minor Arm (Orion Spur/Arm)
Region occupied: Galactic Plane
Nearest Galaxy: Andromeda

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Solar System:

Our Solar System consist of the Sun, planets, dwarf planets, moons, an asteroid belt, comets, meteors and other objects.
The Sun is at the center of our Solar System, all other objects in the Solar System orbit around the sun.

Age: 4.5 billion years
Shape: Elliptical
Biggest Object: Sun (Contain more than 99% of the solar system's mass)

Sun:


1. Our closest star.
2. Member of Milky Way.
3. Yellow Dwarf star (medium size)
4. Age: 4.5 billion years

Structure of Sun


1. Core
2. Photosphere
3. Chromosphere
4. Corona

1. The Core:

* Tremendously highly temperature and pressure.
*Temperature: 150 million centigrade
*Nuclear Fusion: Hydrogen nuclei into Helium nucleus + a lot amount of energy is released.

2.The Photosphere:

*lies between Core and Chromosphere.
*Lower Atmosphere
*300 miles thick
*Temperature: 5,500 million centigrade

3. The Chromosphere:

*Lies outside the photosphere.
*Rising Temperature (6,000 to 50,000 centigrades)
*few thousand miles thick
*Appears red because hydrogen atoms are in excited state and emit radiation.
*It is visible during solar eclipse because moon blocks the Photosphere.

4. The Corona

*Outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere.
*Extends millions of miles from the surface of Sun.
*Temperature: 1 million centigrade


Solar Wind:

A stream of charged particles(known as Solar Wind) are emitted from the Sun, as the Sun rotates the solar wind blows in a pinwheel pattern through the solar system and reaches on earth in about 5 days. The solar winds travel along vibrating magnetic waves of Sun, it causes Aurora and develop the tail of comet.
Generated due to the presence of plasma and extends throughout the Solar System.

Sun Spots:

They are caused by the disturbances in the Sun's magnetic field which makes that particular place cooler than the surrounding area. They appear dark as they are typically about half the temperature of the surrounding Photosphere.
The large sunspots can be wider than the Earth.


Some Important Features:

Rotation along its axis: 25 at Equator, 35 at Poles
Revolution around Milky Way: 250 million years(1 cosmic year)
Sun Rays reach Earth surface: 8min 20 seconds

Planets:


1. Inner Planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars)
2. Outer Planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)


Difference between Star and Planets:



STAR & PLANET

1. Massive shining sphere of hot gas 1. Round body in space that orbits a star.

2. Shines by releasing light produces by nuclear fusion. 2. Shines by reflecting light of a Star.

3. Our solar system has only one Star i.e. Sun 3. Our solar system has eight planets i.e. Jupiter, Venus etc

4. Different heavenly objects revolve around star, such as planet, dwarf 4. Satellites(Moon) revolve around Planets.
planet etc

5. Star revolve around the center of its own galaxy. 5. Planets revolve around Star.

6. High Temperature 6. Some are very cool others are very hot.

7. Examples: Sun, Pistol Star. 7. Examples: Earth, Venus etc.

Moon:


Earth's only artificial satellite that orbit around the planets.
Our MOON named "Luna" is the 5th largest moon in the solar system.

Phases of the Moon:


1. New Moon:

Sun lights the side of the Moon facing away from Earth, & the side of the Moon facing toward Earth is dark. (Earth-Moon-Sun)

2. Full Moon:

The Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from Sun, the face of the Moon visible from Earth is lit. (Moon-Earth-Sun)

3.First & Third Quarter:

The Moon is at 90 degree angle with respect to the Earth and Sun. We see exactly half of the Moon illuminated and half in shadow.

Crescent: Less than half Moon is illuminated.
Gibbous: More than half Moon is illuminated.
Waxing: Growing in Illumination.
Waning: Decreasing in Illumination.

Eclipse:

Obscuring of one celestial body by another, particularly that of Sun or Moon.

*Lunar Eclipse
*Solar Eclipse

Lunar Eclipse:

(Moon-Earth-Sun)
*Earth blocks light of Sun and shadow of Earth falls on Moon.
*Occur at the time of Full Moon.
*Observed at night.
*Occur twice a year.
*Visible from all night time places.
*Duration: 2-4 hrs
*Safe to look at moon during eclipse.


Solar Eclipse:

(Earth-Moon-Sun)
*Moon blocks the light of Sun and shadow of Moon falls on Earth.
*Occur at the time of New Moon.
*Observed during day time.
*Visible in some areas of world.
*Duration: Few minutes
*Retina gets damaged if solar eclipse seen with naked eye.



Umbra & Penumbra


Umbra

*Darker part of shadow.
*Form only one cone in both eclipse.
*Wider in Lunar eclipse than in Solar.
*When object is completely in umbra region, it observes Total eclipse.


Penumbra:

*Lighter part of shadow.
*Form two cones around umbra.
*Wider in Solar eclipse than in Lunar.
*When object is completely in penumbra region, it observes Partial eclipse.

Latitude & Longitude


Latitude:

*Imaginary lines running horizontally around the globe.
*Also called Parallels.
*Lines are equidistant from each other.
*Zero degrees is the Equator.
*Lines run East & West, measure North and South.

Longitude:

*Imaginary lines running vertically around the globe.
*Also called Meridians.
*Lines meet at the poles, widest apart at Equator.
*Zero degrees is the Prime Meridian.
*Lines run North and South, measure East and West.