2016-EDS-COMPLETE SOLUTON OF SECTION 2
Q 2: (a) What were the main objectives of Clean Development Mechanism? Also explainthe reasons for the criticism on Koyoto Protocol by the developed countries.
(b) Differentiate between Sanitary and Industrial Landfills, also describe the land
selection criteria for Landfills.
ANS: (A) CDM was defined in the article no: 12 of the kyoto protocol (2007)
Objectives
1. To assist the contries not included in annex-i in their sustainable development and contributing in achieving the objective of united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc) which is to reduce global warming.
2. To assist those parties that were included in annex-i in achieving their compliance and commitments for reduction of emmisions under kyoto protocol.
Annex-i are those industrilized and non annex were developing countries.

Reasons for criticism of kyoto protocol.
 James hansen the director of NASA’S Goddard institute for space studies and eminent climate scienctist regarded it as a conteract of progress and he suggested carbon tax.
 Rising Tide North America (groups tin north america who are concerned to climate change root cause) claims: "Emission limits do not include emissions by international aviation and shipping.
 Developing countries such as (india and china) exempted it.
 Very less reduction has very less effect on reduction.
 Kyoto protocol does not address for long term reduction.
 Climate change is unique matter so kyoto protocol should mainly deal with that issue rather than many other treaties.
 Kyoto protocol only addresses on carbon emmision reduction and does not focus on other environmental pollutants such as nitogen oxides and so2 etc.
(B) Landfills
Landfills are the landplaces where waste and rubish is thrown and burried
There are 4 types of landfills
1. Sanitary landfills: these are the landfills where rubbish is thrown and separated from environment by the layer of clay and agin rubbish is thrown and layered.(maintained by government)
2. Muncipul solid waste landfills: where house hold rubbish is burried.(maintained by government)
3. Construction and demolition ladfills: the material debris from buildings and contructions is stored here, plastics, bricks,and a lot of these things.
4. Industrial landfills: non hazardous material from industries .
Difference b/w Sanitary and Industrial landfills.
Sanitary landfill for common rubbish from houses or roads etc while industrial landfill particularly for indutrial wastes.
In sanitary landfill particular layers of clay are used to separate it from environmet while in industrial it is not done so.
In sanitary landfills particular pipeline connections are used to extract landfill gases while in idustrial it is not.
Their areas are different according to their need and suspectibilty of hazards.

Criteria for landfills
 Land area and volume should be sufficient enough to provide landfill capacity so that the projected need can be fulfilled for several years. In this way the cost coming on all that procedure can be justified.
 The landfill area having steep gradient (where stability of slope could be problematic) should not be selected.
 Public & private irrigation water supply wells should be well away from the boundaries of landfill site because these supply wells will be at risk of contamination
 Landfill area should not be very close to significant water bodies (water courses or dams). There will be the risk of contamination of water bodies, which can be hazardous for aquatic life.
 No major power transmission or other infrastructure like sewers, water supply lines should be crossing through landfill developmental area.
 No residential development should be near the boundaries of landfill site. The waste disposal site must be very away from residential or commercial areas and water resources.
 Unstable areas that have significant seismic risk which could cause destruction of berms are not recommended for landfill site.
 There should not be fault lines and significantly fractured geological structure. These fault lines can allow the unpredictable movement of gas within 500 meters of perimeter of proposed landfill development.
 Selection of landfill site should be based upon the examination of environmental issues
 The landfill site should be near the wastes recycling facility otherwise, the waste recycling facility should be planned as integral part of landfill site
Q 3 : (a) Write a short note on artificial intelligence.(b) Write short noteson:
(i) Fibre Optics (ii) GlobalPositioning System
ANS: (A)ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
It is the study and engineering of intelligent machines capable of performing the same kinds of functions that characterize human thoughts. Advent of digital computers in 20th century brought AI into realm of possibility.
It has been applied to computer programs and systems capable of performing tasks more complex than
straightforward programming.
USES AND CHALLENGES OF AI
 Used by financial institutions, scientists, psychologist, medical practitioners, design engineers, planning
authorities and security services.
 WABOT-2, a robot developed by Wasefa University in Japan in the 1980s, utilized AI programs to play a keyboard instruments, red sheet music and converse rudimentarily with people.

(B) i.Fibre optics
It is the technology of transmission of signals in the form of light through optic fibre by bouncing or reflection along it.
A fibre optic cable consists of very thin strands of pure glass or plastic. At the transmission site there is a fibre optic transmitter that codes light then it is conducted through the optic fibre and then fibre optic reciever decodes into original data format. Booster may be used to amplify signal if it is long distance transmission.

(B) ii. Global positioning system
It is the mechainism of determining position location or velocity of anyone anywhere in the world by satelites.at least 4 satelites must detect him.weather cant effect it. Usa initiated the GPS project in 1973 to overcome the limitations previous navigation systems. It became fully operational in 1995. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton, and Ivan A. Getting are credited with inventing it. The GPS concept is based on matching of time.


Q 4: (a) What are vaccines? Classify these and discuss DNA vaccines in detail.
(b) What are causative organism and vector for dengue, enlist possible ways of
prevention from dengue.
ANS: (A) Vaccines and classes
Vaccines are the compoundes that prepare immune system fight against pathogens.
4 classes
 Live virus vaccines:attenuated viruses are used for its preparation.MMR VACCINE(measls,mumps and rubella) and varicella vaccine (chicken pox vaccine)
 Killed or inactivaed vaccine : made from protein or other small pieces of viruses or bacteria. Whooping cough vaccine.
 Toxoid vaccines: made from toxins or chemicals of virus or bacteria. Diptheria and tetanus vaccines.
 Biosynthetic vaccines : these are made from manmade virus or bacteria like chemicls. Hepatitus b vaccines.

Dna vaccines: these are the vaccines prepared from genetically engineered dna , thus cell produces antigens and response.

(B) Dengue: dengue virus is causative organism and mosquito is vector
Preventions: vaccines against dengue.
Ceasing mosquito growth and be away from them.
(also called breakbone fever, infectious, characterstic rash, headache, joint pain and fever, symptoms can appear from 3-14th day of infection )

Q 5: (a) Comment, ‘liver is the chief chemist in human body’.
(b) What is Cholesterol? Discuss its importance, normal blood level and dangers
of elevated levels with reference to the health and disease in humans.
ANS: (A) Liver is a chief chemist in the body bcz of its many homeostatic functions.
(B) Cholestrol
Lipid and an steroid
Importance of cholesterol
 Cholesterol makes up the animal cell membrane
 Hormones are synthesized by cholesterol like testosterone, estrogen etc
 Helps in metabolism.
 Cholesterol is necessary for vitamin synthesis.
hypercholestremia
 Condition of high level of cholestrol is called as hypercholestremia
 Hypercholestremia causes heart diseases
 Can cause atherosclerosis which may lead to heart attack or stroke.
 High blood pressure (symptom)
 Angina pectoris or chest pain (symptom)
 Circulatory ailments
hypocholestremia
 Can cause depression, cancer, and cereberal hammorhage
 Can cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
Foods that increase cholesterol
(A) Butter.
(B) Ghee
(C) Hard margarines.
(D) Lard, dripping and goose fat.
(E) Fatty meat and meat products such as sausages.
(F) Full fat cheese, milk, cream and yogurt.
(G) Coconut and palm oils and coconut cream.

Q 6: (a) What do you know about the Remote Sensing Techniques? Explain resolution
and write down the names of its various types?
(b) What is hydrological cycle? Discuss its importance.Remote sensing techniques
ANS: (A) It is the technique of getting information of objects or surrounding or remote without contact. Cuurently the term referes to sensing of earth by satelites and sensors of aircrafts.
There are 2 types of remote sensing
1.Active sensing: if a signal is emmited by satelite or aircraft is reflected and then detected by sensor.eg.radar and lidar.
2.Passive sensing: if radiationemmited by sun reflected by object is sensed the technique is passive sensing.eg. photographic film and radiometers are the passive sensors.

Resolution :minimum resolved distance or the ability to distinguish objects. Pixel is the smallest unit that makes up image. 4 types of resolution.
spatial resolution refers to the number of pixels utilized in construction of the image. Images having higher spatial resolution are composed with a greater number of pixels than those of lower spatial resolution. Dots per inch or pixels per line.
Spectral resolution is the ability to resolve spectral features and bands into their separate components. Spectral resolution describes the ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength intervals. The finer the spectral resolution, the narrower the wavelength range for a particular channel or band.
Radiometric resolution: It is the ablity to differentiate the refelection at each andevery pixel.its measured in bits.
Temporal resolution: is a measure of the repeat cycle or frequency with which a sensor revisits the same part of the Earth’s surface. For e.g.1 day .

(B):water evaporated on surface of earth cools to cloud at altitudes and thus rains.

Q 7 : (a) What is tsunami? How the tsunamis generated and what are their
characteristics?
(b) What is an earth quake?Discuss Richter Scale in this context. What was the
intensity of the earth quake in Pakistan dated 26 October 2015 and where was
the locus?
Tsunami
ANS: (A) A tsunami is also called tidal wave, and also seismic sea wave.
A tsunami is a series of large ocean waves that is caused by sudden motion on the ocean floor. This sudden motion could be an earthquake, a powerful volcanic eruption, or an underwater landslide.
Characterstics
 When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down (velocity decreases) and its amplitude (height) increases. The wave further slows and amplifies as it hits land.
 Large wavelength. may reach to 200 kms
 High velocity. May reach to 800 km/hour (222m/s)
 Frequency is about 1cycle per 20-30 minutes.
 Amplitude is 1 meter.
 Velocity of these tsunami wave is calculated by v=the underroot of ( depth into g)
(B) Earthquake
Earthquakes are those movements of the earth crust which make the ground vibrated and
shake backwards and forwards or in simple words an earthquake is trembling in the earth.
The shocks waves are generated at a point within the crust called the focus, and the point on
the earth‘s surface vertically above the focus is called the epicentre of the earthquake. The
shock waves travel in all directions from the focus. On the earth‘s surface, the shaking is the
strongest near the epicentre. These waves are detected by seismograph.
Richter scale
The Richter magnitude scale is a scale of numbers used to tell the size of earthquakes. Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale in 1935. His scale was based on the seismogram measured by a particular type of seismometer at a distance of 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the earthquake
26 oct 2015
Intensity in pakistan : 8
Magnitude in pak: 8.1 M (The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted as Mw or M)
Locus:
Areas effected: Afghanistan , Pakisatn and India
Q 8: (a) Explain the shape of water molecule with the help of Molecular Orbital
Theory, also draw its orbital diagram.
(b) What are the gamma rays? Explain their applications.
Ans: (A) shape of the water molecule is bent and angle is 104.5 degree.
(B) Gamma rays
Em radiation emmited by radioactive nuclii.
Applications
 They are used to treat malignant tumours in radiotherapy
 they are used to kill cancer cells
 to sterilise medical equipment and in radioactive tracers
Q9: (a) Discuss importance of preservatives and antioxidants in food.
(b) Comment, Green House Effect is a blessing. Also discuss Enhanced Green
House Effect and its relation with global warming.
ANS: (A) it's important to know the difference between antioxidants and preservatives. they are both useful, but perform different jobs. a preservative is used to kill and inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi ... an antioxidant is used to prevent the oxidation of oils and fats.
preservatives in food are
• Benzoates (such as sodium benzoate, benzoic acid)
• Nitrites (such as sodium nitrite)
• Sulphites (such as sulphur dioxide)
• Sorbates (such as sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate
Oxidants in food are:
• Vitamins A,C,E
• Mn
• Iodides
• Melatonin hormone
• Carotenoids
• Phenols
• Esters(not all)
• Bilurubin
• Citric acid
• Oxalic acid etc

Importance
 Presevatives kill fungus and bacteria
 Preserve from spoilage
 Preservatives maintain freshness of appearance and consistency
 Antioxidants oppose the oxidation of oils and fats in the food. Thus they also prevent damage.
Antioxidants do so by just giving e(s) to the free redicals otherwise theses radicals would have oxidized oils and fats in food.
(B): if there were no atmosphere or the green house gase blanket then the temperature
of the eath would be -18*C and due to the green house effect we have the average temp
of 15*C . scientists say that the temperature has been increased about 0.6*C since the last cenury
and they also predict that the temperature will increase about 1.4 to 5.8*C by 2100.
these rising temperatures can cause about 1m rise in sea level.
the green house gase layer reaches 100 kms high from the earth's surface.
the sun light contains visible light , xrays, gamma rays, uv rays, ir rays.
about 29% of the solar spectrum is reflected back into the clouds, and about 23% is absorbed
by the atmosphere likewise uv by ozone and x-rays and gamma rays by gas molecules.
and about 48% comes to earth from this 85% is absorbed and rest is reflected and the absorbed
one becomes infrared heat (long wave) which is then diffused in the atmosphere and trapped by
green house gases.then ozone layer absorbs it and then radiates in all directions, hence some reaches
to the earth.