Hello everyone I would like to request everyone to kindly put the related handouts/notes for preparation especially of "The physical Science" and "Biological Science", as I am unable to find exact notes.

Thanks in advance.

SCIENCE AS ON INTEGRATED DISCIPLINE

Science is an integrated and organized knowledge about problems, objects or processes of nature. In the scientific process observation, reasoning and experimentation or physical verification are the basic tools.

It is because of scientific way of thinking that the scientists have been able to widen their knowledge and scope of their research.

BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

Science has been mainly divided into two main categories;

 Physical Sciences
 Biological Sciences

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

It is the main category of science that deals with earth, universe, mountains, oceans etc. Physical science is further divided into following branches such as Astronomy, Chemistry, Geology and Physics.

Astronomy

It is the one of the oldest branch of physical science that deals with the study of heavenly bodies. Chinese, Egyptians, Babylonians and Muslim astronomers made a thorough study of those heavenly bodies which could be seen with the naked eye. On the basis of these observations, they framed the calendars. The concept of year, months, weeks, and days was an important achievement of these astronomers.

The modern astronomy starts with the invention of telescope. The first telescope was made by Galileo in 1610. The telescope has made our studies, about the heavenly bodies more factual and accurate. With the help of telescope various heavenly bodies, which were not known before have been now discovered. Such as black hole, and clusters of galaxies etc. Physics and mathematics play an important role in Astronomy.

Chemistry

The branch of physical science that deals with the nature, composition and properties of matter. It also deals with the study of various chemical reactions taking place in the universe. Various chemical reactions taking place inside the living bodies are also considered part of chemistry and called bio-chemistry. The digestion of food, the burning of candle, the rusting of iron, release of oxygen from plants are the common examples of chemical reactions.

Geology

It is also known as the science of earth. It deals with the study of soil, rocks, minerals, oil and gas deposits. This branch of science is getting great importance because it is directly associated with the exploration and excavation of fossil fuels i.e. oil, gas and coal. Its related sub-branches are geophysics and geography. Pakistani geologists are exploring oil and gas fields in Pakistan. Geological survey of Pakistan is an important organization which undertakes investigation and exploration of underground resources, to determine their location, nature and recoveries.

Physics

It is an important branch of physical science that deals with the physical properties of matter and energy and the interaction between them. It helps to study the basic properties of matter under different conditions. It is a vast subject that can be divided into sub-disciplines such as mechanics, heat, sound, light, electricity, magnetism and atomic structure. All the modern equipments like radio, televisions, telephones, tape recorders, digital watches, calculators, computers, laser machines and etc are the products of physics. The equipments made by the physicist are used in different discipline of science.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

This main division of science deals with the living things. It includes the study of the structure, function and development of living things. It is divided into two main branches.

Botany
It deals with the scientific study of plants.
Zoology

It deals with the scientific study of animals.

Agriculture & medicine are the integral part of biological science and both have a relationship with chemistry.