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Old Wednesday, November 08, 2006
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Thumbs down Solved Version of Gernal Knolwedge & Every Day Science

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[CENTER]EVOCATIVE SUBSTEXT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE &
EVERY DAY SCIENCE (Compulsory)
For All Competitive Exams i.e. CSS/PCS/ISSB/CCEs/CAs/MBBS.
By. Abdul Salam Khan, Baloch
M.A (Political Science) M.A (International Relations) DE-Psych (AKUH)
Suggestion to bring more improvements in current subject would highly be appreciated.





Q-1. Write Notes/Essays on any two of the following topics:-

1. Sweets are the uses of Adversity.
2. Optimism in Life & Literature. (30)
3. Dignity of Labor.
4. The Fairy Tales of Science.
5. Knowledge is Power.
6. World Peace & how to achieve it.
7. A Carrier of my Choice or My Ambition of life.
8. The Causes of the failure of Democracy in Pakistan.
9. One Thorn of Experience is worth a whole wilderness of learning.
10. You can not eat your Cake and have your Cake.
11. One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
12. To hope till hope creates from its own wreck the thing it contemplates.
13. Truth is Stronger than fiction.
14. Moral Excess a menace to Civilization.
15. Reverence of Life.
16. Terrorisms in Pakistan, Causes and your suggestion for its eruption.
17. Accountability by name is Justice.
18. All great truths began as blasphemies “Shaw”.
19. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
20. The Fifteenth Amendment.
21. Pakistan in 21st Century.
22. Human Cloning.
23. Kargil and historical objectives.
24. Identify the single most serious problem Pakistan is faced with at present, analyse it and suggest its solution.
25. Geneva Convention.
26. Gwadar Sea Port, its geographical value and Current Impediments.
27. Foreign Aid a blessing or a curse.
28. Give your detailed idea how to solve the problem of unemployment.
29. Role of Media in Development.
30. The 8th Day of October 2005, its everlasting Impact, and Rehabilitation by Government and Entire World.
31. UN Role in promoting the World Peace. Do you agree?
32. Devolution Plan the dream of Decentralization of powers at grass Rout Level.
33. Post- Middle East squeeze by USA and current proclivity in Labnan.
34. Write Short Notes any one of the following:-

• LFO in its valid Origin.
• Frequent Army Interventions in Democratic regimes. A need or Pre-planned strategy.
• Constitution its reverence and Implementation.
• Pakistan’s Defense Deterrent Position.
• Pak-US relations after 9/11.
• Educational system in Balochistan.


Q-2. Write Concise Notes on the following/ Answers have already been Solved:-

1. Suez Canal.
Ship Canal Isthmus of Suez, Egypt Connecting the red sea with the eastern meddetrian.

2. Gibraltar.
Gibraltar is located in Southern Spain, the site of British Air & Naval base. That guards the straight of Gibraltar. It covers a narrow Peninsula, 3 mi km long and 0.75 mi 1.2 km, vide known as a rock.

3. Hormoz.
Island and town of Iran situated in the straight of Hormoz the Island is 5 mi 8 km of the coast of Iran. Marco polo, twice visited.

4. Panama Canal.
Canal of the lake and lock type, Panama extending across the Isthmus of Panama, this connects the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.

5, Guantanamo Bay.
Bay of the Caribbean Sea Southern Cuba. It is the one of the largest bays in the world. It is also recognized for its strategic Importance.

6. English Channel Tunnel.
Railway tunnel that leads beneath the English channel between Folkston, England and Sangatte (near) Calais, France.

7.Gulf of Aden.
Arm of the Indian Ocean the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia.


8. Dardanelles strait.
Narrow strait between the Peninsula of Gallipoli in Europe and Main Land of Turkey in Asia.

9. Sine Die.
Derived from Latin word chiefly with regard to law with out a future date being fixed for the rest of procedures, e.g. the murder case was adjourned sine die.

10. Alma Mater.
To donate/make a contribution.


11. Malapropism.
Derives its name from a Character of Mrs. Malaprop in Sheridan’s Rivals. She miss-interpreted word which sounded as above.

12. Quorum.
A fixed minimum of the Members in legislature and other elected bodies, where the presence of 1/3 members is essential for the formal proceedings to be held valid.
13. Fundamental Rights.
The basic rights of an individual in a civilized and law bounded society; these include Freedom of expression, Religion, Rights to equality, Liberty & Property. Right for constitutional remedies, most of the fundamental rights have been embarked on in states constitutions.

14. Larceny
A kind of theft.

15. Google.
Most distinguished informative and receptive web-site.

16. Samaritan.
Member of a now newly extinct Jewish Community call themselves (Bane-Israel).

17. Chimera.
In Greek Mythology, a fire-breathing female Monster.
Chimera also a word says, any of the 28 species of ancient fishes constituting the subclass Holocephali (Class Chondrichthyes) found in temperate to cold water of all oceans.

18. Amnesty International.
It is a well known Human Rights Organization founded in 1961 by Peter Benenson, a London lawyer. Amnesty for prisoners of conscience seeks to inform the public about the violation of Human Rights, especially abridgments of Freedom of Speech, Religion and the Imprisonment and torture of Political dissidents Amnesty International to greater extent rendered support to the victims and their destitute families.

19. Don Jaun.
Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage in Spanish legend, Don Jaun was licentious/lawless rough who seduced a young girl of a noble family and killed her father.

20. A Philistine.
Member of a group of Aegean origin that settled on the Southern coast of Palestine.

21. Extradition.
Diplomatic process by which one state at the request of another state returns a person for trial for a crime punishable by the laws of requesting State, and committed outside the state of Refugee. All such procedures come across with extradition dealt with Extradition Acts.

22. Renaissances.
Late medieval culture movement in Europe that brought legendary interest in classical learning and values.

23. Hat Trick
Three consecutive tumbling of Wickets by a bowler in Cricket.

24. Knock Out
It is a sports term, that when a team loss a match resulting her expulsion from tournament.

25. Catharsis.
Purging or purification of emotion through the art. It is derived from Greek word “Katharsis” (Purgation, Cleansing).

26. Barter.
Direct exchange of goods or services with out the use of money or any other intervening medium of exchange. Barter is conducted either according to established rates of exchange or by bargaining.

27. Inflation.
In economics, increase of the level of prices, it is though an inordinate increase in general level of price.


28. Embargo.
Legal action by a Government or groups of government restricting the departure of vessels or movement of goods from some or all locations to one or more countries. A trade embargo is a ban on export to one or more countries.

29. Premium.
In return of a specified payment the Insurer undertakes to pay the insured or his beneficiary or specified amount of money.

30. Veto.
A special power enjoyed by the big five countries i.e. USA, China, RUSSIA, Germany and France being the permanent members of UN. Veto powers can be exercised on substantive matters or as deemed appropriate by the big five.

31. Plaintiff.
A person whose fundamental civil or universal rights have been smashed and he is authorized by law to commence a suit to get on appropriate remedy.

32. Preamble.
An introduction to a book or a written document an prior introduction to the subtext as he has to express something. e.g. The aims and objectives of the Constitution are appended in its preamble.

33. Asylum.
Refuge/Sanctuary requested by granted to a foreigner national in other country e.g. Afghan Refugees are in Asylum in Pakistan since Soviet Union’s invasion in Afghanistan.

34. Abdication.
Formal rejection of Crown, Power or Office by a Sovereign ruler.

35. Coalition.
A combination or Association of two parties with the intention of framing a composite government in time of war a coalition of the party in treasury benches and the opposition benches form a forge unity of action to cope with the outside influence.

36. Demurrage.
A progressive Panel levy Imposed on the goods that are not removed within the stipulated time after their conveyance to the situation of the destination.

37. Balance of Trade.
The difference between the value of exports and imports, if the values of export goods exceed the value of imported goods. The balance of trade is taken as favorable. If the reverse is the case, the balance would be unfavorable.

38. Indemnity.
An undertaking of good or loss.

39. Casting Vote.
The vote of Chairman that decides the result of two parties as equal in strength or tied.

40. Balance Verse.
Poetry with out Rhyme.

41. Alma Mater.
Gracious Mother a term used by old students for the universities or institutions, wherefrom they have received education.

42. Pan-Islamism.
Nationalist notion of culture and political unity among Islamic countries.

43. Protocol.
The Original copy of formal diplomatic document especially of the treaties before the final signature by the parties concerned, This also refers to diplomatic etiquette.

44. White Man’s Burdon.
Denotes the self imposed burden of the white Imperialists to civilize the backward people of Asia and Africa, the phrase is used sarcastically.

45. Free Port.
It is a port where no export or import duties are charged.

46. Agenda.
A pre-planned set of ideas/views likely to produce before a panel meeting for discussion and decisions.

47. Blue Book.
It denotes to the documents Issued by the Britain Parliament as well as reports of Commissions/committee, they are hemmed in blue paper covers.

48. Inquest.
A legal or Judicial probe into the circumstances leading to the death of an individual.

49. Philology.
The Scientific study of Languages is called Philology.

50. Hot Line.
The direct telephonic contact between the White House (USA) and Kremlin (USSR) in 1963. Making personal contacts at the top possible between the two countries in a state of war and thus to abstain such warfare. Such Hot Lines may when deemed essential to avert any threat not only to the two countries who have aimed at waging war but also to shield the glob peace and integrity.

51. Buffer State.
The word “Buffer” stands as shock absorbing object, interposed between two bodies about to come into contact, A Buffer State is, therefore, a small State but very nonaligned between two large States generally not on good terms, hence helping in evading any mistake that could claim immense devastation.

52. Isohels.
This is a counter line showing equal amount of sun-shine.

53. Geysers.
These are natural springs that more or less intervals explosively eject into the air columns of steam and hot water.



54. Contempt of Court.
Any disobedience of the order of the court of justice or intervention into Court’s Administrative affairs or brining about filthy lingo before the Judges are amount to contempt of court and action against the individual who did so can be initiated as per rules framed, thereof.

55. Perjury.
Making a false and baseless statement on Oath.

56. White Paper.
A comprehensive Policy Statement issued by a government with regard to a matter of considerable grounds having importance for Public Interest. Formerly, it was the name had been ensured to the reports of the British government issuing official version of important matters of public concerns.

57. Eurodollar.
The Common currency in use in the European Markets.

58. Sedation.
A state of semi-consciousness usually brought about by the Doctors to pull off states of generalized Anxiety and sever strain.

59. Leaning tower.
White Marble campanile in Pisa, Italy famous for the uneven setting of its foundation, which caused to lean 5.5 degree (15 ft 4.5 m) from the perpendicular (Upright) and the tower is still leaning.

60. Ignition Point.
The Highest temperature where substances can get fire (burn).

61. Caucus.
American term for a meeting of a party Managers to work out strategy and select candidates for election, the term also denotes a powerful faction or dominant group within a Party.

62. Tout.
A person who hangs about in law of court induces clients to entrust their cases.

63. Filibustering.
Tactic of delaying action or a bill by talking long enough to wear away the majority in order to win concessions or force withdrawal of bill. The tactic is normally employed by a group that can not muster enough votes to defeat the bill.

64. Camouflage.
A strategic term defines the art and practice of concealment and visual deception in War. According to chronology of warfare, practice camouflage had been evidenced in I world War in response to get prevented from Air attacks. This practice is also exercised in present vintage.

65. Lynching.
System of extra legal punishment infliction on nerves by the white in 18th century in America & Europe.



66. Blockade.
Closing of ports of a Country or to check ships from reaching or leaving. The measure is generally against the ships of trading enemy.

67. Bourgeoisie.
French name given to initially to a citizen of French town subsequently to middle class every class, generally belonging to the Mercantile and trading companies, the world used the Marxism terminology capitalist denotes the modern.

68. Deflation.
An economic phenomena characterized by decrease in the supply of money & Bank deposits and falling profits, wages, incomes & employment, accompanied by fall in general price level.

69. Détente.
Period of the easing tension in favor of any state.
71. Modem.
An electric device that converts digital data into analog (Modulated-Waives) Signals suitable for transmission over analog telecommunication circuits. E.g. Traditional Phone Line, An ordinary modem operating over traditional Phone Line has a data transmission speed limit of about 56 kilobits per second also have access to E-mails, Internet & Faxes.

72. Nebula.
Army of various tenors clouds of gas and dust in interstellar space, Nebula constitute only a small percentage of a Galaxy’s, mass. This also refers to galaxies outside in the Milky Way of Galaxy.
73. Horse Power.
Common unit of Power, the rate at which work is done.

74. Light Year.
Distance traveled by the light in a vacuum is one year, at its accepted speed of 186,282 mi/sec (299,792 km/sec).
75. Sextant.
Instrument for determining the angle between the horizon and a celestial body- such as the sun, the moon, or a star used in celestial navigation to determine latitude or longitude.
76. Toxicology.
Scientific study of all type of Poisons and their effects, particularly on living organisms. It has common characteristics with the Bio-Chemistry, Histology, Pharmacology, Pathology and other relevant fields.
77. Estuary.
Partly enclosed coastal body of water in which reviver water is mixed with sea water.
78. Hinterland.
It is the Region of land lying behind a seaport and which supplies the bulk of the exports, and in which the distribution of bulk of Imports of the sea port.
79. Codicil
Codicil
a supplement adding to, repealing or explaining in the body of a will/ a legal change made to a will.
80. L.P.G
Liquid Petroleum Goods.
81. L.S.D
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.

82. Yellow Press.
The sensationalized human-interest stories of the yellow press increased circulation and readership heavily throughout the 19th century, especially in the United States. Early practitioners, such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, seem to have equated the sensational reporting of murders, gory accidents, and the like, with the need of the democratic common man to be entertained by subjects beyond dry politics. Two early yellow newspapers were Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal American.
83. Leap Frog.
Leapfrog is a children's game in which players vault over each other's stooped backs. The first child rests hands on knees and bends over; this is called giving a back. The next child places hands on the first child's back and leaps over by straddling legs wide apart on each side. On landing this child stoops down and a third child leaps over the first and second, and the fourth over all three successively. When all the children are stooping, the last in the line begins leaping over all the others in turn.
84. Key light.
(a) Office Key Light: password recovery for Excel spreadsheet files and Word documents and templates.
(b) Buy Key of Light online, Nora Roberts Jove Paperback 352 pages October 2003 rated 3 1/2 of 5 possible stars...
(C) The Sand Key Light in 1996 after the keeper's quarters were demolished ...The Sand Key Light is located eight miles southwest of Key West, Florida...
85. Scanning.
To scrutinize at very part of something to point out the desired object. Like Serum Screening.
86. Green Room.
A room of theater of TV studio, where the Actors can have rest, when they are not performing.
87. Zephyr
Extensive portal and resources site. Includes famous person and ordinary event databases, tools, articles.
89. Brown Study
Being in a brown study is a term used to describe someone who is daydreaming. Can anyone help by telling me its derivation? Or being in a brown study means deep in thought?
90. Erime.
Art - community of artists and those devoted to art. Digital art, skin art, themes, wallpaper art, traditional art, photography, poetry / prose. Art prints.

91. Ambrosia
Ambrosia’s (birth in 1975) first appearing album is simply brilliant. The members of Ambrosia chose the name because it connotes their vision of their music: all shades, textures, colors and styles. Meantime, it is further added that Ambrosia also refers to software mechanisms such as IT exploring events, so amazing Ambrosia is this is also deeply concerned with Ambrosia Fruit Salad Recipes like Ambrosia Recipe, Ambrosia Recipe, Ambrosia
Recipe, Ambrosia Recipe, and Ambrosia Recipe. There are more references concerning Ambrosia if pictured, thus, I will not be able to work out my rest of paper, so the Excellency who made this term introduced here may accept these definitions relevant to the desired term/word.
92. Platonic Love.
(a) Platonic love in its modern popular sense is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise. A simple example of platonic relationships is friendship between two heterosexual people of the opposite sexes.
(b) One of the most important and famous theories of love in Western literature is the cluster of ideas that particularly conveys to Socrates at the highpoint of Plato's convention on Platonic Love.

93. To go to Scyla to Charydis.
Scylla is one of the two sea monsters in Greek mythology (the other being Charydis) which lives on one side of a narrow channel of water.

94. Amnesia.
This club is located just across the road from privilege in the centre of the island. It's another vast club with two main rooms. It holds various nights throughout the week but its Wednesdays and Sundays that are the big ones because they're massive foam parties.

95. Proviso
A condition must not be accepted before an agreement is not made.
30. Cyberspace. An Imaginary place where electronic messages and pictures are sent between Computers.
31. Punitive Action against individuals who violet law.
32. Chilblains A painful red swelling on the hands and feet is due to cold and bad circulation within the body.
33. Eschew Deliberately avoiding or keeping away from something.
34. Beguiling Attractive but something mysterious may hurt.
35. Wonk A person who takes too much interest in the less important details of Political Policies.
36. Intractable A Person or Problem very hard to be dealt with.
37. Cocooning To Protect something or Somebody.
38. Mommy Track Easy way/Approachable
39. Trant A Child who stay away from School with out permission.
40. Lugubrious Sad & Sorrow
41. Ignition Point Something awful likely to happen
42. Defuse Resolved and Calm
Statute A law which is passed by a Parliament and Council and brought into Black & White. District Public & Police Complaint Commission is a Statutory body.


Q-7. Answer the following questions any Ten:-

1. Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
2. Bangladesh Dhaka Tika
3. India New Delhi Rupee
4. Japan Tokyo Yen
5. Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit
6. Nepal Katmandu Rupee
7. Philippines Quezon City Peso
8. Turkey Ankara Lira
9. Burma Rangoon Kiat
10. Belgium Franic Brussels
11. Saudi Arabia Riyadh Rial
12. Jordan Buenos Aires Dinnar
13. Canada Ohawa Dollar
14. China Beijing Yuan
15. Syria Damascus Pound
16. Egypt Cairo Pound
18. Britain London Pound
19. Argentina Buenos Aires Peso
20. Germany Berlin Mark
21. Albania Tirna Lek
22. Brunei Bandar Sen Begawan Dollar
23. Cyprus Nicosia Pound
24. Indonesia Jakarta Rupia
25. Zambia Losaka Kawach
26. Poland Warsa Zaloti
27. Romania Bucharest Lei
28. South Africa Cap Town Rand
29. Spain Madrid Rand
30. Uganda Kampala Pound
31. Sweden Stockholm Lilangeni
32. Vietnam Sana’a Hanoi Dong
1. What is Yellow Fever?
Jaundice like disease affecting liver, it is caused by a Virus spread by a spices of Mosquito called “a edes aegypti”.

2. Name the Lightest Gas?
Hydrogen.

3. How Many Cells are in Human Brain?
Twenty Billion.

4. What is Ecology?
Ecology is the scientific study deals with Animals, Plants and Environment.

5. What do you understand by word “Vixillogy”?
Vixillogy is the scientific study of the Flags.

6. Name the Vegetable with high Potency of Vitamin C?
Alma.

7. Who discovered the law of Floating Bodies?
Greek Scientist Archimedes in 3rd Century B.C discovered the law of Floating Bodies.

8. What is Bloodless Revolution?
Called also glorious revolution in England, It marked the end of despotic ruling of the Stuarts and gave away to Parliamentary rule in 1688.

9. Which City is called Forbidden City?
Tiger.

10. Which City is known as City of Skyscrapers?
New York

11. What is Schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is sever mental disorder damages the patient’s personality.

12. Which Language is written from top to bottom and right to left?
Japaneez

13. What Plainmeter stands for?
An instrument used to measure area by the Engineer.

14. What is Concordance?
An Index/Glossary of words or topics in a Book.

15. Name the most poisons Snake?
The King Cobra

16. What is Balance of Power?
A state of mutual helplessness i.e. When the Countries of the world are so evenly divided or aligned into groups in a such manure that no group can afford to take advantage over the other state.

17. What is Drindle?
A kind of Dance.

18. What do you mean by 4 Freedoms?
Expounded first by the President of America D. Roosevelt. The four freedoms are as: - (1) Freedom of Speech (2) Freedom of Religion (3) freedom from want (4) Freedom from Fear/Panic.

19. What is Durand Cup?
Trophy of Football Matches instituted by Sir Mortimer Durand.

20. What is Caucus?
American term for call for a meeting of the Party Managers to work out Strategy and select a candidate for election, the term also denotes a power full division or dominant group within a party.

21. Word Tout stands for?
A person who hangs about in law of Court and induces Client to entrust their cases to a particular matter.

21. Palliative stands for?
An action, a decision, etc that is designed to make a different situation seems better without actually solving the cause of the subject problem being confronted. This word is also renowned in Medical Sciences with different meanings.

22. What is Claustrophobia?
A Psycho-path where a person feels morbid dreads in closed and congested places. This is very nicely treated with tetra cyclic group Anti-depressants. Such as Prozac (Flouxatine 20 mg). Psychotherapy has also been favorable in patients with Claustrophobia. It has a similar type of mental disease called Agoraphobia.

23. Why does Syphone not work in Vacuum?
A Syphone therefore, can not work in a Vacuum because there is no atmospheric pressure in it; it is the only atmospheric pressure which causes the rise of fluid in the shorter arm of tube in a Syphone.

24. Why does a Fountain Pen splits out Ink in Airplane?
The Pressure in the atmospheric air is at high altitude and is less as compared to sea level. Therefore, the air inside the Fountain Pen expends at high altitude and the Ink in Pen is pushed out.

25. How does Bats avoid obstacles in Dark?
The Bats have had a natural source of Ultrasonic waives more audible then that of normal sounds. This makes the Bats alert of any obstacle in Dark.

26. Which is more Elastic a Glass or Rubber?
The Glass is more elastic than rubber, the former produces more stress than the latter.

27. What is difference between “Pressure” and “Thrust”?
Pressure is the force acting upon unit area of surface from any direction.
Thrust is the force acting perpendicularly/vertically upon a body in contact with fluid which opposes the weight of subject body. The greater the surface of contact of the body with fluid is, the greater will be the thrust.

28. Why we notice Sunset/Sunrise red?
Normally, the sun light appears white which contains all the colors, but usually we can not see them until they are not broken down in to spectrum, this all phenomena take place when sun rays come towards us at a low range as in Sunrise & Sunset. This is all what about making the color of Sun Red.

29. What is difference between “Dam” & “Barrage”?
Dam, a barrier built across a stream, river or an estuary to conserve water for such uses as human water needs, irrigation, flood control and origination of electric city. Barrage, A wall of barrier constructed transversely to a river to store water or prevent flood and the upper surface of a barrage may also be used for transportation, as Sukkar Barrage.

30. Why Motorists (Drivers) use Convex Mirrors?
Convex Mirror gives a wide view of the scene, because a diminished image of the object is formed, therein.

31. How Ozone layer does is formed and also give comments as how Ozone is considered important for survival of creatures?
Ozone (O3) layer is formed by combination of countless gases e.g. Oxygen, Helium , Carbon, Hydrogen etc, in the upper atmosphere under influence of Sun rays ( UV radiation). Ozone is a good absorber of these Ultra Violated radiations which are harmful to creatures on earth; therefore, Ozone is important for the survival of human on earth. And so, the enriched friction of global warming due to certain sources of Pollution is a threat to Ozone layer.

32. Can water be used as a fuel for a Car, if yes then how?
Yes, Oxygen and Hydrogen can but after electrolysis recombination to release energy equal to the energy produced by fuel.

33. Why does a Clock loose time in summer?
The study relevant to “Law of Expansion” would be the best answer of this question, anyhow, in summer due to heat metals get expended, thus the length of a pendulum of a clock increases this in turn results in increase of the duration of each oscillation of the pendulum and clock loose time.

34. It is easy to lift a heavy stone under water than air. Why?
There is prominent loss of weight in the stone when immersed in water; hence, it is easier to lift stone in water.
35. Why cooking is quicker in pressure cooker?
The pressure cooker is an air tight container, when the steam inside the cooker unable to escape, this result in great increase of heat inside the cooker, the boiling point of water in cooker enriches and the substance inside the cooker gets cooked quickly.

36. Ice floats on Water but Sinks in Alcohol, Why?
Ice floats on water because its density at zero degree centigrade is 0.92 gm per cubic centimeters and is lighter than that of water, but it sinks in Alcohol because it has lesser density as compared with Ice.

37. How to judge the freshness of egg?
No need to worry about just put the egg in a tumbler of water in which mix a teaspoon of salt. If the egg sinks its fresh, floats gives clue of its spoiling.

38. When a boy jumps and run fast, why?
By running the body gets warmer into motion and the Metabolic Rate of body is also increased and the momentum (energy) so imparted is to keep it in motion when the body is in air as during the long jump.

39. In winter we feel warm while wearing Wool covers?
Wool is bad condenser of heat, woolen cloths do not allow the heat of our body to escape and thus we feel warm.

40. Why does a ship floats on water?
As weight of water displaced by the portion of ship inside water is equal to the total weight of the ship and its floats.

41. Why speaking is visible in winter?
In cold weather the water vapor contained in the exhaled breath condensed, it makes the breath visible.

42. Why do the spoiled eggs float on water?
In bad egg the fermentation of the yolk produces putrid gasses and the volume of gasses as produced in rotten eggs are lighter than water, and therefore, spoiled eggs remain floating on water.

43. Name the colors form rainbow?
Seven colors viz. Violet, Indigo, Blue, green, Yellow, Orange and Red colors.

44. What do you mean by Glacier?
Large mass of perpetual Ice forms on land through the recrystallization of snow and that moves ahead under its own weight. Glacier occurs where snowfall in winter exceeds the normal melting values. Gigantic Glaciers are lying in Antarcartica and Green land. In summer and due to global warming the Large Glaciers are melted in great velocity and can cause floods.

45. How Pulleys are Useful?
In mechanics, a wheel that carries a flexible rope cord, cable, chair or belt on its rim. Pulleys are used singly or in combination to transmit energy and motion.

46. What is Sterilization?
Any surgical procedure intended to end permanent fertility; such operations remove or block the anatomical pathway that allows Sperms and Ova to form embryo. Such surgical procedures may be as: - 1. Tubule Ligation 2. Oophorectomy 3. Hysterectomy 4. Vasectomy 5. Prostactomy so and so forth.

47. Define Hibernation?
State of greatly slowed metabolism “low metabolism rate” (LMR) and low body temperature “Hypothermia” in winter in certain animals. True hibernations are the Cold-blooded animals and few of mammals.

48. Where is Saliva produced?
Saliva an oral cavity produced by Salivary Gland in mouth beneath the jaws. This starts first digesting process in body. Salivary Gland produces an enzyme called Salivary Amylase. Moreover, it may be noted that Saliva can only digest the Carbohydrate (Starch) containing food and rest of the food is moved to the stomach for further digestion.

49. What is Horticulture?
Horticulture is a branch of Science and deals with cultivation of Fruit, vegetables, Flowers and Shrubs (bushes).

50. What is a fog?
Fog, when hot moister air comes in contact with cold air or cold water, it’s cooled and some of the water vapors condensed round the floating particles of dust in the atmosphere and form a dense fog.

51. How are Tides caused?
Movement of the sea caused by the attraction exerted upon the sea by the moon and to lesser extent by the sun, at fall and new moon the tidal force of the sun is added to that of moon causing high spring tides while half moon focuses are opposed and causes low leap tides.

52. What is surface temperature of Sun and its distance from earth?
• Surface Temperature. Approximately 6000’c
• Inner Surface Temperature. Approximately 13000000’C
• Distance. 149.6×10 km

53. Why Carbohydrates are needed?
The food must include sufficient quantity of a well balanced mixture of Carbohydrates, a large group of organic compounds of, Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen and more. It appears with its chemical formula C× (H2O). Carbohydrates play an important role in providing energy which is stored in principal form of starches in Liver.

54. What is Conductor? Give answer in light of example?
Conductor is the substance that allows the flow of electric current of heat though it, for instance:-

• White Cloths are counted bad conductors.
• Wools are called good Conductors.

55. What is Insulator?
Insulator is the very contrary to Conductor that does not allow the flow of electric current.

56. Differentiate between “Astrology” & “Astronomy”?
• Astrology is the science of predicting human destines as influenced and conditioned by the positions & Movements of Stars. This is widely castigated by the Theocratic but valued in Hinduisms.
• Astronomy is the scientific study of the heavenly bodies; this allows monitoring their natural positions and movements.

57. How Clouds are formed?
Cloud is a large condensed mass of water vapors elevated in the air and possibly frozen into tiny particles of Ice. Air is never free from dust in a long time, just as dust itself does this “Water-Dust” as we may call it clouds.

58. What is Precipitation?
The formation of precipate a common type of precipitation(rain fall) much used in chemical analysis and precipitation occurs by double decomposition when two solutions/elements are intermingled and if the solution contains radical of an insoluble compound. Such as Oxygen and Hydrogen combination along with other compounds fusion results in Precipitation.

59. What are the Satellite are used for today?
In up comings wars would be waged through space satellites to deceive weapons, strategic warfare is fought on a global scale by these satellites. The chief targets of enemy such as Atomic Energy Zones and Cantonments would be anesthetized by Satellites. If done so the state which got ruined by Satellite Warfare shall be made so handicap. Moreover, Satellites are also a great source of sending updating variable information about Space and Planets.

60. One Lean forwards while climbing hills?
While in a leaning posture, the center of gravity of the body also shifts forward and this helps in climbing Hills easily. All such things can be evaluated by gravitational force.

61. Why does a blotting paper absorb Ink?
The blotting paper has a number of capillaries of very fine pores, because of the air space between its fibers. When a portion of a blotting paper is brought into contact with Ink, the latter goes into the former because of the capillary action, this transmission of Ink into capillary portion leads to absorption.

62. Why Water gets Cool on Evaporation?
Water absorbs a certain amount of heat from itself as a latent at the time of evaporation, therefore, it gets cooled.

63. A needle sinks in water, but an iron ship floats on it, why?
The specific gravity of a needle is greater than that of water and it therefore, sinks in water, but an Iron ship is so designed that the total weight of water is displaced and it is greater than the ship itself.

64. Why rain Water is soft but river water is hard?
Rain Water is the purist form of naturally occurring water being obtained as a result of evaporation from the surface of the sea, as such this is soft water. Now when the rivers flow down in the plains it takes up suspended impurities/contaminations/Clays and becomes muddy and hard.

65. Why does Silver Tarnish?
It tarnishes because of oxidation.

66. Who Invented Peneumative Tier?
R.W Thomson

67. What weight of Air we carry?
14.7 Per square inch.

68. Why the Cloudy Nights are generally warm?
Because, clouds prevent the radiation of heat from land to air.

69. What is Aerodynamics?
Aerodynamics is the scientific study of Motion & Air.

70. What is Duce?
Duce is a term used in tennis and badminton, when sides level at the game point.

71. What is Magna Carta?
Also known as “Great Charter” it was signed by the King John II, and it formed the fundamental rights and liabilities of English people.

72. Which Country is known as the sugar bowl of the world?
Cuba.

73. What is Brain Wash?
Migration of Scientists, technologists and other Talent from a country.

74. Where is Diego-Garcia Situated?
Diego-Garcia is an atoll (Island) in the Indian Ocean near Mauritius. It had been the hit Headline of News Papers because USA is developing it as a naval base.

75. Why river Hawing Ho is called sorrow of China?
Because river Hawing Ho havocked China by a flood in country.

76. Which region is known as Doldrums?
It is situated 50˚ north and 50˚ equator and is marked by high rainfall, humidity, temperature & thunder storms.

77. Which Country is called the land of mid-night sun?
Norway.

78. Name the Galaxy earth belongs to?
The Milky Way.

79. What is Apartheid?
The world apartheid is form of Africans, meaning policy of keeping the white and black apart.

80. Who were Romulus and Remus?
They are the legendry twins read up in the novels and are said to have found Rome.

81. What is Utopia Planitia?
The site on Mars, where USA’s Viking II landed on September 4, 1976.

82. What is Pasteurization?
It is a chemical process which prevents the liquid food from being spoiled, the French Scientist Louis Pasture invented it and it is named after him as, Pasteurization.

83. Name the largest Island of World?
Kalaalit Nunaat (Formerly Greenland) 2175000 sq km (840,000) sq mi.

84. Why does the tail of Comet gets shorter?
The tail of Comet gets shorter as it recedes from the sun, because of the falling temperature with increasing distance from sun.

84. Why objects appear black?
When all radiation falling on an object gets absorbed, it appears black since only the radiation from surrounding surface is reflected to the eye.

85. Why a Feather and Lump of Lead fall on at same time and rate?
Both fall at the same at the same rate freely from the two points. In vertical plan and if they fall in vacuum.
86. Note down the function of a Radiator in a Car?
To cool the engine by evaporating as radiator encompasses good amount of water in it. This helps in preventing the car from heating up.

87. Why Ships rises in sea not in river?
The ship rises in sea because of greater upthrust of sea water on the ship as compared to the river. Moreover, the density of sea water being greater than that of river water causes great upthrust.

88. What is a convex mirror?
A convex Mirror gives a greater field of view. In a Convex Mirror the Image, although virtual is erected and of smaller size than the object therefore, it is able to present a greater filed vision.

89. Why lightening Conductors are fixed on large Buildings?
The lightening conductors affixed to tall buildings absorb the electricity transmitted by lightening and pass it to the earth, thus they save the building against damages caused by natural lightening.

90. Why Clinical thermometer is not thrown in boiling water?
A Clinical thermometer has provisions of the Mercurr6y to expend only up to 112 degree Fahrenheit. The temperature of boiling water greatly exceeds these limits. Hence, if dropped in boiling water the Clinical Thermometer may have a burst.

91. How does a rainbow formed?
The sun razes fall on a drop of water hanging in the sky, they are split upped into seven constituent colors viz. Violet, Indigo, Blue, green, Yellow, Orange and Red. A rainbow is thus formed by combined refraction dispersion and internal refraction of Sun’s razes on drops.

92. How does a Thermos keeps fluid hot for a long time?
The Thermos has doubled walled glass container with perfect vacuum inside vacuum is a good insulator and it does not transmit heat by conduction the inside of the glass wall is well polished and it reflects back the heat towards the contents. Thus the Thermos keeps the liquid hot for a long period.

93. What is LSD?
LSD stands for denxtro Lysergic Acid a hallucinating substance.

94. How Bats can fly in dark?
By Echolocation, this originates ultrasonic waives more snooping than that of ordinary sound waives that enables the Bats to fly in dark and avoid any obstacle.

95. What would happen if Gravitational Force disappears at once?
By virtue of the gravitational force the mater/things are maintained on earth, if all of sudden this force is disappeared so the objects on earth would float as in space and the rotation of earth would be same as before, thus no body will be able to eat, run, walk and no more survival.

Q-8. (a) Suggest One –Word Substitution for the following:-

• One who is easily made angry IRRITABLE
• More like a women than a man. EFFIMINATE
• A remedy for all diseases. PANACEA
• My brother is the person who knows all the languages. MULTILINGUAL
• Medicine given to the counter person. Anti-Depressant

(b) Write Verbs ending in ISE-IZE:-

• To Banish from Society……OSTRASIZE
• To Make up on the spur of the moment……IMPROSIVE
• To make two or more things occur at the same time…SYNCHRONIZE
• To have sole control of…MESMERIZE/HYPNOTIZE
• To drive out an evil sprit…EXORCIZE

Q-9. (a) Complete the following sentences with a word beginning with the prefix “In”.
• The food that is tasteless and wanting in flavor is…INSIPID
• A person who can not be wounded or hurt is…INVULNERABLE
• A plant that is harmless and piousness… INNOCUOUS
• A man unable to pay his debts is…………INSOLVENT
• An event that is sure to happen is……… INEVITABLE

(b) Find Verb ending in “ATE”:-

• To tear up by the roots…………………ERADICATE
• To spring from seeds………………… GERMINATE
• To sleep through the winter……………HIBERNATE
• To surrender especially on term………CAPITULATE


Best Wishes!

Our body facts, Amazing!
________________________________________
1. 50,000 of the cells in your body will die and be replaced with: new cells, all while you have been reading this sentence!
2. In one hour, your heart works hard enough to produce the equivalent energy to raise almost 1 ton of weight 1 yard off: the ground.
3. Scientists have counted over 500 different liver functions.
4. In 1 square inch of skin there lie 4 yards of nerve fibers, 1300 nerve cells, 100 sweat glands, 3 million cells, and 3 yards of blood vessels.
5. The structural plan of a whale's, a dog's, a bird's and a man's 'arm' is exactly the same.
There are 45 miles of nerves in the skin of a human being.
6. In a year, a person's heart beats 40,000,000 times.
7. Most people blink about 25 times a minute.
8. Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of: blood vessels. Nerve impulses to and from the brain travel as fast as 170: miles per hour.
9. Your stomach has to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks otherwise it will digest itself.
10. Your left lung is smaller than your right lung to make room for: your heart.
You use an average of 43 muscles for a frown. You use an average of 17 muscles for a smile.
11. The average human blinks his eyes 6,205,000 times each year.
12. The average human produces a quart of saliva a day or 10,000 gallons in a lifetime.
Every person has a unique tongue print.
13. The average human's heart will beat 3,000 million times in their lifetime. The average human will pump 48 million gallons of blood in: their lifetime. : You burn 26 calories in a one-minute kiss.
14. The average human body contains enough: Sulphur to kill all fleas on an average dog, Carbon to make 900 pencils, Potassium to Fire: a toy cannon, Fat to make 7 bars of soap, Phosphorus to Make: 2,200 match heads, and enough Water to fill a ten-gallon tank.
: Among the first known "dentists" of the world were the Etruscans. : In 700 BC they carved false teeth from the teeth of various: Mammals: and produced partial bridgework good enough to eat with.
15. Ophthalmic surgery was one of the most advanced areas of medicine in the ancient world. Detailed descriptions of delicate cataract surgery with sophisticated needle syringes is contained in the medical writings of Celsius ( A.D.14-37)
A sneeze zooms out of your mouth at over 100 m.p.h.
16. If you were freeze-dried, 10% of your body weight would be from: the microorganisms on your body. According to the World Health Organization, there are: approximately 100 million acts of sexual intercourse each day.
17. Your ears and nose continue to grow throughout your entire life. :
When you eat meat and drink milk in the same meal, your body does not absorb any of the milk's calcium. It is best to have 2 hours between the milk and meat intake.
Only humans and horses have hymens.
18. The tooth is the only part of the human body that can't repair itself.
Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell.
19. One human brain generates more electrical impulses in a single day than all of the world's telephones put together. THE TYANA TABLOID: 2 APRIL 2000
we have a whole pharmacy within us. We can create any drug inside us.
20. Our bodies are recreating themselves constantly - we, make a skeleton every 3 months, new skin every month. We are capable of reversing the Aging Process!!

Philistine & Israel
Malthus Theory

INEQUALITY
[13] It very rarely happens that the nominal price of labour universally falls, but we well know that it frequently remains the same, while the nominal price of provisions has been gradually increasing. This is, in effect, a real fall in the price of labour, and during this period the condition of the lower orders of the community must gradually grow worse and worse. But the farmers and capitalists are growing rich from the real cheapness of labour. Their increased capitals enable them to employ a greater number of men. Work therefore may be plentiful, and the price of labour would consequently rise. But the want of freedom in the market of labour, which occurs more or less in all communities, either from parish laws, or the more general cause of the facility of combination among the rich, and its difficulty among the poor, operates to prevent the price of labour from rising at the natural period, and keeps it down some time longer; perhaps till a year of scarcity, when the clamour is too loud and the necessity too apparent to be resisted. [55] Other circumstances being the same, it may be affirmed that countries are populous according to the quantity of human food which they produce, and happy according to the liberality with which that food is divided, or the quantity which a day's labour will purchase. Corn countries are more populous than pasture countries, and rice countries more populous than corn countries. [56] Were a country never to be overrun by a people more advanced in arts, but left to its own natural progress in civilization; from the time that its produce might be considered as an unit, to the time that it might be considered as a million, during the lapse of many hundred years, there would not be a single period when the mass of the people could be said to be free from distress, either directly or indirectly, for want of food. In every state in Europe, since we have first had accounts of it, millions and millions of human existences have been repressed from this simple cause; though perhaps in some of these states an absolute famine has never been known. [60] Mr Condorcet allows that a class of people which maintains itself entirely by industry is necessary to every state. Why does he allow this? No other reason can well be assigned than that he conceives that the labour necessary to procure subsistence for an extended population will not be performed without the goad of necessity. If by establishments of this kind of spur to industry be removed, if the idle and the negligent are placed upon the same footing with regard to their credit, and the future support of their wives and families, as the active and industrious, can we expect to see men exert that animated activity in bettering their condition which now forms the master spring of public prosperity? [61] If the proportion between the natural increase of population and food which I have given be in any degree near the truth, it will appear, on the contrary, that the period when the number of men surpass their means of subsistence has long since arrived, and that this necessity oscillation, this constantly subsisting cause of periodical misery, has existed ever since we have had any histories of mankind, does exist at present, and will for ever continue to exist, unless some decided change take place in the physical constitution of our nature.
[71] It has appeared, that from the inevitable laws of our nature some human beings must suffer from want. These are the unhappy persons who, in the great lottery of life, have drawn a blank. [74] I would by no means suppose that the mass of mankind has reached its term of improvement, but the principal argument of this essay tends to place in a strong point of view the improbability that the lower classes of people in any country should ever be sufficiently free from want and labour to obtain any high degree of intellectual improvement. [88] [Referring to Mr Godwin's claim that the greater part of the vices and weaknesses of men are caused by the injustice of their political and social institutions, and that if these injustices were removed it would usher in a period of enlightenment and a just and equitable society.] As it has been clearly proved, however, (at least as I think) that this is entirely a false conception, and that, independent of any political or social institutions whatever, the greater part of mankind, from the fixed and unalterable laws of nature, must ever be subject to the evil temptations arising from want, besides other passions, it follows from Mr Godwin's definition of man that such impressions, and combinations of impressions, cannot be afloat in the world without generating a variety of bad men. According to Mr Godwin's own conception of the formation of character, it is surely as improbable that under such circumstances all men will be virtuous as that sixes will come up a hundred times following upon the dice. The great variety of combinations upon the dice in a repeated succession of throws appears to me not inaptly to represent the great variety of character that must necessarily exist in the world, supposing every individual to be formed what he is by that combination of impressions which he has received since his first existence. [90] It is to the established administration of property and to the apparently narrow principle of self-love that we are indebted for all the noblest exertions of human genius, all the finer and more delicate emotions of the soul, for everything, indeed, that distinguishes the civilized from the savage state; and no sufficient change has as yet taken place in the nature of civilized man to enable us to say that he either is, or ever will be, in a state when he may safely throw down the ladder by which he has risen to this eminence. If in every society that has advanced beyond the savage state, a class of proprietors and a class of labourers must necessarily exist, it is evident that, as labour is the only property of the class of labourers, every thing that tends to diminish the value of this property must tend to diminish the possession of this part of society. The only way that a poor man has of supporting himself in independence is by the exertion of his bodily strength. This is the only commodity he has to give in exchange for the necessaries of life. It would hardly appear then that you benefit him by narrowing the market for this commodity, by decreasing the demand for labour, and lessening the value of the only property that he possesses. It should be observed that the principal argument of this Essay only goes to prove the necessity of a class of proprietors, and a class of labourers, but by no means infers that the present great inequality of property is either necessary or useful to society. On the contrary, it must certainly be considered as an evil, and every institution that promotes it is essentially bad and impolitic. But whether a government could with advantage to society actively interfere to repress inequality of fortunes may be a matter of doubt. Perhaps the generous system of perfect liberty adopted by Dr Adam Smith and the French economists would be ill exchanged for any system of restraint. [118] If no man could hope to rise or fear to fall, in society, if industry did not bring with it its reward and idleness its punishment, the middle parts would not certainly be what they now are.

PROGRESS
[3] I have read some of the speculations on the perfectibility of man and of society with great pleasure. I have been warmed and delighted with the enchanting picture which they hold forth. I ardently wish for such happy improvements. But I see great, and, to my understanding, unconquerable difficulties in the way to them. [6] Consequently, if the premises are just, the argument is conclusive against the perfectibility of the mass of mankind. [9] If I allow that by the best possible policy, by breaking up more land and by great encouragements to agriculture, the produce of this Island may be doubled in the first twenty-five years, I think it will be allowing as much as any person can well demand. In the next twenty-five years, it is impossible to suppose that the produce could be quadrupled. It would be contrary to all our knowledge of the qualities of land. The very utmost that we can conceive, is, that the increase in the second twenty-five years might equal the present produce. [10] No limits whatever are placed to the productions of the earth; they may increase for ever and be greater than any assignable quantity, yet still the power of population being a power of a superior order, the increase of the human species can only be kept commensurate to the increase of the means of subsistence by the constant operation of the strong law of necessity acting as a check upon the greater power. [14] But though the rich by unfair combinations contribute frequently to prolong a season of distress among the poor, yet no possible form of society could prevent the almost constant action of misery upon a great part of mankind, if in a state of inequality, and upon all, if all were equal. [17]The reason that the greater part of Europe is more populous now than it was in former times, is that the industry of the inhabitants has made these countries produce a greater quantity of human subsistence. For I conceive that it may be laid down as a position not to be controverted, that, taking a sufficient extent of territory to include within it exportation and importation, and allowing some variation for the prevalence of luxury, or of frugal habits, that population constantly bears a regular proportion to the food that the earth is made to produce. [58] To a person who draws the preceding obvious inferences, from a view of the past and present state of mankind, it cannot but be a matter of astonishment that all the writers on the perfectibility of man and of society who have noticed the argument of an overcharged population, treat it always very slightly and invariably represent the difficulties arising from it as at a great and almost immeasurable distance. [59] Were this really the case [over population as only a potential problem in the future], and were a beautiful system of equality in other respects practicable, I cannot think that our ardour in the pursuit of such a scheme ought to be damped by the contemplation of so remote a difficulty. An event at such a distance might fairly be left to providence, but the truth is that if the view of the argument given in this Essay be just the difficulty, so far from being remote, would be imminent and immediate. At every period during the progress of cultivation, from the present moment to the time when the whole earth was become like a garden, the distress for want of food would be constantly pressing on all mankind, if they were equal. Though the produce of the earth might be increasing every year, population would be increasing much faster, and the redundancy must necessarily be repressed by the periodical or constant action of misery or vice. [74] I would by no means suppose that the mass of mankind has reached its term of improvement, but the principal argument of this essay tends to place in a strong point of view the improbability that the lower classes of people in any country should ever be sufficiently free from want and labour to obtain any high degree of intellectual improvement. [75] I expect that great discoveries are yet to take place in all the branches of human science, particularly in physics; but the moment we leave past experience as the foundation of our conjectures concerning the future, and, still more, if our conjectures absolutely contradict past experience, we are thrown upon a wide field of uncertainty, and any one supposition is then just as good as another. [77] It will be said, perhaps, that many discoveries have already taken place in the world that were totally unforeseen and unexpected. This I grant to be true; but if a person had predicted these discoveries without being guided by any analogies or indications from past facts, he would deserve the name of seer or prophet, but not of philosopher. [89] Besides the difficulties arising from the compound nature of man, which he has by no means sufficiently smoothed, the principal argument against the perfectibility of man and society remains whole and unimpaired from any thing that he has advanced. And as far as I can trust my own judgement, this argument appears to be conclusive, not only against the perfectibility of man, in the enlarged sense in which Mr Godwin understands the term, but against any very marked and striking change for the better, in the form and structure of general society; by which I mean any great and decided amelioration of the condition of the lower classes of mankind, the most numerous, and, consequently, in a general view of the subject, the most important part of the human race. Were I to live a thousand years, and the laws of nature to remain the same, I should little fear, or rather little hope, a contradiction from experience in asserting that no possible sacrifices or exertions of the rich, in a country which had been long inhabited, could for any time place the lower classes of the community in a situation equal, with regard to circumstances, to the situation of the common people about thirty years ago in the northern States of America. The lower classes of people in Europe may at some future period be much better instructed than they are at present; they may be taught to employ the little spare time they have in many better ways than at the ale-house; they may live under better and more equal laws than they have ever hitherto done, perhaps, in any country; and I even conceive it possible, though not probable that they may have more leisure; but it is not in the nature of things that they can be awarded such a quantity of money or subsistence as will allow them all to marry early, in the full confidence that they shall be able to provide with ease for a numerous family. [104] It is, undoubtedly, a most disheartening reflection that the great obstacle in the way to any extraordinary improvement in society is of a nature that we can never hope to overcome. The perpetual tendency in the race of man to increase beyond the means of subsistence is one of the general laws of animated nature which we can have no reason to expect will change. Yet, discouraging as the contemplation of this difficulty must be to those whose exertions are laudably directed to the improvement of the human species, it is evident that no possible good can arise from any endeavours to slur it over or keep it in the background. On the contrary, the most baleful mischiefs may be expected from the unmanly conduct of not daring to face truth because it is unpleasing. Independently of what relates to this great obstacle, sufficient yet remains to be done for mankind to animate us to the most unremitted exertion. But if we proceed without a thorough knowledge and accurate comprehension of the nature, extent, and magnitude of the difficulties we have to encounter, or if we unwisely direct our efforts towards an object in which we cannot hope for success, we shall not only exhaust our strength in fruitless exertions and remain at as great a distance as ever from the summit of our wishes, but we shall be perpetually crushed by the recoil of this rock of Sisyphus. [117] In the same manner, though we cannot possibly expect to exclude riches and poverty from society, yet if we could find out a mode of government by which the numbers in the extreme regions would be lessened and the numbers in the middle regions increased, it would be undoubtedly our duty to adopt it.

MATERIALISM
[12] Many reasons occur why this oscillation [the relationships between population and production] has been less obvious, and less decidedly confirmed by experience, than might naturally be expected. One principal reason is that the histories of mankind that we possess are histories only of the higher classes. [15] That population cannot increase without the means of subsistence is a proposition so evident that it needs no illustration. That population does invariably increase where there are the means of subsistence, the history of every people that have ever existed will abundantly prove. And that the superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice, the ample portion of these too bitter ingredients in the cup of human life and the continuance of the. Physical causes that seem to have produced them bear too convincing a testimony. [16] In the rudest state of mankind, in which hunting is the principal occupation, and the only mode of acquiring food, the means of subsistence being scattered over a large extent of territory, the comparative population must necessarily be thin. [17] An Alaric, an Attila, or a Zingis Khan, and the chiefs around them, might fight for glory, for the fame of extensive conquests, but the true cause that set in motion the great tide of northern emigration, and that continued to propel it till it rolled at different periods against China, Persia, Italy, and even Egypt, was a scarcity of food, a population extended beyond the means of supporting it. [43] Where there are few people, and a great quantity of fertile land, the power of the earth to afford a yearly increase of food may be compared to a great reservoir of water, supplied by a moderate stream. The faster population increases, the more help will be got to draw off the water, and consequently an increasing quantity will be taken every year. But the sooner, undoubtedly, will the reservoir be exhausted, and the streams only remain. [66] There is a principle in human society, by which population is perpetually kept down to the level of the means of subsistence. Thus among the wandering tribes of America and Asia, we never find through the lapse of ages that population has so increased as to render necessary the cultivation of the earth. [67] Alas! what becomes of the picture [Mr. Godwin’s perfect society] where men lived in the midst of plenty, where no man was obliged to provide with anxiety and pain for his restless wants, where the narrow principle of selfishness did not exist, where Mind was delivered from her perpetual anxiety about corporal support and free to expatiate in the field of thought which is congenial to her. This beautiful fabric of imagination vanishes at the severe touch of truth. The spirit of benevolence, cherished and invigorated by plenty, is repressed by the chilling breath of want. The hateful passions that had vanished reappear. The mighty law of self-preservation expels all the softer and more exalted emotions of the soul. The temptations to evil are too strong for human nature to resist. The corn is plucked before it is ripe, or secreted in unfair proportions, and the whole black train of vices that belong to falsehood are immediately generated. Provisions no longer flow in for the support of the mother with a large family. The children are sickly from insufficient food. The rosy flush of health gives place to the pallid cheek and hollow eye of misery. Benevolence, yet lingering in a few bosoms, makes some faint expiring struggles, till at length self-love resumes his wonted empire and lords it triumphant over the world. [72] And thus it appears, that a society constituted according to the most beautiful form that imagination can conceive, with benevolence for its moving principle, instead of self-love, and with every evil disposition in all its members corrected by reason and not force, would, from the inevitable laws of nature, and not from any original depravity of man, in a very short period degenerate into a society constructed upon a plan not essentially different from that which prevails in every known state at present; I mean, a society divided into a class of proprietors, and a class of labourers, and with self-love the main-spring of the great machine. [73] We have supported Mr Godwin's system of society once completely established. But it is supposing an impossibility. The same causes in nature which would destroy it so rapidly, were it once established, would prevent the possibility of its establishment. [81] The voluntary actions of men may originate in their opinions, but these opinions will be very differently modified in creatures compounded of a rational faculty and corporal propensities from what they would be in beings wholly intellectual. [82] I am willing to allow that every voluntary act is preceded by a decision of the mind, but it is strangely opposite to what I should conceive to be the just theory upon the subject, and a palpable contradiction to all experience, to say that the corporal propensities of man do not act very powerfully, as disturbing forces, in these decisions. The question, therefore, does not merely depend upon whether a man may be made to understand a distinct proposition or be convinced by an unanswerable argument. [83] A truth may be brought home to his conviction as a rational being, though he may determine to act contrary to it, as a compound being. The cravings of hunger, the love of liquor, the desire of possessing a beautiful woman, will urge men to actions, of the fatal consequences of which, to the general interests of society, they are perfectly well convinced, even at the very time they commit them. Remove their bodily cravings, and they would not hesitate a moment in determining against such actions. Ask them their opinion of the same conduct in another person, and they would immediately reprobate it.
[84] But in their own case, and under all the circumstances of their situation with these bodily cravings, the decision of the compound being is different from the conviction of the rational being. [92] Three or four hundred years ago there was undoubtedly much less labour in England, in proportion to the population, than at present, but there was much more dependence, and we probably should not now enjoy our present degree of civil liberty if the poor, by the introduction of manufactures, had not been enabled to give something in exchange for the provisions of the great Lords, instead of being dependent upon their bounty. Even the greatest enemies of trade and manufactures, and I do not reckon myself a very determined friend to them, must allow that when they were introduced into England, liberty came in their train. [107] The first great awakeners of the mind seem to be the wants of the body… They are the first stimulants that rouse the brain of infant man into sentient activity, and such seems to be the sluggishness of original matter that unless by a peculiar course of excitements other wants, equally powerful, are generated, these stimulants seem, even afterwards, to be necessary to continue that activity which they first awakened. [114] Had population and food increased in the same ratio, it is probable that man might never have emerged from the savage state. [122] It is probable that man, while on earth, will never be able to attain complete satisfaction on these subjects; but this is by no means a reason that he should not engage in them. The darkness that surrounds these interesting topics of human curiosity may be intended to furnish endless motives to intellectual activity and exertion. The constant effort to dispel this darkness, even if it fail of success, invigorates and improves the thinking faculty. If the subjects of human inquiry were once exhausted, mind would probably stagnate; but the infinitely diversified forms and operations of nature, together with the endless food for speculation which metaphysical subjects offer, prevent the possibility that such a period should ever arrive.

EVOLUTION
[78] The powers of selection, combination, and transmutation, which every seed shews, are truly miraculous. Who can imagine that these wonderful faculties are contained in these little bits of matter? [79] It is an idea that will be found consistent, equally with the natural phenomena around us, with the various events of human life, and with the successive revelations of God to man, to suppose that the world is a mighty process for the creation and formation of mind. [105] But when from these vain and extravagant dreams of fancy, we turn our eyes to the book of nature, where alone we can read God as he is, we see a constant succession of sentient beings, rising apparently from so many specks of matter, going through a long and sometimes painful process in this world, but many of them attaining, ere the termination of it, such high qualities and powers as seem to indicate their fitness for some superior state [106] I should be inclined, therefore, as I have hinted before, to consider the world and this life as the mighty process of God, not for the trial, but for the creation and formation of mind, a process necessary to awaken inert, chaotic matter into spirit, to sublimate the dust of the earth into soul, to elicit an ethereal spark from the clod of clay. And in this view of the subject, the various impressions and excitements which man receives through life may be considered as the forming hand of his Creator, acting by general laws, and awakening his sluggish existence, by the animating touches of the Divinity, into a capacity of superior enjoyment. The original sin of man is the torpor and corruption of the chaotic matter in which he may be said to be born. [107] The first great awakeners of the mind seem to be the wants of the body. (It was my intention to have entered at some length into this subject as a kind of second part to the Essay. A long interruption, from particular business, has obliged me to lay aside this intention, at least for the present. I shall now, therefore, only give a sketch of a few of the leading circumstances that appear to me to favour the general supposition that I have advanced.) They are the first stimulants that rouse the brain of infant man into sentient activity, and such seems to be the sluggishness of original matter that unless by a peculiar course of excitements other wants, equally powerful, are generated, these stimulants seem, even afterwards, to be necessary to continue that activity which they first awakened. [108] From all that experience has taught us concerning the structure of the human mind, if those stimulants to exertion which arise from the wants of the body were removed from the mass of mankind, we have much more reason to think that they would be sunk to the level of brutes, from a deficiency of excitements, than that they would be raised to the rank of philosophers by the possession of leisure. [109] Necessity has been with great truth called the mother of invention. Some of the noblest exertions of the human mind have been set in motion by the necessity of satisfying the wants of the body. [110] Want has not unfrequently given wings to the imagination of the poet, pointed the flowing periods of the historian, and added acuteness to the researches of the philosopher, and though there are undoubtedly many minds at present so far improved by the various excitements of knowledge, or of social sympathy, that they would not relapse into listlessness if their bodily stimulants were removed, yet it can scarcely be doubted that these stimulants could not be withdrawn from the mass of mankind without producing a general and fatal torpor, destructive of all the germs of future improvement. [111] The necessity of food for the support of life gives rise, probably, to a greater quantity of exertion than any other want, bodily or mental. The Supreme Being has ordained that the earth shall not produce good in great quantities till much preparatory labour and ingenuity has been exercised upon its surface. [112] The processes of ploughing and clearing the ground, of collecting and sowing seeds, are not surely for the assistance of God in his creation, but are made previously necessary to the enjoyment of the blessings of life, in order to rouse man into action, and form his mind to reason. To furnish the most unremitted excitements of this kind, and to urge man to further the gracious designs of Providence by the full cultivation of the earth, it has been ordained that population should increase much faster than food. [114] Had population and food increased in the same ratio, it is probable that man might never have emerged from the savage state. [116] It seems, however, every way probable that even the acknowledged difficulties occasioned by the law of population tend rather to promote than impede the general purpose of Providence.

THEORY
[4] I think I may fairly make two postulata. First, That food is necessary to the existence of man. Secondly, That the passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state. [5] Assuming then my postulata as granted, I say, that the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio. A slight acquaintance with numbers will shew the immensity of the first power in comparison of the second. By that law of our nature which makes food necessary to the life of man, the effects of these two unequal powers must be kept equal. This implies a strong and constantly operating check on population from the difficulty of subsistence. This difficulty must fall somewhere and must necessarily be severely felt by a large portion of mankind. Through the animal and vegetable kingdoms, nature has scattered the seeds of life abroad with the most profuse and liberal hand. She has been comparatively sparing in the room and the nourishment necessary to rear them. The germs of existence contained in this spot of earth, with ample food, and ample room to expand in, would fill millions of worlds in the course of a few thousand years. Necessity, that imperious all pervading law of nature, restrains them within the prescribed bounds. The race of plants and the race of animals shrink under this great restrictive law. And the race of man cannot, by any efforts of reason, escape from it. Among plants and animals its effects are waste of seed, sickness, and premature death. Among mankind, misery and vice. The former, misery, is an absolutely necessary consequence of it. Vice is a highly probable consequence, and we therefore see it abundantly prevail, but it ought not, perhaps, to be called an absolutely necessary consequence. The ordeal of virtue is to resist all temptation to evil. This natural inequality of the two powers of population and of production in the earth, and that great law of our nature which must constantly keep their effects equal, form the great difficulty that to me appears insurmountable in the way to the perfectibility of society. [8] This ratio of increase, though short of the utmost power of population, yet as the result of actual experience, we will take as our rule, and say, that population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty-five years or increases in a geometrical ratio. [10] But to make the argument more general and less interrupted by the partial views of emigration, let us take the whole earth, instead of one spot, and suppose that the restraints to population were universally removed. If the subsistence for man that the earth affords was to be increased every twenty-five years by a quantity equal to what the whole world at present produces, this would allow the power of production in the earth to be absolutely unlimited, and its ratio of increase much greater than we can conceive that any possible exertions of mankind could make it. Taking the population of the world at any number, a thousand millions, for instance, the human species would increase in the ratio of -- 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, etc. and subsistence as -- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc. In two centuries and a quarter, the population would be to the means of subsistence as 512 to 10: in three centuries as 4096 to 13, and in two thousand years the difference would be almost incalculable, though the produce in that time would have increased to an immense extent. No limits whatever are placed to the productions of the earth; they may increase for ever and be greater than any assignable quantity, yet still the power of population being a power of a superior order, the increase of the human species can only be kept commensurate to the increase of the means of subsistence by the constant operation of the strong law of necessity acting as a check upon the greater power. [11] The effects of this check on man are more complicated. Impelled to the increase of his species by an equally powerful instinct, reason interrupts his career and asks him whether he may not bring beings into the world for whom he cannot provide the means of subsistence. In a state of equality, this would be the simple question. In the present state of society, other considerations occur. Will he not lower his rank in life? Will he not subject himself to greater difficulties than he at present feels? Will he not be obliged to labour harder? and if he has a large family, will his utmost exertions enable him to support them? May he not see his offspring in rags and misery, and clamouring for bread that he cannot give them? And may he not be reduced to the grating necessity of forfeiting his independence, and of being obliged to the sparing hand of charity for support? These considerations are calculated to prevent, and certainly do prevent, a very great number in all civilized nations from pursuing the dictate of nature in an early attachment to one woman. And this restraint almost necessarily, though not absolutely so, produces vice. [12] We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population, which is found to act even in the most vicious societies, increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased. The food therefore which before supported seven millions must now be divided among seven millions and a half or eight millions. The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them be reduced to severe distress. The number of labourers also being above the proportion of the work in the market, the price of labour must tend toward a decrease, while the price of provisions would at the same time tend to rise. The labourer therefore must work harder to earn the same as he did before. During this season of distress, the discouragements to marriage, and the difficulty of rearing a family are so great that population is at a stand. In the mean time the cheapness of labour, the plenty of labourers, and the necessity of an increased industry amongst them, encourage cultivators to employ more labour upon their land, to turn up fresh soil, and to manure and improve more completely what is already in tillage, till ultimately the means of subsistence become in the same proportion to the population as at the period from which we set out. The situation of the labourer being then again tolerably comfortable, the restraints to population are in some degree loosened, and the same retrograde and progressive movements with respect to happiness are repeated. This sort of oscillation will not be remarked by superficial observers, and it may be difficult even for the most penetrating mind to calculate its periods. Yet that in all old states some such vibration does exist, though from various transverse causes, in a much less marked, and in a much more irregular manner than I have described it, no reflecting man who considers the subject deeply can well doubt. Many reasons occur why this oscillation has been less obvious, and less decidedly confirmed by experience, than might naturally be expected. One principal reason is that the histories of mankind that we possess are histories only of the higher classes. [27] It will be said, perhaps, that the increased number of purchasers in every article would give a spur to productive industry and that the whole produce of the island would be increased. This might in some degree be the case. But the spur that these fancied riches would give to population would more than counterbalance it, and the increased produce would be to be divided among a more than proportionably increased number of people. [42] It has been universally remarked that all new colonies settled in healthy countries, where there was plenty of room and food, have constantly increased with astonishing rapidity in their population. [43] Where there are few people, and a great quantity of fertile land, the power of the earth to afford a yearly increase of food may be compared to a great reservoir of water, supplied by a moderate stream. The faster population increases, the more help will be got to draw off the water, and consequently an increasing quantity will be taken every year. But the sooner, undoubtedly, will the reservoir be exhausted, and the streams only remain. [45] If the industry of the inhabitants be not destroyed by fear or tyranny, subsistence will soon increase beyond the wants of the reduced numbers, and the invariable consequence will be that population which before, perhaps, was nearly stationary, will begin immediately to increase. [49] The passion between the sexes has appeared in every age to be so nearly the same that it may always be considered, in algebraic language, as a given quantity. The great law of necessity which prevents population from increasing in any country beyond the food which it can either produce or acquire, is a law so open to our view, so obvious and evident to our understandings, and so completely confirmed by the experience of every age, that we cannot for a moment doubt it. The different modes which nature takes to prevent or repress a redundant population do not appear, indeed, to us so certain and regular, but though we cannot always predict the mode we may with certainty predict the fact. [68] I am sufficiently aware that the redundant twenty-eight millions, or seventy-seven millions, that I have mentioned, could never have existed. It is a perfectly just observation of Mr Godwin, that, 'There is a principle in human society, by which population is perpetually kept down to the level of the means of subsistence.' The sole question is, what is this principle? Is it some obscure and occult cause? Is it some mysterious interference of heaven which, at a certain period, strikes the men with impotence, and the women with barrenness? Or is it a cause, open to our researches, within our view, a cause, which has constantly been observed to operate, though with varied force, in every state in which man has been placed? Is it not a degree of misery, the necessary and inevitable result of the laws of nature, which human institutions, so far from aggravating, have tended considerably to mitigate, though they never can remove? [80] IN the chapter which I have been examining, Mr Godwin professes to consider the objection to his system of equality from the principle of population. It has appeared, I think clearly, that he is greatly erroneous in his statement of the distance of this difficulty, and that instead of myriads of centuries, it is really not thirty years, or even thirty days, distant from us.

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Abdul Salam Khan

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