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EDS Notes for CSS-2015--SCIENTISTS
[B][SIZE="7"][COLOR="DarkRed"][B]SCIENTISTS[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]
[COLOR="DimGray"][B]Q: 1[/B][/COLOR] [B][SIZE="5"][B][COLOR="Blue"]JABIR IBN HAYYAN[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B] [COLOR="Teal"][B][SIZE="2"](721-815)[/SIZE][/B][/COLOR] [SIZE="2"][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"] [B]a) BIOGRAPHY[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/SIZE] Known as Father of Chemistry Known as ‘Geber’ in the west Son of Druggist named Attar [B] [COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]b) WORKING FIELD [/B][/SIZE][/COLOR] Chemistry [B] [COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]c) CONTRIBUTIONS [/B][/SIZE][/COLOR] He prepared a large number of chemicals as are under:- Nitric Acid (HNO3) Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Hydrochloric Acid (Hcl) Tartaric Acid (HOOC CHOH2) COOH) White lead He became famous for his various chemical techniques:- Reductions Sublimation Distillation Melting Crystallization He gave sound views on the methods of chemical research; and theory of the Geology formation of methods. [COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B]d) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/COLOR] Composition of Alchemy Book of Seventy Kitab Al Kimya, Tajmai, Rahman, Sabeen |
[B][COLOR="DimGray"]Q: 2[/COLOR][/B]
[B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="Blue"]Abu Abdullah M. IBN MUSA AL-KHAWARZIMI[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] [B][COLOR="RoyalBlue"](780-847)[/COLOR][/B] [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] Father of ‘Algebra’ (because of solution of quadratic equations) [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"] WORKING FIELD [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Mathematics Astronomy Geography [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]b) CONTRIBUTIONS [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] He introduced Zero (0) He wrote an outstanding book on algebra, containing solution of quadratic equations that’s why he is also known as founder of Algebra. Composed astronomical table He laid down the foundation of Geographical Science in Arabic. [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]c) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Hisab al Hindi, Tarikh, Rukhmat, bin Asturb Al Jama Wat Tafri Hisab al jabar Wal Muqabala Kitab Surat al Ard Istikhraj Tarikh al Yahud |
[B][COLOR="SlateGray"]Q: 3[/COLOR][/B]
[B][SIZE="5"][B][COLOR="Blue"]ABU ISHAQ ALKINDI[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B] [B][COLOR="Teal"][B](800-873)[/B][/COLOR][/B] [SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE] Known as “Philosopher of the Arabs” Known as Alkindi in the West Was born in Basrah [SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]b) WORKING FIELD[/COLOR][/B] [/SIZE] Mathematics Geometry Chemistry Astronomy Music Philosophy Physics [SIZE="3"][B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]c) CONTRIBUTIONS[/COLOR][/B] [/SIZE] In the field of Mathematics, he laid down the foundation of a large part of modern arithmetic and wrote four books on the number system. In the field of geometry, he contributed to spherical geometry. In the field of chemistry, he opposed the idea that base metal can be converted to precious metals. Composed astronomical table In the field of Music, he discovered that when a sound is produced, it generates waves in the air, which strike the eardrum. [COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][SIZE="3"]d) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/SIZE][/B][/COLOR] Al Mosiqa Mad o Jazr Risalah dar Tanjim Ikhtiyar al Ayyam De Aspectibus De Medicinarum Compsitarum Gradibus |
[B][COLOR="SlateGray"][B]Q: 4 [/B][/COLOR][/B]
[B][SIZE="5"][B][COLOR="Blue"]ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD IBN ZAKRIYA AL-RAZI[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B] [B][COLOR="Teal"](865-925)[/COLOR][/B] [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] Known as “Father of Pediatrics” by writing his monograph on “Diseases in children” Known as Rhazes in the West Was born in at Ray in Iraq [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]b) WORKING FIELD [/COLOR][/B] Medicine Chemistry Mathematics Music Philosophy [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]c) CONTRIBUTIONS [/COLOR][/B] He wrote the largest medical encyclopedia named “Al-Hawi’ it is the most comprehensive encyclopedia of medicine in 20 volumes. He was also an expert surgeon. He was the first to use opium anesthesia. He was the first to produce sulfuric acid. He wrote a book called ‘Kitab al Asrar’ which deals with the preparation of chemical materials and their utilization. He was the first who classified substances into vegetables, animals and minerals. [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]d) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/COLOR][/B] Arabian Medicine Al Hawai Kitab Al Asrar Kitab Al Mansuri Barr ul Saat Fi Jamal il Musuqi Al Judari Wal Hashah |
[B][COLOR="SlateGray"]Q: 5[/COLOR][/B]
[B][SIZE="5"][B][COLOR="Blue"]ABU ABDULLAH MUHAMMAD JABIR IBN AL-BATTANI[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/B] [B][COLOR="Teal"](858-929)[/COLOR][/B] [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] Prominent scientist of Mathematics & Astronomy [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]b) WORKING FIELD [/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] Mathematics Astronomy [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]c) CONTRIBUTIONS [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] He holds a great command in Trigonometry and established the relations between Sides and angles of a spherical triangle. He explained the phenomenon Equinoxes (the time when the sun crosses the equator thus equalizing the length of day with night). He prepared the Islamic lunar Calendar. He invented the scientific horizon of astronomy beyond the Greek’s metaphysics concepts. [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]d) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Kitab Al Zig |
[B][COLOR="SlateGray"][B]Q: 6[/B][/COLOR][/B]
[B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="Blue"]ABUL QASIM AL ZAHRAWI[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] [B][COLOR="Teal"](936-1013)[/COLOR][/B] [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] Known as “Father of Surgeon” Known as Mamoon in the West Was born in Spain [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]b) WORKING FIELD[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Surgeon Dentist Physician [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]c) CONTRIBUTIONS [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] He invented many surgical appliances, that never known before. He was an excellent dentist also and he could very successfully set an artificial tooth in place of diseased. He was an outstanding physician. [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"] d) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Al Tasrif |
[B][COLOR="SlateGray"]Q: 7[/COLOR][/B]
[B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="Blue"][B]ABUL RAYHAN MUHAMMAD AL BERUNI[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] [B][COLOR="Teal"](973-1048)[/COLOR][/B] [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Was born near the town of Khawarzimi [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]b) WORKING FIELD[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Mathematics Physics Geography History [COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][B][SIZE="3"]c) CONTRIBUTIONS [/SIZE][/B][/COLOR] He explained the problems of advanced trigonometry. He discovered that light travels faster than sound. He accurately determined the weight of 18 stones in physics. He gave the term longitude and latitude. He was learned Sanskiriti language in order to investigate Indo-Pak knowledge. [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]d) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Tahqiq Al Hind Kitab Al Jawahar Al Tafhim Asrar Al Baqiya Kitab Al Saidana Qamun Al Masudi |
[B][COLOR="SlateGray"]Q: 8[/COLOR][/B]
[B][COLOR="Blue"][SIZE="5"]ABU ALI HUSSAIN IBN ABDULLAH IBN HASSAN IBN ALI IBN SINA ABU ALI SINA[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"](980-1037)[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Known as ‘Avicenna’ in the West. Was born in Turkministan (at Afshinah near Bukhara) [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]b) WORKING FIELD [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Medicine Philosophy Mathematics Logic Astronomy Music [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]c) CONTRIBUTIONS[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] He wrote many books but his most famous book ‘Al Qannun fil Tib’, known as Canon in Latin, was translated in many languages and it remained the sole textbook of medicine for several hundred years in Western Universities. It is said that he wrote no less than 230 books and treaties. He was the first to use catheters made of the skins of various animals, and he mentioned intravesical injections by means of a silver syringe. [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"]d) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Ash Shafa An Najat Nafia Isharrat |
[B][COLOR="SlateGray"]Q: 9[/COLOR][/B]
[B][SIZE="5"][COLOR="Blue"]ABU ALI HASSAN IBN AL HAITHAM[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] [COLOR="RoyalBlue"][B](975-1039)[/B][/COLOR] [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] Known as ‘Alhazan’ in the West. Was born in Basrah & died in Cario [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"] b) WORKING FIELD [/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Optician Physiologists Mathematics [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]c) CONTRIBUTIONS[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] He explained the refraction of light rays through transparent objects, discovered magnifying lances, and the function of retina as the seat of vision. He identified gravity as a force, a theory that was later on developed by Newton. He observed the semi-lunar shape of the image of the Sun during eclipses on a wall opposite a fine hole in window-shutters-the first record of the camera obscure. [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][SIZE="3"] d) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] Kitab Al Manzir Configuration of the Universe On Twilight Phenomena Mizanul Hikma Uyunul Ariba fi Tabaqaat il Atbba |
[B][COLOR="SlateGray"]Q: 10 [/COLOR][/B]
[B][COLOR="Blue"][SIZE="5"]ALI IBN MUHAMMAD IBN HABIB, ABUL HASSAN AL MAWARDI[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B] [B][COLOR="Teal"](1058-1123)[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR="Olive"](Mulla type)[/COLOR] [COLOR="DarkGreen"][B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkGreen"]a) BIOGRAPHY[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B][/COLOR] Was born in Basrah [B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkGreen"][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]b) WORKING FIELD & CONTRIBUTIONS [/COLOR][/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] He was expert on diverse subjects that are given bellow:- (outstanding theory) Religion Ethics Literature Politics Economics [B][COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"]c) HIS FAMOUS BOOKS[/COLOR][/B] Al Hawi Al Iqna Nukat Wal Uyum Al Bayan Wat Tabiyan Al Akham us Sultaniyah |
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