Anode

The anode is the electrode connected to the positive terminal of a cell (battery).

Cathode

The cathode is the electrode connected to the negative terminal of a cell (battery).

Oxidation

Oxidation is a/an:
gain of oxygen.
loss of hydrogen.
loss of electron.
increase in oxidation state.

Reduction

Reduction is a:
loss of oxygen.
gain of hydrogen.
gain of electron.
decease in oxidation state.

Endothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction which takes in energy (heat) and involves bond breaking is called Endothermic Reaction.

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction which gives out energy (heat) and involves bond making is called Exothermic Reaction.

Atomic Number

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons or electrons in its atom.

Mass Number

The mass number of an element is the total number of protons and neutron in its atom.

Element

An Element is a single substance which cannot be split into two or more simpler substances by chemical means.

Molecule

A Molecule is the smallest particle of a compond. Molecules are made up of two or more atoms.

Scalars

Quantities which have magnitude only, and no direction are called Scalars.
For example, Speed, Temperature, Mass etc.

Vectors

Quantities which have a direction as well as a magnitude are called Vectors.
For example, Velocity, Weight, Force etc.

Speed

Rate of change of distance is called Speed. For example, This car can travel with speed 80m/s. Speed can be calculated as: Speed = Distance / Time.

Velocity

Velocity means the speed of something and its direction of travel.
For example, A car is moving with velocity 80m/s towards East.

Microscope

Microscope is a scientific instrument for magnifying small objects.

Telescope

Telescope is a scientific instrument for viewing objects at great distances.

Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. As they contain same number of protons or electrons, so chemically they are identical. But, as they have different number of neutrons, so they have different masses.
For example,
Deuterium is isotopes of Hydrogen. Both have same atomic number (1). But different mass number: Hydrogen = 1; Deuterium = 2

Isomers

Molecules with identical molecular formulae but with different structural formulae are called Isomers.
For example,
Butane and Isobutane are isomers because they have same molecular formulae, but different structure.
As they have different structures, so they have different physical properties. And, as they have identical molecular formulae, so they react in a similar way.

Reversible Reaction

A chemical reaction that can proceed in both directions; from reactants to products, and from products to reactants, is called Reversible Reaction.

Irreversible Reaction

A chemical reaction that can proceed in one direction only; from reactants to products, and NOT from products to reactants, is called Irreversible Reaction.

Heat

Heat is the energy an object has because of the movement of its atoms and molecules. Heat depends on the size or type of object.
For example, A 1000 watt light bulb will give off more heat as compare to 100 watt light bulb.

Temperature

Temperature is not energy, but a measure of it. Temperature does not depend on the size or type of object.
For example, the temperature of a small cup of boiling water is the same as the temperature of a large pot of boiling water.

Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy

1.Radiotherapy is cancer treatment through Rays.
Radiation mainly targets solid tumour's like those of the cervix, spine and skin. Radiation results in additional side effects like internal inflammation, especially in the stomach and the intestine.

1. Chemotherapy is cancer treatment through medicines,
chemotherapy is administered through the blood and therefore, affects both cancerous and non-cancerous cells.

Antibodies:

Protein synthesized in the blood in response to the entry of foreign substances or organisms into the body. When the body get infected through virus or bacteria, specific antibody is produced which fights the disease.

Antibiotics:
These are substances which can stop the growth or destroy the bacteria or other microorganisms. The antibiotics are used to eliminate fatal diseases such as typhoid,plague and cholera etc.

Ultrasonics:

The study of sound aves with high frequencies beyond the upper limit of human hearing or 20 thousand Hz. This technique is employed to locate a tumour, to scan a pregnant woman’s abdomen in order to produce a picture of foetus or to treat certain neurotically disorders.

Infrasonic:

These are the sound waves which have the frequencies lowest than the lowest limits of human hearing or 20 Hz.

Myopia:

Myopia (short sightedness) is an eye disease in which the patient cannot see the distant objects clearly. This disease can be corrected by using convex lenses in glasses.

Hyperopia:

Hyperopia (long sightedness) is defect of vision in which a person cannot see the clearly objects lying close to him. The disease can be corrected by using convex lenses in glasses.

Star

i) Stars are self-luminous heavenly bodies.
ii) They do not revolve around the sun.
iii) They are usually stationary.
iv) Examples: fixed stars, binary stars.

Planet:

i) Planets are rocky non-luminous bodies.
ii) They revolve round the sun.
iii) They usually move.
iv) Examples: Mercury, Venus, Jupiter etc.

Lunar Eclipse

i) It occurs when the earth comes between moon and sun.
ii) Moon goes through series of partial eclipses when moon comes out of umbral region of earth’s shadow.
iii) Earth lies in umbral region at total eclipse when earth lies exactly between moon and sun and its shadow covers the whole moon.

Solar Eclipse

i) It occurs when moon comes between earth and sun.
ii) Partial eclipse of sun occurs as in Penumbra can see a part of the sun.
iii) At the total eclipse of the sun, the shadow of moon which it throws on earth consists of an umbra and penumbra people on earth who are in umbral region cannot see the sun.

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1. Artery & Vein

Artery

i) Arteries are blood vessels which transport blood away from the heart.

ii) Arteries have thick vascular walls.

iii) The inside bore or lumen of arteries is narrow.

iv) Arteries carry oxygenated blood with the exception of pulmonary artery.

v) The walls of arteries are more elastic.

vi) The blood is under great pressure in the arteries.

vii) Arteries are generally deeply placed.

viii) Arteries end in the capillaries.

Vein:

i) Veins are the blood vessels which always carry blood towards heart.

ii) Veins have thin muscular walls.

iii) The inside bore or lumen of veins is wide.

iv) Veins carry deoxygenated blood with the exception of pulmonary veins.

v) The walls of veins are less elastic.

vi) The blood is under less pressure in the veins.

vii) Veins are generally superficially placed.

viii) Veins start from the capillaries.

2. PNP and NPN Transistor

1. NPN has higher electron mobility than PNP. Therefore, NPN bipolar transistors are often more

favoured than PNP transistors.

2. NPN is easier to create from silicon than PNP.

3. The main difference of NPN and PNP is the base. One is just the opposite of the other.

4. With the NPN, a P-dope semiconductor is the base, while with the PNP, the ‗base‘ is a N-dope semiconductor.

3. Electronic & Static Electricity

Electronic Electricity


i) This is electricity in motion.

ii) It involves flow of electrons.

iii) It has high voltage.

Static Electricity:

i) This is electricity at rest.

ii) It does not involve flow of electrons.

iii) It has low voltage.

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4. Concave & Convex Lens

Concave Lens

i) It is the lens which is narrower in the centre and broader towards the corners.

ii) When a beam of light strikes a concave lens all the rays after passing through it diverge.

iii) It gives mostly virtual image.

iv) They are also called diverging lenses.

Convex lens

i) It is the lens which is narrower towards the corners and broader towards the centre.

ii) When a beam of light strikes a convex lens all the rays after passing through it converge at a single

point.

iii) Mostly real images are formed except when the ray of light passes through it when object is

palced between optical centre and focus.

iv) They are also called converging lenses.

5. Absorption & Adsorption

Absorption

i) Absorption is a process in which a substance takes up another substance, such as blotting paper

(solid) absorbing water (a liquid). OR Adsorption and absorption are two different things. Absorption

is the chemical integration of one chemical into another. When you drink a glass of water, you are

absorbing it, as the water becomes part of you.

Adsorption:

i) Adsorption is a process in which a substance adheres to the surface of another substance.

Adsorption is important in some types of catalysis, notably where gases adsorb on metal surfaces.

The reaction is then made easier by a consequent lowering of activation energy. OR Adsorption

occurs when one substance holds another via physical bonds. If you spill a glass of water on your

shirt, it is adsorbed as the fibres will hold the water until heat dries out the shirt.

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6. Fats & Oils

Fats

i) are solid at room temperature

ii) made by animals, mostly

iii) are more saturated

Oils:

i) are liquid at room temperature

ii) are made by plants, mostly

iii) are less saturated

Hypoglycaemia:

i) The fall in sugar level in the blood below the normal physiologic level known as Hypoglycaemia.

Normal physiologic range of sugar in blood is 60-90mg% at fasting and 120-140 mg% at random.

ii) It is treated by giving intravenous glucose.

iii) It causes mental confusion, visual problem and often coma etc.

iv) It causes weakness and increases in food desire.

Hyperglycaemia:

i) Hyperglycaemia is a condition in which blood sugar level rise above its normal range.

ii) It is treated by exercise, medicine or by intravenous insulin therapy.

iii) It causes weakness, calf pain, unhealed wounds and kidney problem.

iv) It causes excessive urination, dryness of lips and increased thirst etc.

2. Epidemic & Endemic

Epidemic:

i) If at one place and times a great number of people suffer from a disease is known as epidemic.

ii) It can travel from one place to another.

iii) Examples: Influenza, Smallpox, Cholera etc.

Endemic:

i) If a disease persists in a particular locality, certain area or one region, it is known as endemic

disease.

ii) It cannot travel from one place to another place.

iii) Example: Goitre in iodine deficient areas.

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What's the difference between RNA & DNA ?

Please look at the following link:

DNA & RNA

DNA

i)its double helical molecule composed of two polynucleotide strands .
ii)its has deoxyribose sugar .
iii) pyrimidine base thymine is present instead of uracil.
iv)it has tendency of Replication.
v)it is only one kind .
vi)its mainly present in nucleus.
vii)its transmits the parental characters of their offspring.

RNA

i)its single stranded molecule composed of one polynucleotide strands .
ii)its has ribose sugar .
iii) pyrimidine base uracil is present in place of thymine.
iv)it has no power of Replication.
v)it is only of three types mRNA,tRNA,rRNA .
vi)its mainly present in the nucleus as well as cytoplasm.
vii)its involved in the synthesis of proteins.

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Thermoplastics & Thermosetting Plastics
Thermoplastics
i) Plastics that can be melted again and again are known as thermoplastics.
ii) They behave just like wax.
iii) These plastics can be shaped again and again.
iv) Examples: Nylon, PVC, Teflon etc.

Thermosetting Plastics:

i) Plastics that can be melted only once are known as thermosetting plastics.
ii) They become hard after melting.
iii) These plastics cannot be shaped again and again.
iv) Examples: Polyesters and Bakelite.

STAR & PLANET

Star

i) Stars are self-luminous heavenly bodies.
ii) They do not revolve around the sun.
iii) They are usually stationary.
iv) Examples: fixed stars, binary stars.

Planet:

i) Planets are rocky non-luminous bodies.
ii) They revolve round the sun.
iii) They usually move.
iv) Examples: Mercury, Venus, Jupiter etc.
iv) Examples: Polyesters and Bakelite.

Nuclear Fission & Fusion

Fission:

i) Lighter atoms are fused together at a very high temperature to form heavier elements.
ii) It is difficult to carry out on the earth.
iii) It has no nuclear waste problem.
iv) It requires cheaper and abundant elements.
v) Not possible at concerning scale as high temperature is needed to start it.

Fusion:

i) Heavier unstable atoms are broken down to produce energy.
ii) It is easy to carry out on the earth.
iii) It has nuclear waste radioactivity disposal problem.
iv) It requires expensive and rare elements.
v) Possible to commercialize under controlled measure.

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RAM & ROM
RAM

i) It stands for random access memory.
ii) It is an optical disc, where data and information is stored permanently.
iii) RAM is the primary storage media.
iv) RAM is the primary storage device from which the system boots.
v) RAM is stored on RAM chip.
vi) The data or information stored on it can be written on or it can be erased.

ROM

i) It stands for read only memory.
ii) It is that part of CPU, where temporary information is stored.
iii) RIOM is the secondary storage media.
iv) System does not boot from ROM.
v) ROM is stored on a compact disc.
vi) The data or information stored on it neither be written on, nor it can be erased.

BIT & BYTE

A bit is defined as: a single basic unit of information, used in connection with computers and electronic communication. All modern computers store and use data in digital form. The smallest unit of storage and measurement is one binary digit, therefore its name.

A byte, pronounced ‗bite‘, is the next size up basic unit of measurement for information storage, usually consisting of eight bits. These 8 bits are grouped together to form a byte that is, a total or 8 grouped bits representing one character of data.

Therefore, so far we have two basic units of measuring digital information storage that have different capacities, they are:
• 1 Bit
• 8 Bits equal 1 Byte.

CU & ALU

CU

i) It stands for Control Unit.
ii) Control unit controls overall activates of computer.
iii) CU does not perform the functions of calculations.

ALU

i) It stands for arithmetic logic unit.
ii) It performs arithmetic and logical operations.
iii) ALU performs functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

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