Washing Soda is Sodium Carbonate. It is baking soda which contains Sodium Bicarbonate

Thanks to Roshan for his great efforts.
Here is the converted Pdf Versions of each part.

EDS.rar

Once again, thanks Roshan for your efforts.

Dear,
your notes are really helpful, I have a query how much time did you take for everyday science,and did you study one subject at time or more than one?

Regards,

Thanx alot for ur appreciation..dear as i have gud understanding for science subjects bz i have been teaching biology and chemistry for first and inter level so i dont find any difficlty covering eds, eds is gud and easy to cover if u have proper material and good understanding for the subject, i have tried to make my notes as much simple as i can, hope these will help u in ur prep...Regadrds

545. The theory of expanding Universe was first propounded by Hubble.

"roshan i think i have read in geography that HESSCHEL in 1805 proved that the universe was not confined to solar system only and extends much beyond that the solar system was a part of a much bigger system called the galaxy.

seniors can correct me if i am wrong."

Dear Syeda Sabahat i myself wasnt sure about this but after googling i found the following link about the theory of expansion of universe, and i think it was Hubble to prove this not Hesschel...correct me if iam wrong,,Regards
Expanding Universe

roshan my brother me books pe zayada reley kerte hun mane ye question 1 book se search kerne ki try ki thi ho sakta ha mujhe smjhne ma mistake hue ho ap bhi is book ko read kero phir mujhe bhi batana k correct ans. kya ha


http://search.yahoo.com/r/_ylt=A0oG7...ories-And-Laws

__________________
GEO to aise k sab tumhara ha,MARO to aisa jaise tmhara kuch bhi nhi.

Maza deti han zindagi ki thokerin unko,jinhen NAAM-E-KHUDA le kar sanbhal janey ki adat ho.

Blood is vital connective tissue (fluid) consisting of fluid portion i.e. plasma, in which are suspended the formed elements i.e. RBCs, WBCs, and the platelets, along with other particles.

Blood is opaque, alkaline and appears scarlet red when taken from arteries and purplish from veins. The difference in colour is due to its oxygen content.

Composition Of Blood:
The human blood is composed of:

1) Formed Elements
Formed elements of blood are:
• RBCs
• WBCs
• Platelets

2) Plasma;
The fluid portion of blood is known as the plasma. It is composed of:
• Water: 91 to 92%
• Solids: 8 to 9%

The solids are again classified as inorganic and organic:

Inorganic solids include:
• Sodium
• Magnesium
• Iron
• Potassium
• Phosphorous
• Copper

While organic substances are:
i) Proteins:
• Serum Albumin
• Serum Globulin
• Prothrombin
• Fibrinogen

ii) Non-Protein Nitrogenous Substances:
e.g. urea, uric acid, xanthine, creatinine, NH3 and amino acids etc.

iii) Fats:
Like: Natural fats, phospholipids, cholesterol etc.

iv) Carbohydrates
Like: Glucose

v) Other Substances:
These include internal secretions, antibodies, enzymes i.e. amylase, protease and lipase etc.

Functions Of Blood:
• To transport oxygen and nutrients from the lungs and intestines respectively to all cells in your body.

• To fight pathogens and kill bacteria and other microbes.

• To keep our core body temperature stable.

• To help heal and clot wounds.

Excretory System:

The excretory system is a system that removes excess, unnecessary or dangerous materials from an organism, so as to help maintain homeostasis within the organism and prevent damage to the body

Excretory Organs

1) Accessory Excretory Organs:
i) Lungs: They remove or excrete CO2 as a waste product from the body.

ii) Skin: Skin functions in excretion by sweating out waste products from the sweat glands

iii) Liver: The liver excretes cholesterol, steroid hormones, certain vitamins and drugs through the bile and also urea, ammonia, amino acids etc.

2) Main Excretory Organ
i) Kidneys: Excretes waste products in the form of urine

Structure & Working Of Kidney:

External Structure:
i) Renal Artery: The renal artery enters the kidney and brings oxygenated blood carrying toxic nitrogenous wastes into the kidneys.

ii) Renal Vein: The renal vein drains away deoxygenated blood which is free of toxic substances

iii) Ureter: The ureter, a tube, runs from each kidney downwards into the lower part of the abdomen connecting each kidney to the urinary bladder. Its function is to transport the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

iv) Urinary Bladder: This is a large muscular storage sac that collects urine from both the kidneys through the ureters.

v) Urethra: This is a short muscular tube that carries urine at intervals from the urinary bladder to the outside.

Internal Structure
i) Renal Cortex: This is the outer pale red colored layer.

ii) Renal Medulla: This forms the inner dark red zone

iii) Renal Pelvis: This is a large funnel-shaped region behind the renal medulla.

iv) Nephrons: These are structural and functional microscopic filtering units of the kidney. There are more than 1,250,000 nephrons in each kidney.

Microscopic Structure of a Nephron

i) Malpighian Corpuscle: This consists of two parts:

a) Bowman's Capsule: This is a cup - shaped structure which is double walled in the hollow of which is a network of capillaries called the glomerulus

b) Glomerulus: This is a knotted mass of blood capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole (incoming) and the efferent arteriole (outgoing).

ii) Renal Tubule: This further consists of
a) Proximal Convoluted Tubule: This is the region behind the Bowman's capsule and consists of a coiled tube that descends to form the Henle's loop.

b) Henle's loop: This is continuous with the proximal convoluted tubule and is U-shaped having a narrow descending limb and a thick ascending limb

c) Distal Convoluted Tubule: This is another coiled and twisted tubule that continues from the ascending limb of loop of Henle found in the renal cortex.

iii) Collecting Tubule: The distal convoluted tubule continues to form the collecting tubule.

iv) Collecting Ducts: Several collecting tubules fuse to form large collecting ducts which pass downwards from the cortex to the medulla region.


Working Of The Kidney:
• The nephron is the kidney’s functional unit.

• In its first section renal corpuscles filtration occurs.

• As fluid, small molecules and blood are filtered from glomerulus capillaries.

• The filtered material called filtrate is captured in Bowman’s capsules.

• Filtrate then enters the proximal convoluted tubule.

• Reabsorption of important molecules and ions from the filtrate into the blood occurs here.

• These include glucose, amino acids, vitamins, water, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonates.

• Filtrate then enters into Loop of Henle which consists of descending limb and ascending limb.

• In descending limb only water is reabsorbed and in ascending limb only salt is reabsorbed.

• In distal convoluted tubule secretion occurs. Ammonia, hydrogen ions, uric acid are secreted from blood vessels into the distal tubule.

• As result concentrated fluid called urine is produced which enters into collecting.


Composition Of Urine:
The urine is composed of following substances:
i) Water: 95%

ii) Dissolved Substances: 5%
a. Urea: 2%
b. Uric Acid and other ammonium compound: 1%
c. Organic and inorganic salts: 2%

iii) Inorganic constituents

iv) Nitrogenous Constituents

v) Other Constituents.

Functions Of Kidney:

1) Excretory
• Excrete waste products especially nitrogenous substances
• Eliminates drugs and toxic substances

2) Synthetic
• Synthesis ammonia and Hippuric acid

3) Endocrine
• Secretes Renin

4) Regulatory
• Maintains
- pH balance
- Sodium ion, potassium ion and electrolyte balance
- Osmotic pressure in blood
- Water balance, extra fluid volume
- Blood pressure

Definition:
The endocrine system is a control system of the body, which controls various functions of the human body through secretions known as hormones, secreted by the endocrine glands.

Endocrine Glands:
Endocrine glands are secretary tissues (glands) which secrete hormones directly into the blood stream. They are also called ductless glands. The study of endocrine glands is called endocrinology.

Important Endocrine Glands & Their Functions (secretions)

Following are the important endocrine glands of the human body.
i) Pituitary Gland
ii) Hypothalamus
iii) Thymus
iv) Pineal
v) Thyroid
vi) Parathyroid
vii) Adrenal
viii) Pancreas
ix) Testes
x) Ovaries

Pituitary Gland:
The pituitary gland is a small bean-shaped reddish gray organ, located near the hypothalamus (forebrain). It produces at least nine hormones which perform following functions:

Functions:
- Responsible for normal skeletal growth, milk secretion in mammary glands.
- Controls normal functioning of thyroid and adrenal glands
- Stimulates the formation of the graffian follicles in the female ovary and development of spermatozoa in male.
- Stimulate the contraction of the uterine muscles during the final stage of pregnancy
- Control the amount of urine secreted by the kidney.


Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located immediately below the thalamus at the centre of the brain, and controls many automatic functions of the body.

Function:
The general functions of the hypothalamus are of extreme importance for the body, such as:
- Pituitary gland regulation
- Blood pressure regulation
- Hunger and salt cravings
- Feeding reflexes
- Thirst
- Body temperature regulation


Thymus:
The thymus gland, which is shaped like a pyramid, is a specialized organ of the human immune system. It is also one of the important glands in the human body. It is a pinkish gray colored organ that is situated in the upper thoracic region, under the sternum or the breast bone.

Function:
The thymus gland is very active, when the individual is a child. It plays a crucial role in developing and improving a child's immunity system. The main function of the thymus gland is to produce and process lymphocytes or T cells.


Pineal Gland:
The pineal gland is a pine cone shaped gland of the endocrine system. A structure of the diencephalon of the brain, the pineal gland produces several important hormones including melatonin.

Function:
The pineal gland is involved in several functions of the body including:
• Secretion of the Hormone Melatonin
• Regulation of Endocrine Functions
• Conversion of Nervous System Signals to Endocrine Signals
• Causes Feeling of Sleepiness
• Influences Sexual Development


Thyroid Gland:
The thyroid gland is paired organ located in upper region of the neck in front of windpipe. It produces the hormone thyroxin (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin.

Functions:
- Plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism
- The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells.
- The calcitonin hormone works together with the parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the body.


Parathyroid Gland:
The parathyroid glands are embedded in the thyroid gland.

Functions:
- Controls the concentration of calcium (Ca ion) and phosphorus (phosphate) in the blood.
- Stimulates the absorption of calcium and magnesium from the gut.
- Increases tubular reabsorption of calcium, magnesium and hydrogen ions.


Pancreas:
The pancreas is located deep in the abdomen, sandwiched between the stomach and the spine. It produces two important hormones which are insulin and glucagon.

Functions:
- Insulin and glucagon are especially important for the maintenance of blood sugar, as insulin lowers the blood sugar and glucagon increases the blood sugar according to the body's needs.


Adrenal Gland:
The adrenal gland curve over the top of each kidney in abdomen. The important hormones secreted by adrenal gland are adrenaline, Aldosterone hormone, and cortisol.

Function:
- Adrenal glands are responsible for secreting hormones essential for carrying out some important metabolic processes. Besides, they also help the body in dealing with physical and mental stress.


Ovaries:
It is not only a reproductive organ which produces gametes but also make many steroidal hormones. The important ovary hormone is estrogen.

Function:
- Ovary hormones are responsible for female characteristics e.g. sound, body, bones, hair etc.


Testes:
It is not only a reproductive organ in males but also performs endocrine functions. Important hormone of testes is androgens.

Function:
Testes hormones are responsible for the development of male characteristics in male e.g. sound, bones, hairy body etc.

i) Insulin: By Pancreas

ii) Thyroxin: By Thyroid Gland

iii) Adrenalin: By Adrenal Gland

iv) Oestrogen: Ovaries

v) Testosterone: Testes

vi) Cortisol: Adrenal Gland

vii) Melatonin: Pineal Gland

viii) Glucagon: Pancreas

ix) Aldosterone: Adrenal Gland

x) Renin: Adrenal Gland