SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES

Altimeter is a special type of aneroid barometer, used in measuring altitudes.

Ammeter is an instrument to measure the strength of an electric current.

Anemometer is an instrument to measure the velocity and find the direction of the wind.

Audiometer is an instrument to measure difference in hearing.

Barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.

Binocular is an optical instrument designed for magnified view of distant objects by both eyes simultaneously.

Calorimeter is an instrument for measuring quantities of heat.

Chronometer is a clock to determine longitude of a vessel of sea.

Clinical Thermometer is a thermometer for measuring the temperature of human body.

Calorimeter is an instrument for comparing intensities of colour.

Commutator is an instrument to change of reverse the direction of an electric current. In dynamo used to convert the alternating current into direct current.

Computer is a technical device designed to find instantaneous solutions of huge and complex calculation based on the information already fed.

Dynamo is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Electroscope is an instrument for detecting the presence of electric charge.

Galvanometer is an instrument for measuring electric current.

Hydrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of liquids.

Hydrophone is an instrument for measuring sound under water.

Hygrometer is an instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere.

Hygroscope is an instrument to show the changes in atmospheric humidity.

Lactometer is an instrument for measuring the relative density of milk.

Micrometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring small distances or angles.

Manometer is instrument to measure the pressure of gases.

Magnetometer is an instrument used to compare the magnetic moments and fields,

Mariner's Compass is an apparatus for determining direction, graduated to indicate 33 directions. The "N" point on the dial indicates north pole and the "S" point, south pole.

Microscope is an instrument for magnified view of very small objects.

Periscope is an apparatus for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the observer and whose direct vision is obstructed. It consists of a tube bent twice at right angles and having plane mirrors at these bends inclined at angles of 45 to the tube.

Photometer is an instrument for comparing the luminous intensity of the sources of light.

Planimeter is a mechanical integrating instrument to measure area of a plane surface.

Pyknometer is an instrument used to measure the density and co-efficient of expansion of liquid.

Pyrheliometer is an instrument for measuring solar radiations.

Pyrometers are thermometers to measure high temperatures.


Quadrant is an instrument for measuring altitudes and angles in navigation and astronomy.

Quartz clock is a highly accurate clock used in astronomical observations and other precision work.

Radio micrometer is an instrument for measuring heat radiations.

Rain gauge is an instrument for measuring rainfall.

Refractometer is an instrument used to measure the refractive index of a substance.

Resistance thermometer is used for determining the electrical resistance of conductor.

Salinometer is a type of hydrometer used to determine the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their densities.

Seismograph is an instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquake shocks.

Sextant is an instrument used for measurement of angular distances between two objects.

Spectroscope is an instrument used for spectrum analysis.

Spectrometer is a type of spectroscope so calibrated as to make it suitable for the precise measurement of refractive indices.

Spherometer is an instrument used for accurately measuring the curvature of spherical objects.

Sphygmomanometer is an apparatus for measuring blood pressure.

Spring balance is used to measure the mass of a body. It is preferred only when quick but approximate determinations are to be carried out.

Stereoscope is an optical device to see two dimensional pictures as having depth and solidity.

Stethoscope is a medical instrument for hearing and analyzing the sound of heart and lungs.

Stroboscope is an instrument used for viewing the objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.

Tangent galvanometer is an instrument for measuring the strength of direct current.

Telemeter is an apparatus for recording physical events happening at a distance.

Teleprinter is a communication medium for automatic sending, receiving and printing of telegraphic message from distant places.

Telescope is an instrument for viewing distant objects as magnified.

Television is an instrument used for transmitting the visible moving images by means of wireless waves.

Thermometer is an instrument to measure the temperature.

Thermoscope is used for measuring the temperature change (approximately) of the substances by nothing the corresponding change in volume.

Thermostat is an automatic device for regulating constant tempera-tures.

Transistor is a small device which may be used to amplify currents and perform other functions usually performed by a thermionic value.

Vernier is an adjustable scale with marking of 10 sub-divisions of one-tenth of an inch or any other suitable marking for measuring small sub-divisions of scale.

Viscometer is an instrument for measuring the viscosity, i.e. the property of resistance of a fluid to relative motion within itself.

Voltmeter is an instrument to measure potential difference between two points.

UMMERA IQBAL

[/B]SCIENTIFIC MEASURES
AMPERE:
Unit of electric current. It is approximately equal to the flow of 6 x 1018 electrons per second.

ATOMIC WEIGHT:
The weight of an atom of hydrogen is taken as the standard; the respective weights of the atoms of all other substances are expressed in terms of it. So when it is stated that the atomic weight of iron is 56, it is meant that the atom of iron is 56 times as heavy as the atom of hydrogen.

ANGSTROM:
The unit of wavelength of light is Angstrom. 1 Angstrom = 10-8 cm. There is a bigger unit for measuring the wavelength of infrared light; it is called a milli-micron and is equal to 10-7 cm. Micron =10-4 cm, is a still bigger unit. Bar is the unit of atmospheric pressure; one bar is equal to a pressure of 106 dynes per sq cm.

CALORY
Calory is the unit of heat. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature or one gram of water through 1 C.

HORSE POWER:
The practical unit of power - the power of an agent which can work at the rate of 550 foot-pounds per second or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute. 1 HP=746 watts.

JOULE
Joule is the unit of work or energy. It is equal to 107 ergs. It is the energy consumed in one second in an electrical circuit through which a current energy of one ampere is flowing against a potential difference of one volt.

KNOT
Knot is a measure to know the speed of a ship.

LIGHT YEAR:
A light year is the distance light travels in one mean solar year, at speed of 1, 86,000 miles per second. It is equal to 5,880,000,000,000 miles. It is used as a unit for measuring stellar distances.

NAUTICAL MILE:
A unit of distance used in navigation - one minute of longitude measured along the Equator. A Nautical Mile is approximately equal to 6, 080 feet.

PRESSURE:
The pressure is expressed in pounds weight per sq cm. The pressure of the atmosphere is expressed in millibars. One millibar = 1 dyne per sq cm. If the pressure are very high, they are expressed in multiples of atmospheric pressure. 1 atmosphere is a pressure exerted by a column of mercury 76 cm high at sea level and at a latitude of 45 .

QUINTAL:
Metric measure of weight; 100 kilograms = 1 quintal.

VOLT:
The unit of potential difference. It is that much potential difference which when applied to the ends of an electrical conductor of resistance one ohm, the amount of energy consumed in the circuit in one second is one Joule (=107 ergs).

WATT:
Unit of power - the rate of work done in joules

Ummera Iqbal

Audio phone: The instrument that assists hearing.

Cardiograph:An instrument for recording the character and moments of the heart. The record made by it is called cardiogram.

Cinematograph:An instrument that projects upon the screen a series of pictures in rapid sequence.

Compass, Mariners:Consisting of a freely suspending magnetic needle mounted upon a pivot over a card having the cardinal point marked on it, it is in earth’s magnetic field and indicates North and South poles. Used by mariners to know the direction.

Computer: An electronic device used in data processing for business, industry and government and also employed in scheduling and control of manufacturing operations, in medical analysis, in transport and communication system and in scientific activities of all kinds.

Crescograph: An instrument for measuring the growth of plants.

Cyclotron: An apparatus for electro-magnetic acceleration of charged atoms. It has made possible to make ordinary elements radioactive, leading to production of radioactive isotopes.

Dictaphone: A machine which first records what is spoken into it and then reproduces it I type.

Electrometer: Instrument for measuring electricity.

Electromyography (E.M.G): Developed by the atomic research centre, trombay, it is a device for locating and diagnosing muscle and nerve abnormalities detect muscular paralyzing disorders like polio and leprosy.

Electron Motor: Machine for using electricity by induction.

Electrophorus: Instrument for generating statically by induction.

Electrocardiograph: An instrument for recording of electric potential changes at each heart beat. This is used for diagnosis of heart ailments.

Escalator: A moving staircase that carries passenger up and down.

Eudiometer: It is a glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reaction between gasses.

Geiger counter: A device for detecting and recording radio-activity. it consists of a thin metal cylinder and a needle enclosed by a glass tube in which a gas is also sealed.

Gyroscope: Rapidly rotating heavy wheel that keeps the stability of its axis. It was invented in 1852 to demonstrate the rotation of earth. These days, it is used as ship stabilizer.

Hyposmeter:An instrument for detecting the specific gravity of a liquid.

Hyposmeter: Instrument to measure the height above sea level. It is infect an apparatus for determining the boiling point of a liquid. Since the boiling points of liquid have a direct relation ship with atmospheric pressure may be used for the determination of altitude above sea level. This instrument is generally by the mountaineers.

Internal Combustion Engine:The term is generally applied to the diesel or oil engine, invented by diesel. It is an engine in which combustion takes place in an enclosed into mechanical energy.

Iron Lung: An apparatus, consisting of an iron case, fitted over a patient’s body for administering artificial respiration by means of mechanical pumps.

Kaleidoscope: An optical instrument comprising a cylinder tube containing two mirrors inclined to each other at 60 with an eye piece at one end. One the other end is a glass cell containing piece of colored glass. When the tube is rotated, these glasses, by repeated reflection, produce various symmetrical patterns.

Kymograph: Instrument for recording variations in pressure, for example, for sound-waves.

Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation):It is an optical device that produces a powerful, highly directional and coherent beam of light which can penetrate a thick iron sheet or even diamond. It is used in communications and in acceleration of chemical reactions. It has capabilities of killing ulcer cells or cells in an eye tumor in almost no time. Commercial lasers are now in use in surgery, dentistry. Eye operations and even in drilling operations in rock and construction of reducing granite stone into a powder in 30 seconds. Hence its application is in drilling operations. Laser is also used to measure distances separating stars and satellites in space.

Magnetron:A radio tube for generating very high frequency oscillations. It is used in radar.

Photo-Electric-cell:A cell or vacuum- tube which converted the photoelectric effect into electromagnetic waves. It is used in television. Potentiometer: Instrument for measuring or adjusting electrical potential.

Cyclometer: Apparatus for determining the density and co-efficient of expansion of a liquid.

Radar: It is stand for radio detection and ranging. It is a system employing microwaves for the purpose of locating, identifying, navigating or guiding such moving objects as ships, aircraft, missiles or artificial satellites. The electromagnetically radiated concentric wave-lengths are fed to a moving antenna from where they are radiated as beam if an object crosses the path of the beam, the latter will reflect the pulses back to the transmitter which also acts as receiver. The time that these pulses take in reaching back is methodically worked out into the distance that object is away. Its direction can be ascertained from the knowledge of the direction of the aerial.

Radiometer: Instrument illustrating conversion of radiant energy into mechanical force, instrument for measuring intensity of radiation.

Robert: Name given to ‘rocket-borne emergency transmitter’, a British invention used for sending distress signals at sea as well as the position of the ship in distress.

Seismometer:An instrument designed to record the intensity and register the place of the earthquake.

Semaphore: A device for military signaling by operator’s two arm or two flags.

Speedometer: Instrument for the accurate measurement of small thickness or curvature of spherical surfaces.

Sphygmomanometer: the instrument for measuring blood- pressure.

Speedometer: Instrument to record the speed of the vehicle.

Tachometer: instrument for measuring velocity (of aero planes etc.)

Theologize: An instrument used by the surveyors, to measure horizontal and vertical angles by means of telescope.

Transformer: An electrical instrument designed to reduce or increase the voltage of an alternating current.

Videophone: An electrical device (an improvement of telephone) that would transmit sound as well as image.

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