ABU ALI IBN-E-SINA


He is better known as AVICENNA in the West. Born near Bukhara in A.D. (980-1037)

Cured sultan of Bukhara at early age, he was granted permission of access to Royal Library.

Wrote a famous book named “AL-QANNUN FIL TIB” in which he discussed human physiology and medicine.
The main division is into five books, of which the first deals with general principles;
the second with simple drugs arranged alphabetically;
the third with diseases of particular organs and members of the body from the head to the foot;
the fourth with diseases which though local in their inception spread to other parts of the body, such as fevers and
the fifth with compound medicines.
This book is known as CANON in Latin ,It was an encyclopedia of medicine, which surveyed the entire medical knowledge available from ancient and muslim sources.
76O, diseases affecting all parts of the body from head to foot, specially pathology and pharmacopoia.
Was translated in many languages and it remained the sole textbook of medicine for several hundred years in western universities


Ibn Sina described the minute and graphic description of different parts of the eye, such as cornea, choroid, iris, retina, layer lens, aqueous humour, optic nerve .
He observed that Aorta at its origin contains three valves which open when the blood rushes into it .
Further, he observes that liver spleen and kidney do not contain any nerves but the nerves are embedded in the covering of these organs.
He also recognised contagious nature of Tuberculosis.
Distribution of diseases by water and soil.
The Qanun (1025) is Science of pharmacology
The Canon of Medicine was a standard medical text at the European universities up until the 19th century .

TheCommentary was "rediscovered" in the 20th century in the Prussian State Library in Berlin.
and it was through 12th-century Arabic translations that medieval Europe rediscovered Hellenic medicine, including the works of Galen and Hippocrates.

Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, translated into Latin and then disseminated in manuscript and printed form throughout Europe.

During the 15th and 16th centuries alone, The Canon of Medicine was published more than thirty-five times. 35 times


ALI IBN RABBAN AL-TABARI
Born in 838 C.E.

In fact the main cause behind his exalta- tion lies in his world-renowned treatise Firdous al-Hikmat.
Spread over seven parts, Firdous al-Hikmat is the first ever Medical encyclopaedia which incorporates all the branches of medical science in its folds.
This work has been published in this century (20th century) only.

1. Part one: Kulliyat-e-Tibb. This part throws light on contempo- rary ideology of medical science. In that era these principles formed the basis of medical science.
2. Part two: Elucidation of the organs of the human body, rules for keeping good health and comprehensive account of certain muscular diseases.
3. Part three: Description of diet to be taken in conditions of health and disease.
4. Part four: All diseases right from head to toe. This part is of profound significance in the whole book and comprises twelve papers

i) General causes relating to eruption of diseases.
ii) Diseases of the head and the brain.
iii) Diseases relating to the eye, nose, ear, mouth and the teeth.
iv) Muscular diseases (paralysis and spasm).
v) Diseases of the regions of the chest, throat and the lungs.
vi) Diseases of the abdomen.
vii) Diseases of the liver.
viii) Diseases of gallbladder and spleen.
ix) Intestinal diseases.
x) Different kinds of fever.
xi) Miscellaneous diseases-
brief explanation of organs of the body.
xii) Examination of pulse and urine.


5. Part five: Description of flavour, taste and colour.
6. Part six: Drugs and poison.
7. Part seven: Deals with diverse topics like climate,astronomy and Indian medicine.
Miracle of Islamic Medicine

Medicine HADITH: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)said, Muslim Hospitals "God created no illness, except that He has established for it a cure, except for old age.

Al‐Biruni was the world's first great experimenter Kitab al‐Saidana fi al‐Tibb
extensive medical and pharmacological encyclopedia which was celebrated for its indepth botanical studies ofminerals and herbs.

Ibn Zuhr (1091–1161):
Islam's surgeons were the first pathologists.
They fully realized the nature of disease and
regarded as the father of pathology.
described a variety of diseases to modern


Abdul Qasim Al- Zahrawi Spanish


Born in A.D. 936 in SPAIN near Cordova

Was a great Surgeon Was a physician as well.

Invented many surgical appliances, never known before


He was an excellent dentist also and he could very successfully set an artificial tooth in place of diseased.

He gave perfection to the surgical science.
"father of rational surgery" Al‐Zahrawi
performed hundreds of surgeries under inhalation anesthesia with the use of narcotic‐soaked sponges which were placed over the face.



He performed cauterization,
removal of stone from the bladder,
dissection of animals, midwifery,
surgery of eye, ear and throat.

famous Medical Ecyclopaedia called Al-Tasrif, which is composed of thirty volumes covering different aspects of medical science.

Al-Zahrawi was the inventor of several surgical instruments

an instrument for internal examina-tion of the
ear,
urethra,
and instrument for applying or removing
foreign bodies from the throat.

In his book Al-Tasrif, Al-Zahrawi has also discussed the prepara-tion of various medicines,

use of cotton plus wax to plug bleeding wounds.

He became one of the most renowned surgeonsof the Muslim era and was physician to King Al-Hakam-II of Spain.


Zakariya- al- Razi

Al-Razi Born in A.D. (865-925) at RAYY
Better known as Rhazes in the West

Most brilliant pillar of Islamic medicine along with Ibn-Sina


AL-HAWI is a most monumental work of him. It is the most comprehensive encyclopedia of medicine in 20 volumes.

“FATHER OF PAEDIATRICS”
writing his monograph on
“Diseases in Children”.


first to used animal for surgical operations

Was the first person who used Opium as anesthetic during surgery

first to classify substances into vegetables, animals and minerals.

correctly described the physiology of the heart and
the function of its valves.

treatise on the venous system, accurately describing the function of the veins
and their valves,

He discovered the origin of smallpox and
found that one could only acquire it once in his/hers life,
thus showing the existence of the immune system and how it worked.



IBN AL BAITAR (BOTANIST & PHARMACIST) Spanish

i) Born in Malaga (Spain), he was a great Spanish Muslim botanist and Pharmacist.

ii) He had complete collection of plants and herbs extending from Spain to Syria.

iii) He discovered many new plants and extracted medical drugs from them. Laid foundation of herbal medicines


Kitab AL-Jami Fi Adwiya Al Mughani
( 20 chapters dealing with diseases of head, ear, cosmetics and fever)


Kitab AL-Jami Fi Adwiya Al Mufzada (encyclopedia in Botany in which 1400 medical drugs are described)

iv) His work was considered an authority in plants and he gave new orientation
to the classification and nomenclature of plant kingdom over which modern botany is based.


Al-Idrisi Spanish
1099-1166

collected plants and data not reported earlier and added this to the subject of botany, with special reference to medicinal plants.

Thus, a large number of new drugs plants together with their evaluation became available to the medical practitioners.

He has given the names of the drugs in six languages: Syriac, Greek, Persian, Hindi, Latin and Berber.

ZIA UD-DIN AL DAMHRI

• Was a greatest zoologist and greatly contributed in the field of zoology


• Wrote famous book namely HAYAT- AL- HAYWAN OR LIFE OF ANIMALS


He also classified plants


Mathmatics

1-MUHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-KHAWARIZMI

Introduction
 Popularly known as AL-KHAWARIZMI

 Born in Khawarizm in A.D. (780-847)

 Great mathematician, astronomer, historian, geographer and musician

 played a significant role in the development of algebra, algorithms, and Arabic numerals.

 First person who used zero

 Introduced the method of counting based on numerals and decimal systems for the first time.

 Gave analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations which established him father of Algebra algorizm is named after him.

 Composed oldest works on algebra and Trigonometric tables.

 Systematized the Greek and Hindu mathematical knowledge

 Wrote famous book named Hisab-al-jabar wal Muqabla in which he gave analytical solutions of quadratic and linear equations

 This book was used as principal mathematical textbook, until the 16th century by European universities.

 gave an idea about the shape of the earth

 Kitab-al-tariq was his book on history

 Composed his own astronomical tables known as Zijj (ZJ), which became a model for astronomical pursuits in East and West.


12-UMMAR AL-KHAYYAM


• Born in Nishapur in A.D. (1044-1123)

• Was mathematician, astronomer and philosopher

• Was the first person who proved BINOMIAL THEORUM

• Classified algebraic equations

• Introduced the Jalali calendar


• Recognized 13 different forms of cubic equations and arranged them in their order of complexity


11-Al-Battani


Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Al-Battani . Born around A.D. 858. A great ARAB astronomer and mathematician.


Introduced the use of sines in mathematical calculations.
He established the relation between the sides and angles of a spherical triangle.
Had a great command in trigonometry.
Was an excellent observer of lunar and solar eclipses.
Also prepared the Islamic lunar calander.


Explained the phenomenon of EQUINOXES
(either of two times in a year when the sun crosses the celestial equator; either of the two points at which the sun's path intersects with the celestial equator)


His famous book was KITAB AL-ZIG

In calculus, Alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power,

In geometry, principles of quasi crystalline geometry polygonal shapes discussed in 15th century.

Law of sines lengths of the sides of any triangle to the sines of its angles.

Al BIRUNI
Born in A.D. (973-1048) near Khawarizm
Described and explained fully the concept of longitude and latitude
He gave idea that earth is not stationary but rotate on its axis .
Cartography By the age of 22, Biruni had written, map projections,
Cartography, which included a method for projecting a hemisphere on a plane.
The great geological changes that happened in the past .
He was the first known writer to identify certain geological facts, such as The formation of sedimentary rocks.

Al-Biruni introduced the scientific method into mineralogy in his Kitab al-Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones)Mineralogy


He learned Sanskarit language in order to investigate Indian knowledge
Tahqiq Al Hind (comprehensive account on history and social conditions of India in 11th century)

Qanun Al Masudi

Kitab Al Jawahar (book of gems and stones of different types)

Muslims' great concern for geography originated with their religion.

Islam requires each Muslim to have at least enough knowledge of geography to know the direction of the Qiblah.Pilgrimage as well as commerce in the vast Muslim empire needed communication.

From the beginning of the seventh century, the knowledge of geography was equally growing with the spread of Islam.

Thousands of Muslim coins, discovered in the excavations of Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, Kazan, etc.

Al-Khwārizmī's (780-850)

His major work is Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ (Arabic: ‫كتاب‬ " ‫صورة األرض‬Book on the appearance of the Earth" or "The image of the Earth" He was born in Baghdad, Iraq.

Al-Khwārizmī corrected Ptolemy's gross overestimate for the length of the Mediterranean Sea (from the Canary Islands to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean)

Al-Khwārizmī depicted the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as open bodies of water, not land-locked seas as of Ptolemy

Ibn Sina gave scientific reasons for earthquakes.

Abdullah al-Mamun (786-833) caliph,
He ordered geodetic measurements, to determine the size of the earth, and the drawing of a large map of the world.

Al-Masudi (896-956)
He traveled the world journeying from Persia, Central Asia, India, the Near East, Madagascar and the China Sea He was an Abbasid-era Arab historian based in Baghdad.

Al-Masudi’s book:
Muruj adh-Dhahab (Meadows of gold) is a compilation of his travel observations and studies.

Al-Muqaddasi (946-1000, Jerusalem)
He was author of book gives a systematic account of all the places and regions he had visited.

Al-Muqaddasi was the first geographer to produce maps in natural colors

The maritime voyages necessitated the tables of Latitude and Longitude as well as the use of the astrolabe and other nautical instruments
The Arab-Muslim maps point upwards to the South, the North downwards.


Al-Bakri

Spanish Arab geographer Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī (1014-1094)
He wrote about Europe, North Africa, and the Arabian peninsula His primary work was:
a) Kitāb al-Masālik wa-al-Mamālik ("Book of Highways and of Kingdoms")

Al-Bakri work was based on literature and the reports of merchants and travelers

Al-Bakri arranged place names alphabetically, and lists the names of villages, towns, wadis, and monuments which he culled from the Hadith histories and from

Al Idrisi’s
(1099-1166, Ceuta –Spain)
His book: ‘Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq,’
(The Delight of Him Who Desires to Journey Through the Climates)
is a geographical encyclopedia

In 1166 Al-Idrisi, built a large global map He meticulously recorded on it the seven continents with trade routes, lakes and rivers, major cities, and plains and mountains.

Al-Idrisi’s books were translated into Latin and became the standard books on geography for three centuries, both in the east and west.

Ibn Battuta (1304-1368, Tangier- Morocco)
He was the only medieval traveler
who is known to have visited the lands of every Muslim ruler of his time.

Ibn Battuta lived by the motto - 'never, if possible, cover any road a second time‘. "Rihla - My Travels". Is the story of Ibn Battuta’s travels. It is a valuable record of places.

Ibn Majid (1430-1500, Julfar [UAE]
He invented the compass in the field of geography

Ibn Majid wrote several books on marine science and the movements of ships,
which helped people of the Persian Gulf to reach the coasts of India, East Africa and other destinations

Ibn Majid’s most important work was:
Kitab al-Fawa’id fi Usul ‘llmal-Bahr wa’l Qawa’id (Book of Useful Information on the Principles and Rules of Navigation)
written in 1490 It is a navigation encyclopedia

Another important book named al-Urdjuza covering the same subject
Ibn Majid’s Hawiyat, a poem of some 1,082 verses, is a genuine treasury of navigational theory

In 1498, Vasco Da Gama, while sailing up the east coast of Africa met Ibn Majid.

His guidance to Vasco Da Gama, led to the downfall of Arab sea power in the Indian Ocean

Ibn Majid’s rich contribution to the affairs of the sea benefited the sciences of geography and oceanography,
especially in the Indian Ocean 

Discovery of the America is thought to have been aided by Muslims’
contribution to Geography E. Renan, in his book Averroes and Averrosism, mentions a letter written
by Columbus in October 1498 in which he admits
that one of the sources which led him to assume the existence of the
'New World' was the work of Ibn Rushd (Averroes) of the 12th century
Al‐Biruni (973–1048): AL‐Biruni first states that “the motion of the solar apogee and the precession are not identical”

precession is the change in direction of axis of a rotating object Nasir al‐Din al‐Tusi calculated the value for the annual precession of the equinoxes

The Finite Universe Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC):
The philosophy of Aristotle, held that although space was finite,
with only void existing beyond the outermost sphere of the heavens, time was infinite Aristotle
Al‐Kindi (801–873 CE): • • Al‐Kindi believed that the universe has a finite past with a beginning.

Muslims had established the roundness of the Earth

Greeks believed that the Earth is a circular object, surrounded by ocean water from all directions

But Muslims had established the roundness of the Earth . One of the most important reason for such adoption is that the Holy Qur'an diversely refers to the roundness of the Earth.

For example, Allah says "and the earth, He extended (to a wide expanse)" (Naziat 30).

The word Dahia in language means the ball.

Similarly, Allah speaks about the rotation of the Earth around itself causing day and night phenomenon.

This is clear when Allah says "He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night" (Zumar (5)

Al-Idrisi pointed out

"The Earth is round like a ball. Water is tightly close to it and remains above it naturally and continuously.
Both Earth and water are positioned in the universe like yoke inside the egg.
They are positioned in the centre, surrounded by the breeze (namely the atmosphere) from all sides

Caliph Al- Ma'moun and Measuring the Dimensions of the Earth
If Muslims had established the roundness of the Earth, the Abbasid Caliph,
Al-Ma'moun (died 218 A.H- 833 AD) was considered the first one to attempt to measure the dimensions of the Earth.
He assigned two teams of astronomers and geographers, headed by Sanad bin Ali[14] and Ali bin Esa Al-Astrllabi[15].
(It was said that one of the two teams was headed by Moussa bin Shaker).
He asked them to go to two different locations east and west and then to measure one degree of the longitude lines (360 in number).

Al-Kindi Contributions

The Sphere Is the Largest of Bodily Forms
That the Surface of the Sea is Spherical; Calculating the Azimuth on a Sphere;

Projection of Rays; An Explanation of the Cause of the Retrogression of the Stars;

The Reason Why Rain Rarely Falls in Certain Places; Areas of Vaulted Chambers; How to Form a Circle Equal to the Surface of A Designated Cylinder;

Determination of the Hours on a Hemisphere by Means of Geometry; The Cause of Vertigo;

The Reason Why the Highest Part of the Sky is Cold, While the Part Near the Earth is Warm;

The Reasons for Cloud Formations;

Calculation and Making an Instrument to Determine the Distances of Heavenly Bodies,