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Post Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘manAn-Nu’maan ibn Thabit Ibn Zuta Ibn Maah

Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man


Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘manAn-Nu’maan ibn Thabit Ibn Zuta Ibn Maah (النعمان بن ثابت‎), also known as Imam Abū Ḥanīfah, (أبو حنيفة‎) (699 - 767)

was one of the most important Islamic scholars, jurist and the founder of the Hanafi school of fiqh. Also known as "Imaam of Imaams"; "Lamp of the Ummah"; "Leader of the Jurists and Mujtahideen"; "Hafidh al-Hadith" Imaam Abu Hanifah was a prestigious Mujtahid, Muhaddith, authoritative person, truthfully spoken, abstinent, wise, and pious.

Abu Hanifa was also one of the Tabi'een, the generation after the Sahaba, because he saw the Sahabi Anas ibn Malik, and transmitted hadiths from him and other Sahaba.

A great many Muhadditheen and Hanafi, Shafi’ee, Maaliki and Hanbali scholars are in unison with regards to the Imaam's strengths and virtues. Thousands of literary works have been compiled by Imaam Abu Hanifah. Amongst the Imaams ‘Imaam al-Aadham’ (Greatest of the Imaams) was the address of Imaam Abu Hanifah alone. A great group of Ulamaa (scholars) and Muhadditheen (scholars of the teachings of Muhammad) remained the followers of Imaam Abu Hanifah, and more than half of the Ummah of Muhammad are, till this day, followers also.


Biography

Born in Kufa, Iraq in 699 during the reign of the powerful Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik bin Marwan. His father was a trader from Kabul, (the capital of modern Afghanistan), then a part of Khorasan in Persia. He was known in his own time as Abu Hanifa al-Anbari, "Abu Hanifa from Anbar." Anbar, meaning 'emporium' in Persian, was a major entrepot on the western fringes of the old Persian Empire. Abu Hanifa's first language was--like those of many high ranking Iranians at the time--Persian. Today, Anbar is the name of the largest province of Iraq, and the old city of Ramadi seem to be the old Anbar.

Abu Hanifa's early education was achieved through madrassahs and it is here that he learned the Qur'an and Hadith, and he did exceptionally well.

Abu Hanifa joined his father's business, where he showed scrupulous honesty and fairness. His agent in another country once sold some silk cloth on his behalf but forgot to point out a slight defect to the customers. When Abu Hanifa learned this, he was greatly distressed because he had no means of returning the money to the customers. So he immediately ordered the entire proceeds of the sale of the consignment of silk to be distributed to the poor.

Abu Hanifa's interest in Islamic jurisprudence was sparked perhaps by chance. While running an errand for his mother, he happened to pass the home of Amer al-Sha'bi (d. 722), one of Kufa's most well-known scholars. Sha'bi, mistaking him for a student, asked him whose classes he attended. When Abu Hanifa responded that he did not attend any classes, Sha'bi said, "I see signs of intelligence in you. You should sit in the company of learned men." Taking Sha'bi's advice, Abu Hanifa embarked on a prolific quest for knowledge that would in due course have a profound impact on the history of Islam.

According to mostly Shiite sources, in 763 al-Mansur, the Abbasid Caliph, offered Abu Hanifa the post of Chief Judge of the State, but he declined to accept the offer, choosing to remain independent.

In his reply to al-Mansur, Abu Hanifa excused himself by saying that he did not regard himself fit for the post. Al-Mansur, who had his own ideas and reasons for offering the post, lost his temper and accused Abu Hanifa of lying.

"If I am lying," Abu Hanifa said, "then my statement is doubly correct. How can you appoint a liar to the exalted post of a Chief Qadi (Judge)?"

Incensed by this reply, the ruler had Abu Hanifa arrested and locked in prison and tortured. Ya'qubi, vol.lll, p.86; Muruj al-dhahab, vol.lll, p.268-270.

Even there, the indomitable jurist continued to teach those who were permitted to come to him.

In 767 Abu Hanifa died in prison. It was said that so many people attended his funeral that the funeral service was repeated six times for more than 50,000 people who has collected before he was actually buried.



3 principles upon which Abu Hanifa accepted a Hadith

Since the initial day of hearing the Hadith, it is remembered in its correct form to the very time of narration.
The Hadith must have been projected by the Holy Prophet Muhammad and narrated onwards via wholly reliable persons.
Any Hadith which contradicted the Qur’an or some other more famous Hadith were unacceptable.

Some of Abu Hanifa's teachers

Aamir Ibn Shurahbeel, Sha’abi Kufi, Alqama Ibn Marthad, Ziyaad Ibn Ilaqa, Adi Ibn Thabit, Qataada Basri, Muhammed Ibn Munkadir Madni, Simaak Ibn Harb, Qays Ibn Muslim Kufi, Mansoor Ibn Umar etc.


Some of Abu Hanifa's students

Qadi Abu Yusuf, Muhammad Ibn Hasan, Zufar Ibn Huzayl, Hammad Ibn Abu Hanifah, Abu Ismat Mugheera Ibn Miqsam, Yunus Ibn Is‘haaq, Abu Bakr Ibn Ayyaash, Abdullah Ibn Mubarak, Ali Ibn Aasim, Ja’ far Ibn Awn As Saadiq, Ubaydullah Ibn Musa etc.


Some of Abu Hanifa's literary works

'Kitaab-ul-Aathar’ - compiled from a total of 70,000 Ahaadeeth, ‘Aalim-wal-muta‘allim’, ‘Fiqh al-Akbar’, ‘Jaami’ul Masaneed’, ‘Kitaabul Rad alal Qaadiriyah’ etc.


Abu Hanifa's Characteristics

Impartiality: Imaam Abu Hanifah (R. A.) has never accepted a favour from anyone and so was never indebted to anyone.

Humanitarian ways and generosity: On seeing Imaam Abu Hanifah (RA) a passerby avoided the Imaam and took a different path. When Imaam Abu Hanifah (RA) questioned as to why he did so, he replied that he was ashamed of himself as he was Imaam Abu Hanifah’s debtor for 10,000 Dirhams. The man’s humbleness overtook Imaam Abu Hanifah (RA) and he forgave the repayment of the debt.

Kind heartedness: Once, whilst sitting in a Masjid, Imaam Sahib learnt of someone who had fallen from a roof. Immediately, the Imaam departed from the gathering, barefooted, and ran to the place of the accident. Until the injured person had recovered, the Imaam paid daily visits to nurse him.

Disposition:

The Imaam would never speak unless it was necessary to do so. Someone mentioned before Sufyan Thawri (RA) that he had never heard the Imaam backbiting. Sufyan (RA) replied, "Abu Hanifah (RA) is not such a fool that he will destroy his own good deeds."


Teaching
Islamic law (fiqh) was systematically studied by his students under his guidance. A number of his devoted and highly intelligent students worked under him for thirty years, and it is their labor which produced the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.
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